Arabic Proficiency Research Articles

ISTIRATIJIYYAT MU’ALLIM AL-LUGHAH AL-‘ARABIYYAH ‘INDA TAGHALLUBI SU’UBAH QIROAAT AN-NUSUUS AL-‘ARABIYYAH ‘ALAA THULLAABI AS-SHAFI AL-'AASYAR FII AL-MADRASAH AL-'ALIYATI AL-MUHAJIRIN CIGUDEG (DIRAASAH HAALIYAH 'AN MADDAH AL-LUGHAH AL-'ARABIYYAH)

This research provides benefits for Arabic language teaching lecturers in helping to provide an easy learning motivation for students to master and memorize the Qur’an through learning the Arabic language. That the author of this research be able to provide benefits in applying and applying Arabic language proficiency in memorizing the Qur’an. It can be a positive contribution and as a material consideration, especially for the educational institutions of the Jahai Quran Jebonbulang Bogor High School in improving Arabic language learning towards fluency in Quran memorization. The researchers want to further research on the comparison between the application of learning the Arabic language, especially in speaking skills with the lack of application of learning the Arabic language, especially in speaking skills, to the fluency of memorizing the Qur’an in this Quran memorization institute. Based on the above research results, learning Arabic has a significant impact on the fluency of memorizing the Qur’an, especially for students who master the ability to speak Arabic. It is therefore hoped that this ability to speak in the future will become a second priority in addition to memorizing the Qur'an, in order to facilitate the memorization of the Qur'an for students

How Parents Promote English and Arabic Language Proficiency in Elementary School Children in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, English is taught starting from kindergarten at National Public and Private Schools. At International schools, English is the medium of instruction. This study aims to explore how parents promote children’s language development, their evaluation of their children’s proficiency level, which language the children use in communicating with family members and on WhatsApp. Surveys with parents revealed that English is stronger and preferred by children in International Schools and many children in Private Schools. More parents worry about their children’s proficiency level in English than Arabic and promote English more than Arabic. Watching English cartoons and movies, using English educational and entertainment apps/programs, playing English games, and enrolling the children in English courses during holidays are common home-based activities. To promote Arabic, some parents hire a tutor. Others encourage their children to read Arabic stories and watch Arabic cartoons. Results and recommendations are given in detail.

Arapça Yabancı Dil Testinde (YDT) Eşdizim: Tespit ve öneriler

İki ya da daha fazla sözcüğün belirli sınırlılık ve düzen içerisinde sürekli birlikte kullanılmaları biçiminde tanımlanan eşdizimlilik dilde çok kullanılan ve önemli bir yere sahip olan yapılarıdır. Bu tür ifadelerin öğrenimi ve öğretimi dilin en ince ayrıntısına kadar öğrenilebilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle de çeviri ve metinlerin anlaşılması başta olmak üzere ifadelerin doğru bir şekilde anlaşılmasında bu yapıların bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Dil öğretiminin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan bu yapılar öğretimin bütün aşamalarında yer aldığı gibi ölçme ve değerlendirmede ölçülecek kazanımlar arasında da bulunmaktadır. Ülkemizde Öğrenci Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi (ÖSYM) tarafından Arapça yeterliliği ölçen merkezi sınavlar yapılmaktadır. Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı Arapça Yabancı Dil Testi (YDT) kurumun Arapça dil yeterliliğini ölçmek amacı ile yaptığı sınavlarından biridir. Arapça öğretimi yapan yükseköğretim kurumlarına yerleştirme için yapılan bu sınavda da eşdizim yapılarının kazanımının ölçülmesini sağlayacak sorulara yer vermiştir. Bu soruların bir kısmında yapılar doğrudan sorulduğu gibi farklı soru tiplerinin anlaşılması bağlamındaki ifadelerde yine bu yapılara yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada eşdizimsel yapıların ölçme ve değerlendirme süreçlerindeki önemi, merkezi bir sınav olan Arapça Yabancı Dil Testi ile sınırlandırılarak betimsel içerik analizi ile ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. 2018-2021 yılları arasındaki Arapça Yabancı Dil Testi (YDT) sınav soruları ve yayımlanan 2018 örnek test soruları olmak üzere 5 sınav incelenmiştir. Çalışmada sınavlardaki sorularda yer alan eşdizimsel ifadeler gruplanarak verilirken yapıların hangi şekil ve sıklıkla sorulduğunu tespit edebilmek için 2021 Arapça Dil Testinin ayrıntılı soru analizine yer verilmiştir.

