Archaic Elements Research Articles

Interim measures in the system of guaranteeing the right to a fair trial

This research is devoted to the disclosure of the institution of precautionary measures, namely - securing the claim, which is one of the procedural mechanisms for ensuring access to justice. Because it is the possibility of execution of the final court decision that will ensure a fair trial for each participant in the process.
 To ensure the reliability and completeness of the results obtained by the authors in this study used a set of general and special methods that are characteristic primarily of legal science. The integrated use of such methods ensured the achievement of the purpose and objectives of the study, as well as the persuasiveness of the conclusions. In particular, the dialectical method was used to study the legal nature and significance of the institution of precautionary measures in civil and commercial proceedings. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used in the formulation of basic concepts, such as «precautionary measures», «securing the claim» and so on. The historical and legal method allowed us to focus on the process of legal regulation and legislative consolidation of the institution of security measures. The formal-logical method was used in the analysis of the norms of the current legislation and theoretical developments concerning, in particular, the essence of procedural tools of accessibility or restriction of access to justice. The empirical basis of the study was the materials of domestic judicial practice.
 Based on the study, the authors conclude that securing the claim as a procedural phenomenon cannot remain unchanged, it acquires new features over time, loses archaic elements, but still does not lose, but rather, on the contrary, increases its importance in modern civil process. Now securing the claim is an integral part of the institution of security measures (along with the provision of evidence), which corresponds to the protected function. Thus, the actual enforcement of court decisions is largely intended to guarantee the institution of securing the claim as one of the types of precautionary measures. Participants in civil proceedings apply to this institution in order to guarantee the execution of future court decisions and prevent them from causing significant harm.

Artemis Cult on Bosporus: General and Local Features

The article studies the Artemis worship on the Bosporus, including goddess’ common and local characteristics. Various religious beliefs related to Artemis had been present in Panticapaeum since its foundation in the 7th century BC due to first Milesian colonists, including apparently Artemis Delphinia and Chitone cults. More recently Artemis of Ephesus and Artemis Piphia cults appeared. Generally Artemis cult contains some archaic elements, among them the Great Goddess (especially in Artemis Tauropolos cult) and the Mistress of Animals features. Those elements were popular in the Bosporan religion, as reflected in unique monuments from the region, such as the statue of goddess with bull skull sitting on the acanthus plant. Hecate cult allegedly entered Panticapaeum from Miletus in Asia Minor version. Gradually in the Hellenistic period there is emerged Artemis-Hecate-Ditagoia cult as a result of several factors, among which were local and Attic influences. Artemis-Hecate as a savior had a strong connection with afterlife and magic rituals. The next flourishing of Artemis cult occurs in the Mithridates period due to the ruler’s support of Greek religion. Nevertheless, the continuity of religious traditions took place. A sanctuary devoted allegedly to Artemis-Hecate was built in the Panticapaeum acropolis, close to the Cybele temple. At this time sacral reliefs with Cybele, Hermes and Hecate became popular throughout the state of Bosporus. The monuments reflected a scene of the journey into the underworld, and Hecate perhaps acted as a deity of borders and gatekeeper.

Народная демонология Полесья в контексте восточнославянских традиционных верований

This article studies folk demonological beliefs that are widespread on the territory of Polesye, located on the border of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. The traditional culture of this region is of great interest for ethnologists of the broadest profile, since it preserves many archaic elements of all-Slavic significance. In the first part of the study, two blocks of the regional mythological system were considered: spirits of domestic and natural loci, and a group of characters originated from the souls of deceased. The second part of the work considers two groups of mythological characters: spirits not assigned to a specific locus (the devil, spirits of diseases, personification of death, characters for intimidation of children) and different categories of living people endowed with supernatural knowledge (witches, sorcerers, healers, werewolves). The study is based on data from the East-Slavic demonology.

