Arbitrary Rules Research Articles

People are conditional rule followers

Experimental participants are more likely to follow an arbitrary rule the more others in their reference group do so as well. The effect is most pronounced for individuals who follow few rules when not knowing others’ behavior. Unlike what is observed for conditional cooperation, learning that only few others follow a rule does not reduce rule following.

Interval consensus of switched multiagent systems

This paper studies interval consensus for switched multiagent systems over directed networks, which consist of a continuous-time subsystem and a discrete-time subsystem regulated by a switching rule. Interval consensus refers to a state constrained consensus, where each agent is allowed to propose an acceptable interval to saturate their expressed states and the final consensus state lies in the nonempty intersection of all these intervals. We establish conditions guaranteeing interval consensus for switched multiagent system under arbitrary switching rules. Furthermore, we introduce the scaled interval consensus notion, which allows both the convergence of states to a pre-assigned proportion and the scaled consensus values lying in the desired range. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

How to Use Questionnaire Results in Psychosocial Risk Assessment: Calculating Risks for Health Impairment in Psychosocial Work Risk Assessment.

Psychosocial risk questionnaires are common instruments in occupational safety and health promotion. Organizations use psychosocial risk questionnaires to obtain an economic overview of psychological job stressors and job resources. However, the procedures to assess if a result for a given workplace group is critical and calls for further action differ significantly and are often based on an arbitrary rule of thumb instead of empirically based evaluations. This article presents a method to translate questionnaire results into risk values for the occurrence of health impairment. We test this method on a dataset including the job stressors, job resources, and emotional exhaustion of 4210 employees from different industries. We applied logistic regression analysis to calculate the risks for impaired psychological health, indicated by high values of the burnout indicator emotional exhaustion. The results indicate significantly different health impairment risks (probabilities) for different scores on the job stressors and job resources scales as well as for scale score combinations. The risk values can be used to define cutoff values between high- and low-risk workplaces that are empirically based on stressor–strain relationships and are easily understandable by all stakeholders in the psychosocial risk assessment process, including laypersons.

أثر منهج البحث الوضعی فی القراءات المعاصرة للنص القرآنی

لقد أسهمت عوامل متعددة في ظهور تلک المناهج والاتجاهات في أمم أوروبا، وکان منها: الانحراف الديني، والاستبداد العلمي للکنيسة، ظهور حرکات الإصلاح والنقد الديني، ميلاد المجتمع الصناعي القائم على اکتشافات علمية، وظهور التيارات الحداثية ومناهج النقد الأدبي المنبثقة عنها. فقد عزز التسلط الکنسي الذي کان يحارب العلم والعلماء، والذي کان يرى أن الکنسية هي المصدر الأول لکافة أنواع الحقائق-عزز- من ظهور المناهج المناوئة للدين التي تقوم أسسها على القطيعة التامة مع کل فکر ديني. ولقد کان العلماء بداية القرن السابع عشر يوجهون نقدهم للتفکير اللاهوتي، لا للدين نفسه، کمحاولات سبينوزا (1632-1677م)، التي درس فيها الکتاب المقدس وأثبت فيه إضافة الأحبار والرهبان له ما ليس منه، وکان نقده موجها للاهوتيين الذين ينسبون للدين ما ليس فيه إننا نرى معظم اللاهوتيين وقد انشغلوا بالبحث عن وسيلة لاستخلاص بدعهم الخاصة، وأحکامهم التعسفية، من الکتب المقدسة بتأويلها قسرا، وبتبرير هذه البدع والأحکام بالسلطة الإلهية، والأمر الوحيد الذي يخشونه بعلمهم هذا ليس الخوف من أن ينسبوا للروح القدس عقيدة باطلة، أو أن يحيدوا عن طريق الخلاص؛ بل أن يقنعهم الآخرون بخطئهم، أو أن يروا أعدائهم قد قضوا على سلطتهم. This image appears through the education that he published, and Harkat Al-Diny appeared, Harkat appeared, wonderful, appeared, wonderful, wonderful, taught, taught, learned, learned, learned, learned, learned, learned, learned, learned, learned, and a window on it. The ecclesiastical authoritarianism, which can be seen that the church is the first source of all facts, has reinforced the emergence of curricula and curricula for religion that establish their foundations on a complete break with every religious thought. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, scholars were directing their criticism of theological thinking. No to religion itself, such as the attempts of Spinoza (1632-1677 AD), in which he studied the Bible and proved that rabbis and monks added to it what was not from it, and his criticism was directed at theologians who attribute to religion what is not in it. arbitrary rulings, arbitrary rulings of teachings, the sacred books by their coercive interpretation, and by justifying these rulings and rulings by authority by authority, rulings by authority, and rulings by authority. on their authority.”