"PROFICIENCY IN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COMPREHENSION OF TEXT READING OF ARABIC LITERARY SUBJECTS"

The subject of Arabic Literature is one of the important subjects that should be taken by students who want to take the Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia (STAM) examination. This subject requires high skills in understanding poetry and prose texts to get good results in the Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia (STAM) examination. To understand a reading text, a mastery of the Arabic language involving aspects of vocabulary and grammar is required. However, the low achievement of students in the subject of Adab and Nusus raises questions related to students' comprehension when reading Arabic literary texts. This situation caused the students' Arabic language proficiency to be questioned. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of looking at the level of reading comprehension of Arabic literary subjects. In addition, this study also aims to identify the influence of Arabic language proficiency on the text reading comprehension of STAM Arabic literature subjects. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to students who took the STAM examination in Kelantan. Of that total, 375 data were used after the data cleaning process was carried out. The results of the analysis using Muhammad Saiful Anuar Yusoff & Zawiah Seman 96 SmartPLS 3.0 software showed that the Arabic language proficiency factor (β=0.486, t=12.242, p<0.01, f 2 =0.300) positively influenced the reading comprehension of Arabic literature subjects with the total variance described by this factor as 23.1% (R2 = 0.231). This finding proves the great contribution of Arabic language proficiency factors to the reading comprehension of Arabic literary subjects. Mastery of aspects of Arabic vocabulary and grammar should be given priority in realizing the reading comprehension of the reading text and in turn ensure excellence in the subject of Arabic literature STAM

تطويْر الوسائِل المتَعدِّدة باسْتخدَام ماكرُوميديا فلاش في تدريْب اختِبار معْيار الكفاءَة في اللغَة العربيَّ

This research aims to develop the Arabic interactive multimedia for training test of Arabic language ability standard / اخْتِبَار مِعْيار الكَفَاءَة فِي اللُّغَة العَرَبِيَّة (IMKA) and to test its validity, practicality and effectiveness for students of Walisongo Islamic State University Semarang. Because of difficulty of Arabic language standard test, the high cost of teaching privately, and no material and means to teach the Arabic language proficiency standard test than 92% of the students demanding to train the Arabic test by audio-visual application. The type of this research is research and development (R&D) using Borg and Gall model by using the multistage random sampling technique for 24 students. This development produces the application for teaching the Arabic language in the form of interactive multimedia with the extension of .exe. In terms of validity, these applications find a percentage of 84% (multimedia validator expert) and 75% (material validator expert) with a sufficiently correct category, and they should be slightly revised. In terms of practicality, these ap-plications find the rating rate of 4.5 out of the top rating 5 in their class as very good and practical to use. In terms of effectiveness, these applications find Normalized Gain 0.38 of the highest grade 1 in the medium class and effective for use.

Military intelligence and the securitization of Arabic proficiency in Israel: the limits of influence and the curse of unintended consequences

ABSTRACT Since its very inception, Israel’s security apparatus, led by Military Intelligence, has struggled to overcome the paucity of potential Jewish recruits who are proficient in Arabic. Military Intelligence came to dominate Arabic instruction at schools and universities to broaden and deepen Arabic instruction to Jews, but to no avail. Ironically, military Intelligence’s very intervention has entrenched its own failure. The securitization of Arabic instruction both devalues Arabic and imposes on Jews an impoverished Arabic proficiency – one that lends itself to domination rather than communication. Consequently, too few Jews study Arabic, and their proficiency remains poor.