ПОЛОНІЗМИ У ГОВІРКАХ ПІДГАЄЧЧИНИ ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article analyzes the names of food and kitchen appliances from the Polish language used in the sub-dialectal speech of the inhabitants of Pidhaitsi region. Their semantics, etymology, functioning, peculiarities of word-formation have been determined. The correlation of the surveyed sub-dialects with other European languages and Ukrainian sub-dialects has been determined. The study of the names of food and kitchen appliances in the sub-dialects of Pidhaitsi region suggests that the vocabulary of the sub-dialects is rich in lexis borrowed from other languages, and in archaic elements and has a close connection with the lexis of neighboring languages and their dialects. Borrowing from different languages took place at different times, it is conditioned by a number of factors, among which the most important are the historical, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions of the development of Pidhaitsi region. The Polish language is one of the neighboring Slavic languages, which had one of the most powerful influences on the Ukrainian language. Borrowing foreign language vocabulary was not always straightforward. By the medium of the Polish language, Pidhaitsi region sub-dialects contain a lot of borrowings from other European languages. Pidhaitsi region sub-dialects are the central part of the Naddnistriansk dialect and to a certain extent represent the characteristic features of sub-dialects of Naddnistriansk dialect of the southwestern dialect.

Мифопоэтические аспекты традиционной поморской криософии и антропологии холода: реконструкция и интерпретация

This article deals with the reconstruction of the ritual-mythological origins and interpretation of archaic semantics of a number of concepts, images, metaphors and symbols that constitute the corpus of Pomor cryosophy and anthropology of the cold. The research is based on the semiotic analysis and hermeneutics of traditional texts of Pomor culture and works included in the semantic circle of the Northern text of Russian literature. The concept of cryosophy was developed by the outstanding Russian geocryologist V.P. Melnikov, who viewed it as an “ontology of the cold world”, a system of philosophical and scientific ideas about the fundamental characteristics and principles of the cryosphere in all its forms. The conceptual and methodological framework of anthropology of the cold was articulated in the works of employees of the Laboratory for Comprehensive Geocultural Research on the Arctic (Arctic State Institute of Culture and Arts, Yakutsk). The study of traditional Pomor cryosophy is based on the author’s previous research in the field of geosophy, sacred geography, and semiotics of cultural landscape of the Russian North. It is fully compliant with the subject-problem field of the anthropology of the cold. Metaphysical cold pervades all aspects of the sophic arrangement of the Pomor ethnocentrum, whose sacred geometry is similar to the configuration of “cold” societies. The class of “cold” societies based on the mythological paradigm of eternal return includes the archaic and traditional communities of the Russian Arctic (Sami, Nenets, Komi, Russian Pomors). The ideology of Old Believers was one of the leading mechanisms aimed to “cool” and maintain the homeostasis of the structure of local and ethnic communities in Pomorye. It was reflected in the sacred geometry of monastic and local self-government in the Russian North. The “cold option” of Pomor culture, along with the preserving values of the old faith, included more archaic elements and “cooling” mechanisms going back to the shamanistic ritual-mythological complex. In Pomor society, the function of such a refrigerator, preserving the sacred knowledge of the structure of the universe and maintaining the eternal still of the northern world, was performed by the poet-storyteller. He used word magic to turn the icy silence of the North into the sounding mythopoetic cosmos.

A strange case of gendercide: fascination, psychotic features, archaic elements, and phantasmatic metamorphosis

This is a strange case of murder: a mafia pentito, an informer, reveals after ten years that the death of a man which had been considered natural, had in fact been a murder. The victim, a loan shark associated with crime people, was the companion of his lover at the time. The strange aspect is the way in which the mobster, with a couple of hired killers and helped by the woman, organised the murder: a shot of pesticide while the man was lying in bed with the woman. This modality was suggested by a veterinarian friend of the mobster who claimed that the pesticide would not be detected. The interviewer's imagination/vision of a metamorphosis while he was interviewing the woman in a forensic setting; the dream he had immediately after the interview; the bizarre construction of the crime; the seductive abilities of the woman linked to the choice and the type of partners she had and the bonds she had created; and the almost dreamlike description of the crime itself, suggest the emergence of primitive mechanisms of mental functioning: splitting, the use of massive projections of partial aspects and projective identification. A fragile and hidden common thread is hypothesised in this work. A common thread whose core is the desire for the narcissistic realisation of a woman who, in order to achieve it, puts eros at the service of thanatos. A red thread that connects all the different events, the real and the phantasmatic ones: from seeking a role as a woman of the criminal underworld to the magic fascination of an archaic Sicily, evoking primitive mechanisms of functioning typical of psychosis.