People are Conditional Rule Followers

Experimental participants are more likely to follow an arbitrary rule the more of their peers do so as well. The difference between unconditional and conditional rule following is most pronounced for individuals who follow few rules unconditionally.

Lost in transition? The persistence of dictatorship mayors

We look at Chile’s transition to democracy in 1990 to study the persistence of authoritarian politics at the local level. Using new data on the universe of mayors appointed by the Pinochet dictatorship (1973–1990) and leveraging on the arbitrary election rules that characterized the first local election in 1992, we present two main findings. First, dictatorship mayors obtained a vote premium that is larger among the last wave of incumbents and appears partially explained by an increase in local spending. Second, dictatorship mayors who were democratically elected in 1992 brought votes for the parties that collaborated with the dictatorship in subsequent elections held in democracy. These results show that the body of politicians appointed by a dictatorship can contribute to the persistence of elites and institutions.

The Theory of Planned Behavior and Marketing Ethics Theory in Predicting Digital Piracy Intentions

This study discusses an interactive model that integrates behaviour theory with ethical theory to determine individual behaviour towards digital piracy. This study uses a quantitative approach by testing assumptions using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) assisted using the AMOS 4.0 application program. The results showed that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the theory of marketing ethics (HV theory) could be used to predict the intention to commit digital piracy. Digital piracy intentions are not influenced by TPB's arbitrary rules, while digital piracy expectations and behaviour management significantly impact digital piracy intentions. Moral obligations and perceived benefits directly influence digital piracy. Moral obligation has clear negative effects, whereas perceived benefits positively impact piracy. Moral obligation hurts subjective value. Meanwhile, the perceived dangers often undermine individual attitudes towards digital piracy. The benefits people experience influence attitudes to digital piracy. This habit has had a dramatic and positive impact on digital piracy.

Britain and the Paraguayan Dictatorship, c. 1820–1840

AbstractPost-revolutionary Spanish America barely features in existing scholarship on nineteenth-century British political and social thought. But the region was widely discussed, and raised distinctive issues about republican government, the effects of colonial rule, and the operation of absolute power. This article examines how the British debated the autarchic dictatorship erected in newly independent Paraguay. Their attempts to make sense of this spectacular experiment in government, and its architect Dr Francia, helped to crystallize public attitudes towards the condition of Spanish America in the 1820s and 1830s. Francia's broader significance, however, was as a token in wider debates about the proper limits of republican and constitutional principles, and about the merits of arbitrary directive rule in less developed polities. For his admirers, he cast light on how other comparable regimes had gone wrong.

Safely Returning America to Work Part II: Industry-Specific Guidance.

Safely Returning America to Work Part II: Industry-Specific Guidance.

Growing into democracy, justification and autonomy for youth in Denmark and Sweden

Is it legitimate to exclude youth from Denmark and Sweden’s democracies? This article starts from the ideal that democracy and personal autonomy are deeply connected, in theory and in the context. A policy analysis is conducted on youth participation and autonomy from a critical perspective of democracy as justification of a social order. The aim is to clarify the normative background of youth exclusion contextually and evaluate its legitimacy. The analysis shows that the primary purpose of inclusion is development of capacity for autonomy and that the right to ethical autonomy is respected unless it threatens development of future autonomy. However, a wide set of legal and social responsibilities placed on young people have no corresponding democratic rights, motivated by a lack of capacity for autonomy. This is a form of arbitrary rule, and youth are justified to demand more access to democratic participation.
 Keywords: democratic legitimacy, critical theory, youth, Denmark, Sweden