Narrative microstructure and macrostructure skills in Arabic diglossia: The case of Arab immigrant children in Canada

Aims and objectives: The study investigated narrative microstructure skills of Arabic-speaking immigrant children in Canada ( N = 75; age range 7–12 years) with specific focus on diglossia and the lexical distance between Spoken Arabic (SpA) and Standard Arabic (StA). The study also tested the relationship between microstructure and macrostructure and probed into the relative importance of general versus diglossia-specific features of microstructure in predicting macrostructure. Design/methodology/approach: Participants were asked to tell a story from a picture using an Arabic version of the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004). Instructions to participants were given in StA. Data and analysis: General measures of microstructure were coded: number of tokens, number of types, type/token ratio, and mean length of utterance (MLU). In addition to these general measures, we coded the average frequency of five diglossia-specific word types: (a) identical words, which keep the same phonological form in StA and SpA; (b) SpA cognates, namely, cognate words that keep different yet related forms in StA and SpA, used in their SpA form; (c) StA cognates, cognate words used in their StA forms; (d) unique SpA words; and (e) unique StA words. Regression analysis was used to predict macrostructure from general and diglossia-specific features of microstructure. Findings/conclusions: Results showed that the bulk of the lexicon of the narratives produced by immigrant children consisted of words and word forms that are within SpA: identical words, SpA cognates, and unique SpA words; StA word forms appeared less frequently, and English code-switched words were very rare. Results also showed that the microstructure features of narrative length in tokens and type/token ratio significantly predicted macrostructure beyond the children’s age and Arabic language proficiency. However, when diglossia-specific lexical features were added as predictors, the frequency of StA words predicted unique variance in macrostructure beyond age, Arabic language proficiency, and narrative length. Findings advance our understanding of narrative skills in Arabic diglossia among new immigrants and the role of lexical distance in narrative production in this context. Originality: The study is innovative in investigating the manifestation of diglossia in narrative microstructure features and the role of diglossia-specific features in predicting macrostructure, as well as in testing this question among immigrant children. Significance/implications: The study demonstrates the multifaceted lexicon of diglossic Arabic speakers as reflected in the microstructure of their narratives and the prevalence of SpA word forms in their lexicons. The study also demonstrates a significant relationship between microstructure and macrostructure, and the important role of StA lexical features of microstructure in predicting macrostructure. The results of the study have theoretical implications for the importance of lexical distance in understanding narrative production in children at both the microstructure and macrostructure levels. The study also has practical implications for assessment and intervention with Arabic-speaking children in diglossic Arabic.

Reduce the Foreign Accent of Indonesian Arabic Learners Through A Minimal Pairs Strategy

The purpose of this study is to discuss how to use the minimal pairs strategy to help students improve their pronunciation abilities. The Research and Development (R&D) and the Quasy Experimental Non-Equivalent Control Group Designs were combined in this study (QENECGD). The R & D method was used to develop a model for implementing the minimal pairs strategy. The QENECGD method was used to evaluate students' final performance following the implementation of the minimal pairs strategy. The study enrolled 50 students who took Basic Arabic Language Proficiency course. Twenty-five students were assigned to the minimal pairs strategy, while the remaining twenty-five served as the control class. All students were required to read an Arabic script during the pre-test and post-tests. The results of these readings were analyzed for pronunciation accuracy using the provided reading script. The Bogaert scale was used in conjunction with the non-parametric test. The findings indicated that the minimal pairs strategy affected students' attainment of a foreign accent level. Additionally, statistical analysis enables the experimental and control groups to be distinguished. Furthermore, the N Gain Score statistic demonstrates the effectiveness of the minimal pairs method.

LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY ARABIC LANGUAGE AMONG PUBLIC COMMUNITY IN SABAH

Literacy skills are a very important skill and must be mastered by an individual, especially the public in Sabah. This skill of recognizing or literacy is known as literacy skills. The objective of this study is to identify the level of Arabic literacy among the general public in Sabah. The research method is qualitative by using data collection methods made through the distribution of questionnaires, interviews with respondents consisting of selected instructors and students, as well as observations in the classroom during the Teaching and Learning (PdP) session of Arabic. The results showed that the level of Arabic language proficiency was moderate with a mean score reading of 3.39. This study will benefit those responsible for streamlining and strengthening the teaching and learning of Arabic among the public in Sabah.