Проблема виховання і освіти дітей в контексті листів піфагорійських філософинь

The article reveals in detail the understanding of raising children in the context of two pseudo-epigraphic letters of Pythagorean wonan thinkers – Theano and Myia of Crotone. Based on these letters, it was found that pedagogical issues were important in general for the whole Pythagorean tradition. In fact, we can say that this early Greek philosophical school was the first to systematically and comprehensively approach the problem of upbringing and education in ancient society. It is hypothesized that this topic is not accidentally in the center of attention of these philosophers, because their authority was the greatest among all other representatives of this philosophical school. The author’s position is proved that Theano of Crotone letter to Eubule focuses on moderation in education, which is aimed at avoiding luxury, fulfilling all children’s whims, comfort. This is the purpose of hardening in difficult circumstances in order to withstand with dignity all the potential difficulties of adult life. Accordingly, if you do not raise a child in certain restrictions, then, according to Theano, it may well be unprepared for certain trials that may occur. The thesis is substantiated that the key task of upbringing and education, according to Myia of Crotone letter, is moderation, prudence and balance, which is based on both archaic elements and Hellenistic plots, which testifies to the skill of writing this letter. It is revealed that the Pythagorean principles of education, according to both philosophers, have no gender difference. This is because both girls and boys, if they grow up in luxury, comfort and do not know the limitations, can potentially become dangerous both for themselves and for society as a whole. It is emphasized that according to the style of writing, these letters are not so much moral and ethical as paraenetic epistolary genre, ie they act as advice on the upbringing and education of the younger generation. Because of this, these letters are such sources of ancient culture, which are one of the few that are devoted to the philosophical understanding of upbringing and education.

Traditional family rites of the Ukrainians of Podolia: archaic elements of а cultural text

Podolia is an ethnographic region of Ukraine, which is known for active interethnic contacts for many centuries, which, on the one hand, have systematically enriched the Podolsk spiritual and material culture, and on the other hand, in various spheres of the traditional culture of the Podolians, there is a preservation of many Slavic archaic elements. The article presents the archaic elements of the traditional culture of the Ukrainians of Podolia in traditional family rituals – birthlore, wedding and funeral on the material of the verbal component of the cultural text. Field records of dialectal texts, made by the author in 2006–2014 in more than 100 villages of Vinnitsa region served as empirical basis of the study. The family rites texts attest the realization of the main semantic oppositions of the Slavic picture of the world: "top" – "bottom", "full" – "empty", "own" – "alien". The motives of the cult of ancestors, deception of death, syncretism of agrarian and family rituals are elements of the archaic, which constitute an essential part of the folk consciousness and beliefs of the Podolians. Several fragments of the folk culture of the Ukrainians of Podolia presented in the article through the prism of the comparative typological analysis, with the involvement of data from other Slavic traditions, signal the preservation of the general archaic fund of the spiritual culture of the Slavs

Meanings of the Color Yellow and Its Color Associates, Yellow-Black and Yellow-Green

Embedded in culture historical research on color, the present study contributes to the hypothesis that a given color only obtains its cultural or symbolical meanings in association with another color. By analyzing Hungarian examples of the color yellow, I will demonstrate that a color may have associations of a different character in relation to another color: this association may rely on symbolism alone, as seen in the relationship between yellow and black in connection with the concept of impurity tied to bile, excrement and dirty soil. Connections between colors may also be based on sensory-psychological/cognitive similarities, such as those drawn between yellow and green in earlier times across Europe, an association that can be traced in some archaic elements of Hungarian culture, such as in the ideas connected to jaundice. In addition to this argument, I also propose that, out of excreta, compared to feces light yellow urine is closer to the category of white associated with purity (through the analogy of white wine) than to yellow which (also) symbolizes impurity.