The impact of decentralized decision-making on student outcomes and teacher quality: Evidence from Colombia

This paper evaluates the effects of the administrative decentralization of education on teacher quality and student outcomes in Colombia. In 2001, the government established an arbitrary rule that granted municipalities with a 2002 population >100,000 almost complete autonomy to provide education services (certification). This analysis takes advantage of this rule to evaluate, using difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity methodologies, the effect of municipal autonomy on teacher quality and student outcomes, including achievement and enrollment. The control group is made up of municipalities for which the provision of education was centralized and managed by the departmental authorities. The results indicate that administrative decentralization (being certified) improves both school enrollment and student achievement as well as the quality of teachers, as measured by teachers’ education level and scores on teachers’ entry competency exams. Using a mediation analysis, the paper finds that higher-quality teachers hired by the certified municipalities partially explained the improvement in student achievement. This analysis also shows that “certified” municipalities invest more local resources in education which also contributes to explain to a much lesser extent their superior educational outcomes. Finally, the results suggest that achieving better student outcomes is less related to the amount of resources that decentralized municipalities managed and more associated with the fact that those resources seem to have been better allocated, generating significant efficiency gains. These gains may be the consequence of lower transaction costs of matching local preferences with local educational interventions.

Imperial Diversity, Fractured Sovereignty, and Legal Universals: Hans Kelsen and Eugen Ehrlich in their Habsburg Context

This essay places Eugen Ehrlich and Hans Kelsen afresh in their common context, the late Habsburg Empire. It reframes Ehrlich's legal sociology and Kelsen's pure theory of law as co-original and connected responses to the problem of legal universals under conditions of fractured sovereignty and imperial diversity. At first glance, Kelsen and Ehrlich seem antipodes, an impression apparently confirmed by their prickly exchange in the 1910s: while Kelsen made universality reside in the formal features and sequences of imputation that held the normative order together, Ehrlich claimed that every normative system which purported to be meta-social and meta-cultural merely camouflaged its local conditions of emergence. Once resituated in their Habsburg environment, these strategies can be read as articulations of a broader set of common proclivities. Ehrlich's and Kelsen's proficiency in the empire's techniques of plurality management enabled them to demystify the state and to dismantle the nation: both perceived the state as a juristic construction, hence they unmasked its alleged social, cultural, and ontological unity as a delusion. The same held true for the nation: Ehrlich challenged its supremacy by showing that social relationships—“associations”—cut across national divides, while Kelsen delegitimized the nation's status as a rights-bearing collective and blurred the distinction between citizens and alien residents, working toward the civic enfranchisement of the latter. This dovetailed with Ehrlich's and Kelsen's unmaking of the distinction between private and public law: the false belief in the latter's superiority over the former served to license arbitrary rule. Both jurists deterritorialized state sovereignty by highlighting the brittleness of spatial dominion and the artificiality of political boundaries: Ehrlich and Kelsen discovered a gamut of sovereign authorities with overlapping spatial areas of jurisdiction that coexisted within the Habsburg polity. This in turn permitted them to effectively transcend the distinction between domestic and international law: while, according to Ehrlich, the state fizzled out on the local level, Kelsen redescribed it from a global perspective, turning it into a mere subordinate organ of world law. Ehrlich's legal pluralism and Kelsen's pure theory were the two most successful juristic legacies of the Habsburg polity whose imprint they bore. Both creatively reworked Habsburg constitutional reality into templates of legal order that survived the empire's demise.

Neo-Despotism as Anti-Despotism

I treat despotism as a virtual concept. Thus it is necessary to expose its actualizations even when it appears as its opposite, refusing to recognize itself as despotism. I define despotism initially as arbitrary rule, in terms of a monstrous transgression of the law. But since the monster is grounded in its very formlessness, it cannot be demonstrated. However, one can always try to de-monstrate it through disagreements. In doing this, I deal with despotism not as a solipsistic undertaking but as part of a constellation that always already contains two other elements: economy and voluntary servitude. I give three different – ancient, early modern and late modern – accounts of this nexus, demonstrating how despotism continuously takes on new appearances. I conclude, in a counter-classical prism, how the classical nexus has evolved in modernity while the focus gradually shifted towards another triangulation: neo-despotism, use and dissent.