Relationship of VAK Learning Style With Mastery of Arabic Reading Skills

This study aimed to identify the level of mastery of Arabic reading skills, distinguish the tendencies of VAK learning style, and analyze the correlation between students ’level of Arabic language skills with VAK learning style. This quantitative study utilized a questionnaire instrument adapted from the existing VAK questionnaire and reading skills test questions used in the data collection process. A total of 93 diploma students specializing in Arabic at KUIS, KIAS and KUIPSAS were selected as the study sample. Data were processed using SPSS version 21.0. The findings of the study showed that the level of mastery of Arabic reading skills at the intermediate level. The study also showed that all students tended towards VAK learning style, and there was no significant correlation between students ’Arabic language proficiency level with VAK learning style. It is hoped that this study can help Arabic language teachers in applying the VAK learning style approach, especially in Arabic reading skills.

Wikalah iBT: How Is An Internet-Based Arabic Language Proficiency Test Instrument Developed?

This study discusses the development of 140 items of Arabic language proficiency test which covers listening, reading, and grammar mastery. These items were empirically analyzed, tried out, and revised. Results of this development would then be made a basis to design an application that can evaluate internet-based Arabic language proficiency (Internet-based Taqwim Kafa`ah Maharah Lughah Arabiyah) abbreviated as Wikalah iBT. To achieve this goal, a developmental research method was employed, namely the development of instruments starting from the needs analysis for tests, the making of instruments, validity and reliability testing, the design of iBT program, and the trial of the Wikalah iBT application. Results of the study show that (a) several test items still had morphological, morphosyntactic, and technical errors, (b) 81 test items were valid, (c) average reliability level was 0.67, (d) this test was in the medium and easy categories (63.57), and (e) the iBT application design was used successfully and ran smoothly. Based on the conclusions, it is recommended to add the test item package, improve the quality of the questions, and evaluate the iBT application. We believe that these findings provide initial support for making an overview to those preparing for the iBT test or other similar tests of language proficiency. Study outcomes also inform the extent to which the use of technology can evaluate language proficiency

THE TALE OF THE TWO LANGUAGES: THE QUEST IN UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS TOWARD ORAL COMMUNICATION

This study investigates how students with basic English and Arabic language proficiency from the foreign language perceive their oral communication challenges in completing their oral project for Oral Communication in English and Arabic Language Level 3 - Interviewing Native/Second language speakers in the target language. Qualitative research using the case study method was adopted. A total of 74 Arabic students & English were taken for this study is on purposeful sampling. Students were required to present a short reflective journal on their view of their project at the end of the semester to the teacher-researcher. Major findings indicate that students generally held a positive view towards the idea of approaching native speakers to practice the languages. Finally, to maximize the potential of the students, it is suggested that a need analysis should be conducted at the beginning of the semester to understand the needs and preferences of students when using the languages orally both inside and outside the campus, formal and informal use. Teachers should also try to utilize the potential of the mixed-ability group to enhance peer learning and sharing.

PENGEMBANGAN METODOLOGI PENGAJARAN DAN KOMPETENSI KEPRIBADIAN DOSEN BAHASA ARAB

This article discusses the development of lecturer competencies in using methods and techniques in learning Arabic language proficiency in Indonesian universities. This study uses a descriptive evaluative approach to the data obtained at the Arabic Language and Culture Study Program, Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia (UAI). From the study conducted, it was found that one of the reasons for the not yet maximal ability of students in mastering Arabic language proficiency in Indonesian universities, especially at UAI, was because the lecturers who taught were not maximal in using teaching methodologies and techniques. The technique used is not innovative and tends to be repetitive and boring so that students are not maximally motivated to learn Arabic. Some tips that can be done in instilling a sense of love between lecturers and students in learning and good relations between lecturers and student families can affect the success of the Arabic language learning process that can be implemented.