The Idea of an ‘Icon in Sound’ in the Works of John Tavener

Abstract
 
 The aim of this article is to present an innovative concept of the ‘icon in sound’ created by the English composer John Tavener. The first part of the article presents the intermedial and intertextual features of Tavener's work, the second shows the genesis of the concept of ‘icon in sound’, to which three factors have contributed: 1) the composer’s interest in religious topics in his pieces, 2) the composer’s conversion to Orthodoxy, 3) collaboration with Mother Tekla, the author of the texts of many Tavener’s works.
 
 The last, third part of the article describes issues related to the formal structure and musical symbolism present in Tavener’s musical icons. The composer refers to painted icons by composing works characterised by static form and the expression of spirituality, mysticism and inner peace. These features result from the juxtaposing of melismatic structures, inspired by Byzantine music, with repetitive technique and dynamics often characterised by a low intensity. One characteristic of Tavener’s sound icons is a ‘luminous’ sound, achieved through the use of high registers of voices and instruments, which are combined with contemplative and lyrical expression. An important feature of John Tavener’s musical icons was the introduction of archaic elements, resulting primarily from the inspiration that the composer drew from the musical culture of the Orthodox Church (eg the use of Byzantine scales in Mary of Egypt, the introduction of instruments such as simantron in Mary of Egypt).

Архаичные мотивы в декоре ингушских и казахских войлочных изделий: сравнительно-сопоставительный аспект

The following work examines stylistic peculiarities of Ingush and Kazakh felts, offers the parallels of manufacturing technology as well as traditional décor of Ingush and Kazakh original carpets. The aim of the study is to elicit mutual historically contingent stylistic features of Ingush and Kazakh felts arrangement. In the process of the study we used semantic as well as comparative and contrastive analyses aimed on iconologic method and image discrimination theory. The hypothesis of different felt methods, more archaic ornament elements as well as the technology of its creation, are in fact similar in the art of these people, not being in close kinship, finds its endorsement. These facts justify juxtaposition of the cultures of their ancestors in the beginning of Middle ages when Huns – people of Central Asia decent – took up their residence in North Caucasus. Huns, being the representatives of historical and cultural commune of the barren world, possessed similar points of view on life order. In their notion the structure of the world was controlled by Tengri – the head of God’s pantheon. In nomad’s applied arts he was depicted as a rosette. North Caucasus indigenous population (Scythian Sarmatians and Sarmatian Alans) worshipped Kuar the Sun, the notion of whom merged with the image of Tengri and stuck in well-known visual symbols, found in decorations following their world view. The elements of archaic ornament and the manufacturing technologies in accordance with the succession principle in folk arts carried on through centuries. They formed the base of stylistic peculiarities of modern felts among both Ingush and Kazakh people.

The Birka Chamber-Graves- Economic and Social Aspects A quantitative analysis

Social and economic aspects of the Birka chamber-graves are presented, based on a statistical analysis. An economic differentiation between the chamber-graves is discerned by virtue of estimates of e. g. grave values. The "upper-class people" in chamber-graves apparently can be divided into various levels. There are, however, chambers with low values but which signal social status by their construction. Of interest is the high ranking of some female graves as to wealth and to complexity of grave goods. It is not possible to prove that the graves were intended for foreigners. The chamber-graves at Birka were constructed during a brief period in the 9th and 10th centuries, and should be seen as an ancient international tradition to enhance the status of the leading class - an archaic element connected with periods of incipient urbanization and state formation.