The Effect of Designing and Segmenting Instructional Video

Aim/Purpose: This study aims to explore whether instructors and educators should segment portions of instructional video that can be loaded and executed independently of other portions, and how long the segment portion of instructional video should be to effectively influence students’ learning, perception, and interaction. Background: Instructional videos are widely used in higher education for pedagogy purposes, and students expect their face-to-face and online courses to include video for effective instructional and learning outcomes. The literature indicates that researchers suggested that segmented video might assist learning and reduce cognitive burden; however, empirical research does not provide sufficient guidance about how to do it. Methodology: This mixed-methods study included quantitative data from an online experiment, followed by qualitative data from focus groups to help explain and expand on the quantitative findings. This study compared a 14-minute instructional video with the same content split into three segments, ranging from four to five minutes in length, to explore how segmenting affects students’ learning and how students perceive and interact with the video. The quantitative portion of the study used an experimental design with random assignment to control and experimental groups. Participants were randomly assigned by Qualtrics to one of two conditions where they watched either a single long (14-minute) video (the control group) or the same content split into three video segments (the experimental group). Participants in both groups were asked to watch the video(s), take a content knowledge quiz, and respond to an opinion questionnaire. The qualitative portion of the study consisted of focus groups where participants were asked to reflect on their overall perceptions of using online instructional video. Contribution: This study contributes to the literature knowledge on how students interact with instructional video and how, and if, longer instructional videos should be divided into shorter segments. Findings: Results from this study indicated that there is no significant difference between the Long Video Group (control group) and the Segmented Video Group (experimental group) on measures of learning, interaction with or perceptions of the video. However, participants who engaged in multitasking activities other than texting performed worse on the learning measure. The focus group participants described a variety of behaviors and preferences for watching the instructional video but expressed a preference for videos that were about 20 minutes long. Recommendations for Practitioners: For the purpose of building declarative knowledge, the number and length of instructional video segments may be less important than the other instructional materials and strategies instructors and educators provide to support students’ interaction with the instructional video. Recommendation for Researchers: The qualitative findings suggest that while preferred instructional video length may differ based on context, a 20-minute instructional video may be preferred, or at least accepted, in a typical academic setting, though this possibility needs further study. Impact on Society: Results from this study may help instructors and educators to create high quality instructional video content by acknowledging that decisions about instructional video length and segmenting require professional discretion rather than arbitrary rules regarding video length. Future Research: Future researchers and practitioners can further evaluate and enhance the importance and design of instructional videos for pedagogical purposes, and additional research is needed before instructors, educators, and the educational field can accept the thought that any video over five or six minutes is considered too long for students’ attention span.

The Revolution for Law: A Chronographic Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

This paper brings together a description and analysis of various aspects of the constitutional revolution, as a revolt by society in favour of the law and against arbitrary rule by the state, rather than by the lower against the upper classes as in European revolutions, this being characteristic of major Iranian revolts both before and after that event. It includes a discussion of aspects which have generally been neglected, notably the ‘politics of elimination’ pursued by both Mohammad Ali Shah and the radicals of the revolution, how neither side would relent until it was too late, and how the revolutionaries rejected the shah's offer of reconciliation, to their later regret when they became disillusioned by the results, much like many participants of the revolution of February 1979, 70 years later.

Bisection for kinetically constrained models revisited

The bisection method for kinetically constrained models (KCM) of Cancrini, Martinelli, Roberto and Toninelli is a vital technique applied also beyond KCM. In this note we present a new way of performing it, based on a novel two-block dynamics with a probabilistic proof instead of the original spectral one. We illustrate the method by very directly proving an upper bound on the relaxation time of KCM like the one for the East model in a strikingly general setting. Namely, we treat KCM on finite or infinite one-dimensional volumes, with any boundary condition, conditioned on any of the irreducible components of the state space, with arbitrary site-dependent state spaces and, most importantly, arbitrary inhomogeneous rules.