The Use of L1 Metalanguage in L2 Classrooms: The Case for Arabic

With the rise of bilingual and multilingual approaches to teaching a second/foreign language, an overwhelming majority of second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have emphasized the important role of the use of mother tongue (L1) in a second language (L2) class and have argued that the use of L2 positively contributes to the cognitive development of students. However, what aspect of L1 should be used in an L2 class have not been specified explicitly. This study set out to investigate the extent to which teachers believe in the efficacy of the use of L1 metalanguage and the extent to which they use it in their classes in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context of Qatar. The second aim was to assess students’ beliefs regarding the extent to which the use of L1 metalanguage in an L2 class facilitated their learning process. Most importantly, the study aimed to investigate whether there was a discrepancy between students’ expectations and teachers’ agendas regarding the use of L1 metalanguage in L2 classrooms. The hypothesis that underpinned this study was that the use of L1 metalanguage to explain structural concepts in L2 contributed to crosslinguistic and metalinguistic awareness. The study adopted a qualitative approach; two questionnaires were developed, one for students and one for teachers. The questionnaire consisted of 5-point Likert scale statements and questions. Twenty-six undergraduate students and eight teachers participated in the study. The students’ proficiency level in English was elementary. The teachers were recruited on the basis of their native Arabic language proficiency. The findings suggested that both teachers and students viewed the use of Arabic in their English classes positively, and that no substantial discrepancy was observed between the students and the teachers over the issue of the use of Arabic in class. A minor discrepancy was that whereas the teachers were inclined to use Arabic slightly more for the teaching of grammar than the teaching of vocabulary, the students believed that the use of Arabic for learning vocabulary was more beneficial to their learning than it was for learning grammar.

BI’AH LUGHAWIYYAH ERA SOCIETY 5.0 MELALUI PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL MAHASISWA

Bī'ah Lughawiyyah, as the Arabic language environment is called, is a very effective means of acquiring Arabic language proficiency. In this 5.0 Era, the definition of the bī’ah lughawiyyah is no longer tied to a mutually agreed time and place. Visual interaction using technology can promise unlimited access so that it can narrow space and time. Previously, bī’ah lughawiyyah was often identified with a community or group that was created under a specific system or arrangement, so what about now? Amidst the massive use of social media in everyday life. This article explains the Arabic language environment in the 5.0 era in terms of students' daily activities. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to categorize student activities as a form of bī'ah lughawiyyah era 5.0. The subjects in this study were students of the Arabic Language Education Study Program at IAIN Palangka Raya. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview, and documentation. The results showed that bī’ah lughawiyyah era 5.0 was dominated by social media such as Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook.

Linguistic Features Differences in Arabic Textbooks Used at Islamic Schools in Malaysia

The dearth of studies that assess linguistic differences in Arabic textbooks is the motivation for the present study, which identified significant differences in the use of linguistic features in textbooks for different secondary school levels. The study analysed 315 samples of 100-word texts, randomly selected from 105 Arabic textbooks used at Islamic secondary schools in Malaysia. Seven linguistic features were analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis showed a moderate use of simple sentences, complex sentences and noun sentences. However, the use of complex sentences was higher than that of simple sentences. There were a high number of common and frequent words used, but the use of abstract words was low. Conjunctions and discourse markers were used at moderate levels. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences in the use of complex sentences, common and frequent words, conjunctions and discourse markers, and sentence length averages. The study also found that long sentences are higher in frequency in Form 3 textbooks compared to those in Forms 4 and 5 textbooks. The current study suggests that the frequency of linguistic features should correspond to students’ needs by taking into their school level, Arabic language proficiency and subject content.

Intervention Models in Arabic Vocabulary Proficiency in The J-Qaf Program Among Primary School Pupils

Purpose – Arabic acquisition is the main element that has to be mastered by pupils in order to attain proficiency in the Arabic Language. A total of 600 words should be mastered in the j-QAF program. Nevertheless, mistakes in the vocabulary enrichment aspect, as well as its Arabic spelling often occur. The j-QAF program is a new education initiative introduced by the Ministry of Education (MOE) under the Islamic Education Section (IES) that was formerly known as the Department of Islamic and Moral Education (IMED). Hence, this research is to show the extent of the proficiency level of the pupils in Arabic vocabulary enrichment acquired through the j-QAF program in aspects such as spelling, word meaning knowledge and usage in sentences. This study will also introduce the vocabulary enrichment teaching intervention model which has been proved effective in regard to the Arabic language vocabulary enrichment aspect. Methodology – An Arabic vocabulary enrichment mastering test covering the three aspects was administered to 120 standard 3 pupils in the district of Klang, Selangor. A total of 360 answer scripts were received and analysed. In addition, a set of questionnaires for pupils and Arabic teachers were also distributed to further strengthen the researched data. Findings – The study shows that the percentage of grade A, B and C passes in the Arabic-spelling aspect was 100 percent, knowledge of meaning aspect was 84 percent and the usage of words in sentences aspect was 63 percent. Other than that, the results of the Arab language teachers' questionnaire reported that the proficiency of the primary school pupils has a significant impact on the learning of the Arabic language. Significance – Innovation in teaching of Arabic and language and spread of religious studies especially Quranic studies and Hadith and also related studies.