Вecільна лемківська пісня (українська, польська, словацька): специфіка та використання

The article analyzes Lemko’s wedding and post-wedding songs in comparison with Polish and Slovak ones. As an integral part of all-Ukrainian ceremonial song fund, Lemky wedding song ritualism is distinguished by some specificity due to Polish and Slovak close proximity. Naturally, Lemko song specificity are best revealed when compared with the similar song traditions of the Western Slavs. The similarity of certain elements is better traced in the wedding song ritualism of the East Slovakian, Ukrainians and Slovaks sons, as compared to the Lemky-Polish neighbourhood. While preserving a lot of archaic forms and elements, the Lemko version of the Ukrainian wedding is characterized by some differences, which reflect Lemko’s continuous ethnocultural contacts with neighbouring nations. The wedding song repertory of the three neighbouring nations has been found to impressively reflect its origin from the Proto-Slavic marriage ritualism, based on the monogamous marriage, husbandry lifestyle, close worldview (similar meaning of fire, water, bread, Eden tree, sun-worship, etc.), as well as on the similarity of ritual acts (garlanding, blessing, roundabout the table and dough trough, breaking wedding loaf, etc.). All mentioned above together with the similar dramatization of the wedding ceremony make ethnonational versions of traditional family ritualism – a so-called “Carpathian cycle”. The Lemko wedding song content has been found to preserve archaic motives and images of relict Ukrainian repertory with its typical ample song/choral expression of the content of wedding rituals, young couple’s and their families’ moral and mental state, varied poetic symbolism and stylistics. Long-term endosmosis of cultural, economic, and sociopolitical contacts between neighbouring ethnoses has conditioned the interchange of the elements of wedding song and ritual dramatization with marked Lemko dominant regarding Slovakian wedding song repertory, as well as with regard to the repertory of Polish Gorals, long-standing song strata in particular.

Linguistic Harmony as a Means of Symbolization in Folklore and Poetic Texts

The article discusses the use of linguistic harmony in traditional culture as a means of symbolisation. In folklore texts, the phonetic similarity of the words heightens the semantic connections between them. This happens when homonyms, paronyms, and other similar-sounding words in the text along with anagrammatic coding of the meaning of the text (for example, riddles) merge, combining two words in one hybrid word paronymous with both of them; by means of phonetic strengthening, complex sound compilation of the text as a whole, as frequently seen in poetry, etc. Symbolic correlations based on verbal consonances usually occur in spells, conjurations, dream interpretations, superstitions, and rituals that have a magical function (prognostic, healing, etc.). In archaic elements of the poetry, the harmony of the words combines an aesthetic function with a magical one (merging more and more with the aesthetic one over time), which allows us to talk about their true syncretism and the magical origins of poetry. Sound and logical-conceptual methods of symbolisation often interact with each other. The symbolism generated by the harmony of words fits into a wide cultural context, revealing deep-semantic cultural parallels from different eras and communities, since the supraindividual memory operating in culture is able to store and bring to life the accumulated connotations. Symbolism arising from the consonances of words has the property of reviving the etymological memory of a word in cultural contexts. In some archaic Slavic zones, symbolism, based on consonant words, still retains its productivity. In the symbolic language of the culture, it also performs a structuring function, takes part in the formation of connections and relationships between the single elements of the traditional picture of the world setting up certain parameters for it, for example, it forms parallels in folk zoology in animal and bird codes, isolating single groups of characters.

ГРАФИКА БЫТОВЫХ СТАРООБРЯДЧЕСКИХ РУКОПИСЕЙ В АСПЕКТЕ КОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ТРАДИЦИОНАЛИЗМА