Quantized passive filtering for switched delayed neural networks

The issue of quantized passive filtering for switched delayed neural networks with noise interference is studied in this paper. Both arbitrary and semi-Markov switching rules are taken into account. By choosing Lyapunov functionals and applying several inequality techniques, sufficient conditions are proposed to ensure the filter error system to be not only exponentially stable, but also exponentially passive from the noise interference to the output error. The gain matrix for the proposed quantized passive filter is able to be determined through the feasible solution of linear matrix inequalities, which are computationally tractable with the help of some popular convex optimization tools. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the quantized passive filter design methods.

Students’ Mathematical Reasoning Ability Viewed from Personality Type Rational and Idealist

This finds out about pursuits to (1) describe the mathematical reasoning ability of high school students as viewed from the rational and idealist personality types; (2) knowing the causes of students' errors in answering questions. This type of research is qualitative research. The subjects of this research were eleventh-grade students of high school 1 Wanasaba East Lombok. Determination of the concern using purposive sampling. Data collection methods used personality tests and mathematical reasoning exams on trigonometric material. The outcomes of this study indicate that both rational and idealist personality types are capable of substantiating and equally incapable of making logical conclusions. Students with rational and idealist personality types do not meet the indicators of making logical conclusions because the subject is wrong in giving argument formulation because they do not master the concept of arbitrary cosine triangle rule. Students with the rational personality type can perform calculations based on certain rules or formulas, while students with the idealist personality type are unable. This is because the idealist personality kind students use the wrong formula in the problem-solving process. After all, the situation does not understand the concept of arbitrary sine and cosine triangle rules. The idealist personality type student can predict the answer and the solution process, while the rational personality type is unable. This is because students with the rational personality type answer not to the desired answer to the question. After all, they do not understand the query from the question.

Multiple Alternative Promoters and Alternative Splicing Enable Universal Transcription-Based Logic Computation in Mammalian Cells

Multi-input logic gene circuits can enable sophisticated control of cell function, yet large-scale synthetic circuitry in mammalian cells has relied on post-transcriptional regulation or recombinase-triggered state transitions. Large-scale transcriptional logic, on the other hand, has been challenging to implement. Inspired by a naturally found regulatory strategy of using multiple alternative promoters, followed by alternative splicing, we developed a scalable and compact platform for transcriptional OR logic using inputs to those promoters. The platform is extended to implement disjunctive normal form (DNF) computations capable of implementing arbitrary logic rules. Specifically, AND logic is implemented at individual promoters using synergistic transcriptional inputs, and NOT logic via microRNA inputs targeting unique exon sequences driven by those promoters. Together, these regulatory programs result in DNF-like logic control of output gene expression. The approach offers flexibility for building complex logic programs in mammalian cells.

Rules warp feature encoding in decision-making circuits.

We have the capacity to follow arbitrary stimulus-response rules, meaning simple policies that guide our behavior. Rule identity is broadly encoded across decision-making circuits, but there are less data on how rules shape the computations that lead to choices. One idea is that rules could simplify these computations. When we follow a rule, there is no need to encode or compute information that is irrelevant to the current rule, which could reduce the metabolic or energetic demands of decision-making. However, it is not clear if the brain can actually take advantage of this computational simplicity. To test this idea, we recorded from neurons in 3 regions linked to decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS), and dorsal striatum (DS), while macaques performed a rule-based decision-making task. Rule-based decisions were identified via modeling rules as the latent causes of decisions. This left us with a set of physically identical choices that maximized reward and information, but could not be explained by simple stimulus-response rules. Contrasting rule-based choices with these residual choices revealed that following rules (1) decreased the energetic cost of decision-making; and (2) expanded rule-relevant coding dimensions and compressed rule-irrelevant ones. Together, these results suggest that we use rules, in part, because they reduce the costs of decision-making through a distributed representational warping in decision-making circuits.