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN MAHARAH KALAM BERBASIS TEORI KONSTRUKTIVISME DI MADRASAH ALIYAH NASY’ATUL MUTA’ALLIMIN

Maharah Kalam learning is a problem of traditional Arabic learning methods (based on behaviorism theory, where students are passive which has implications for learning outcomes and students' abilities in understanding the studies being studied for Arabic proficiency. In constructivism, learning is represented as a constructive process in which students internal illustration of knowledge, interpretation of personal experience Constructivism learning based on student interaction in construction and knowledge How about the Maharah Kalam learning method based on constructivism theory at MA Nasy'atul Muta'allimin, and problematic Maharah Kalam learning at MA Nasy' atul Muta'allimin Method The method used is through observation, interviews, and documentation. Techniques and data analysis using descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that at MA Nasy'atul Muta'allimin, which previously had not applied constructivism learning theory, g has implications for the low ability of students' Maharah Kalam. Then with the presence of constructivism learning methods become effective and able to build students' knowledge and improve language skills actively and creatively.

Gender differences in Learning Arabic Language Proficiency via M-learning among Malaysia University Students

The integration of multimedia would enable teachers to take maximum advantage of technology to educate non-native students regarding Arabic language proficiency. Multimedia teaching has many benefits compared to the conventional teaching model, where we differentiate by incorporating multimedia which makes Arabic classes more energetic, vibrant and interesting. However, the significant impact of multimedia learning could be different toward gender as their interest and preference could be differ. Therefore, this study aims to investigate gender differences in learning Arabic language proficiency via M-learning among Malaysia university students. This study is a pre-test and post-test quasi experimental study which comprises of 84 males and 189 females in treatment group; and 197 students in control groups. All of the participants are lower beginner Arabic language learners from four universities in peninsular Malaysia which were selected through stratified random sampling technique. The findings revealed that male learners received substantially greater adjusted average scores on the performance test versus females using the same courses. Noticeable correlations between M-learning modes and gender on achievement have been established. In regards, the concepts of M-Learning must be taken into account when developing online learning syllabuses in order to facilitate Arabic language learning. The findings of this study will help lecturers to improve their teaching practices in this era of technology advancement and provide a consideration on gender differences of the preference towards mobile learning practice.

PENGEMBANGAN HYBRID LEARNING BERBASIS APLIKASI COMPUTER ASSITED TEST (CAT) PADA PROGRAM ARABIC PROFICIENCY TEST

This study aims to develop Hybrid Learning based on the Computer Assisted Test (CAT) application in the Arabic Proficiency Test (APT) program.The method used was Research and Development with the ADDIE instructional design model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate), with development stages (concept, design, material collecting, assembly, testing and distribution). The results showed that the development of Hybrid Learning based on CAT application can be used in the Arabic Proficiency Test (APT) program which contains three language competency tests, (istima, tarakib and Qira’ah) and fulfills several aspects; 1) Self Instructional, 2) Self Instructional, 3) Self Contained, 4) Standalone, 5) User Friendly, and 6) Adaptive to technological developments. The results of the CAT-APT application trial in a limited group obtained a score of 80 (good) to 88 (very good), in the media validation test the score was 80 (good) to 86 (very good), the programming validation test and a score of 80 (good) to 88 (very good), while in the testing on the tester, the pretest score had not yet reached the advanced level, while in the posttest there were 9 testers who reached the advanced score.