The article substantiates the introduction of the problem of graphics into linguistic research. The research material was two diaries of Tomsk Old Believers written by a man (in 1915-1923) and a woman (in 1956-1975) in the late semi-uncial. These texts have graphic and content archaic elements. They use a specific chronology, the September year, the overnight boundary (the generally accepted 6 p.m.). These and some other features are considered as symbols of confessional traditionalism. The material confirms the high significance of the late semi-uncial, which follows book samples of the sacred texts of the late Old Russian writing, for Old Believers. Notes in this script, with all its graphic variation, are much neater than the rare cursive inserts, extremely sloppy and hardly readable, in the analyzed texts. This indicates the priority of the semi-uncial script for this confessional community. The texts reflect such traditional features of the late semi-uncial as the alphabetic numeral system, frequent concatenation, various abbreviations, diacritics, simplified punctuation, broken geometry principle of writing, proportionality of graphemes, their angularity, the absence of hyphenation and some letters (k and re), changes in writing letters. The comparison of graphics from the diaries written in different time periods showed its simplification in the woman's diary. The woman is inconsistent in the use of the final hard sign; she uses superscripts rarely and inconsistently, etc. All these features show us the influence of the cursive on the late semiuncial because some graphemes in her texts are clearly comparable to the civil cursive. The influence of the civil script and the erosion of the tradition of the semi-uncial one is the evidence of the poorly differentiated use of graphic doublets, the significantly greater functional load of the civil versions of the letters, errors in the titling of words, as well as the absence of the Yat letter in the woman's alphabet. The use of the semi-uncial in domestic texts is the marker of the confessional significance of the handwriting and texts of the genre. It allows clarifying the development of the chronicle genre, which flourished in the pre-Reformation period and which Old Believers consider an exemplary one. This can be proved by the prevalence of such diaries in the Old Believers' environment, the beginnings of records typical for chronicles, the cliched nature of the records, as well as the graphic design of the text.

О ПРОБЛЕМАХ "ПРОЧТЕНИЯ" КОСТЮМА В ВИЗУАЛЬНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ

This article provides an overview of the numerous problems associated with the analysis of costume in the visual arts of traditional societies. Most of them are often underestimated. Among the most serious difficulties are those associated with the schematic and fragmented images and the desire to present a complete reconstruction of the costume. Problems in interpretation are created by the poses of the characters, the use of old iconography (including foreign ones), and the dominance of stereotyped images of foreigners. In ancient art, the principle of verismo is very important, associated with emphasizing the socially significant elements of the costume. Most often, the initiators of costume innovations were the rulers, as well as their favorites and other people in their environment. The motives behind the behavior of “fashionista” rulers are usually unclear. Each group of the most popular subjects is associated with different sets, costume types and different symbolic interpretations. The article discusses its specificity with different ways of interpreting images – glorification, methods of individualizing the appearance of the same type of characters in groups, etc. Many problems are associated with the adequacy of the reproduction of colors, with the level of its conventionality, with the degree of its preservation, with the capabilities of masters, and with the interpretation of materials from which the elements of the costume were made. It is difficult to interpret the perception in specific societies of archaic elements of cut and silhouette, to clarify the costume of some seasons of the year. With the dominance of gala and ceremonial costume, they can’t be often distinguished.

Сравнительный анализ визуализации образа мирового устройства в мифологии коренных малочисленных народов Севера на примере обрядовых костюмов

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the archaic elements of the national costume of the northern peoples, transmitting cultural information and cultural codes of the ancient population of North Asia and their relationship with modernity. It examines the specifics of the visual reflection of cosmogonic myths in ritual costume and elements of shamanic attributes, their connection with the global paleomyphs «about the diver» and «heavenly hunting».

Научно-популярный журнал «Хан Тэнгэр» как источник по изучению несказочной прозы ойратов Синьцзян-Уйгурского автономного района Китайской Народной Республики

The popular scientific journal “Khan Tenger” is an important and valuable source for the study of the folklore of the Oirats of the PRC. This periodical is devoted to the study of the culture and language of the Oirats living in the PRC (XUAR PRC, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) was published in the period from 1981 to 1993 by the Xinjiang People’s Publishing House (Šinǰiyang-giyin aradiyin keble-liyin xorō) in Urumqi city. The journal was published four times a year in the Oirat “clear script” and is a unique collection of the best examples of oral folk art of the Oirats of the XUAR of the PRC. The article examines some genres of non-fairytale prose of the Oirats of the XUAR of the PRC, recorded in the Khan Tenger journal. Non-fairytale prose is the richest heritage which contains the ancient beliefs of ancestors, moral norms and historical memory of the Oirats. A large number of cosmogonic myths about the creation of the world, the origin of the earth, sky, stars, sun, moon, as well as etiological myths about the origin and characteristics of animals, birds, insects, plants, and natural phenomena are published on the pages of the Khan Tenger journal. Legends and traditions reproduce the historical reality in the refraction of people’s mind through their vision and assessment. They have absorbed archaic elements that characterize the mythological consciousness and the ancient views of distant ancestors. The publication of texts of myths, legends and traditions will help to fill in the “white spots” in the genre system of the folklore of the Oirats, will help to study the spiritual culture of the Mongol-speaking peoples.

On the issue of dating Olonkho

The appearance of Olonkho has been of interest in the minds of researchers since the time of P.A. Oyunsky. For the first time in 1927, he suggested that Olonkho could appear in the form of separate narratives of wars during the Tatar and Mongol invasions of China. In this study, we attempted to find out the approximate time of the occurrence of Olonkho based on an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of the study is to determine the elements of the archaic, ancient and medieval elements of Olonkho and determine the approximate period of their appearance in various Olonkho plots. Research Methods. We reviewed the available literature on the Yakut epicology, on population genetics, history and ethnogenesis of the Sakha (Yakut). When dating the time of appearance of Olonkho, we used the method used by P.A. Oyunsky. We compiled a picture of the modern understanding of the ethnogenesis of the Sakha based on an analysis of modern historical, archaeological, genetic, humanitarian and our own research on this issue. Results. The heroic epic of Olonkho is an archaic genre of oral folk art, with its composition containing elements of the archaic, ancient and medieval periods, involved in the texts of Olonkho in different eras. It should be noted that at the same time, Olonkho as an oral genre evolved from myths about the creation of the world to a holistic work in the form of a heroic epic, the formation of which ended in the territory of the Middle Lena with the formation of the Kulun-Atakh culture. Over the past 35,000 years, several waves of large-scale migrations of the ancient population have changed in the territory of Northeastern Siberia, but the female population of the region has remained constant. As we believe, it preserved and introduced Olonkho to the most archaic motifs, as the most conservative and traditional element of the population. The general opening ceremonies of the heroic epics of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples about the creation of the world were probably included in the texts of Olonkho during the golden age of the Xiongnu (Hun) community. Starting from the XII century, there is an increase in Mongolian influence, which is evident from the presence of Mongolisms in the Olonkho language and the emergence of anthroponyms of Buryat-Mongolian origin of the XI-XVII centuries. Conclusions. The emergence of Olonkho is probably associated with the period of influence of the Xiongnu on the inhabitants of the Middle Lena, material traces of which are observed in the period from 190 BC to the III-IV centuries.

Ritual Clothing of the Sakha People: tangalai son (Historical Memory and Semantics)

The ancient ritual clothing of the Sakha tangalai son people in a broad historical retrospective through the prism of “remembering culture” (according to Ya. Assman), based on a wide range of folklore, linguistic and ethnographic materials, is examined in the article. For the first time, a detailed historiographic review of works devoted to the ritual clothing of the tangalai son was made. The main goal of this study was the reconstruction of archaic elements associated with the historical memory of the ritual. The interpretation of the semantics of the word is proposed. The analysis of the semiotic code of this garment is carried out. It has been established that in this ritual clothing, through a symbolic code, totemistic views associated with the archaic worldview of the people are clearly expressed. Semantic analysis of the name tangalai son showed that the Turkic-Mongol peoples had similar ideas associated with the bird cult and originating in ancient totemistic and shamanistic ideas. The image of a white bird / totem was revealed, which found expression in the symbolic design of the tangalai son , and the “fur code” was analyzed as an element of the ritual of the symbolic rebirth of the bride.