Aqueous Solution Of Potassium Permanganate Research Articles

Study of the hydroxylation of N-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines

N-Substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines are readily converted to the corresponding 1,2-diols by treatment with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate in a neutral medium. The yields of the desired products depend on the character of the substituent attached to the nitrogen atom and decrease in the case of N-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines as a consequence of the formation of side products formed as a result of more profound oxidation. The acylation of the synthesized diols was studied. The three-dimensional structures of the synthesized cis-diols were established by IR spectroscopy.

Oxygen Isotope Effects in 55Mn and 95Mo NMR Spectra of the Permanganate and Molybdate Ion

By Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy the 55Mn and 95Mo resonance lines in the different permanganate and molybdate species Mn16O4-n 18On - and Mo16O4-n 18On 2- {n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) have been resolved in aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate and sodium molybdate. An isotopic effect on the Larmor frequency for 55Mn of (0.59 ± 0.02) ppm and for 95Mo of (0.25 ±0.01) ppm to lower frequency has been found for the substitution of one 160 atom by one 180 atom. The relaxation rates 1/T1 of 55Mn in the different lines of the permanganate solution are equal within the limits of error. The oxygen exchange rate for the water-permanganate system has been evaluated

Oxygen Isotope Effect on 55Mn Nuclear Magnetic Shielding in Permanganate

Abstract By Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy the 55 Mn resonance lines of the different permanganate species 55Mn 16O4-n 18On - (n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) have been resolved in aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate. An isotope effect on the Larmor frequency of 55 Mn of (0.599 + 0.015) ppm to lower frequency was found for the substitution of an 16O atom by an 18O atom in the permanganate ion. An oxygen exchange rate in the permanganate-water system is given.

Modification of anion exchange membranes by oxidation of selected chemical sites for the purpose of preventing fouling during dialysis

The base membrane containing chloromethylstyrene units, prepared by the “paste method”, was treated with oxidizing reagents to determine whether the introduction of carboxylic acid groups onto the membrane surface might make the anion exchange membrane resistant to organic Fouling by anionic organic substances. The modified base membrane was then quarternized with an aqueous solution of trimethylamine. The oxidizing treatment with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate made the resultant anion exchange membrane resistant to organic fouling by sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate or sodium laurylsulfate.

Efficiency of potassium permanganate in differentiating between live and dead nematodes.

SUMMARYAn aqueous solution of potassium permanganate provided a simple and reliable means for differentiating live from dead nematodes. The cuticle and body content of dead nematodes were stained light amber to deep brown, whereas live nematodes were not affected. Taxonomic features of lightly or moderately stained specimens were not obscured.

ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND CONFIGURATION OF FUKIIC ACID DERIVATIVES

AbstractDer durch Veresterung von 3,4‐Dimethoxyphenylbrenztraubensäure (I) mit Diazomethan erhältliche Ester (II) ergibt durch Wittig‐Reaktion mit Carbo: methoxymethylentriphenylphosphoran (III) in 96%iger Ausbeute ein Gemisch aus dem Fumarsäureester (IV) und dem Maleinsäureester (V) im Verhältnis von 1:3, das sich an Silikagel trennen läßt. cis‐Hydroxylierung der beiden Ester mit wäßrig/methanolischem KMnO4 in Gegenwart von Magnesiumsulfat bei ‐20°C liefert die (i)‐threo‐Dihydroxyverbindung (VIa) bzw. die (i)‐erythro‐ Dihydroxyverbindung (VIIa), die sich mit wäßriger Kalilauge zu den (i)‐Dicarbonsäuren (VIb) bzw. (VIIb) hydrolysieren lassen.

The Synthesis and Configuration of Fukiic Acid Derivatives

Abstract The methylation of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylpyruvic acid (II) gave the corresponding methyl ester (III), which was then subjected to a Wittig reaction with carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane to give the corresponding fumaric (IVa) and maleic (IVb) acid derivatives in a 1:3 ratio. The cis-hydroxylation of IVa and IVb with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate and magnesium sulfate gave methyl (±)-thero-2,3-dihydroxy-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methoxycarbonylbutyrate (Va) and its (±)-erythro-isomer (Vb) respectively. The dimethyl esters, (±)-Va and (±)-Vb, were converted to the corresponding monomethyl esters, (±)-VIIa and (±)-VIIb respectively, via two dicarboxylic acid derivatives, (±)-VIa and (±)-VIb. The resolution of (±)-VIIb with brucine gave (+)-VIIb and (−)-VIIb, which were then converted to (+)-Vb and (+)-VIb and to (−)-Vb and (−)-VIb respectively. The synthetic (+)-Vb was shown to be identical with the natural O,O′-dimethylfukiic acid dimethyl ester by a mixed fusion and by comparisons of their IR and NMR spectra. From the present study it is evident that natural fukiic acid has an erythro configuration.

The 55Mn nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of alkyl- and acylmanganesepentacarbonyls and related compounds

The 55Mn nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of alkyl- and acryl-manganese pentacarbonyls and related compounds in solution in tetrahydrofuran have been measured at a frequency of 14·858 Mc./s. The observed chemical shifts cover a range of 1020–2780 p.p.m. to the high field of an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, the line-widths are in general large owing to quadrupole relaxation. The nuclear magnetic resonance data are interpreted in terms of the bonding in these compounds.

Structure of mitochondria and the intracytoplasmic membrane system of Candida albicans

Mitochondria and intracytoplasmic membrane system of the yeast-like cells of Candida albicans were demonstrated by electron microscopy.Fixation of the materials was done in a 2% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate for 48 hours at room temperature and for embedding was used a methacrylate mixture.The mitochondria with cristae mitochondriales were surrounded by a continuous membrane and its profiles were surrounded by a continuous membrane and its profiles were circular or ellipsoidal. The cristae seemed to be formed by infolding the inner part of the limiting membrane.The intracytoplasmic membrane system or the endoplasmic reticulum appeared to be closely connected with not only the cytoplasmic membrane but also the nuclear membrane.These membrane systems consisted of three layers, at least; two electron dense layers and a less dense interspace. Each one was measured 35-50A in width.

Paper chromatography of diethyl dithioacetals of 2-amino-2-deoxyhexoses, uronic acids, and neutral monosaccharides

A paper chromatographic procedure is described for detecting dithioacetals of sugars. A 1% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate was used as the spraying reagent, by which the sugar dithioacetals were detected as the brown spots on paper chromatogram. A series of developing solvents was investigated, and some of them were found useful for separating 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose diethyl dithioacetal from 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose diethyl dithioacetal, and both the diethyl dithioacetals from uronic acid diethyl dithioacetals.

Determination of the intensities of neutron sources from the activity induced by the neutrons in a solution of potassium permanganate

The intensity of a Ra-Be neutron source is measured by means of the activity induced by the neutrons in an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. The major part of the activity Mn56 produced by the capture of neutrons slowed down in the water was separated in the form of manganese dioxide fay ordinary filtering. To take account of the neutrons captured by the hydrogen, the ratio of the effective cross sections for capture of thermal neutrons by manganese and by hydrogen was measured and found to be\(\frac{{\sigma Mn}}{{\sigma H}} = 41 \pm 2\). It was found that the intensity of the two sources studied amounts to 10,600 ± 500 neutrons/sec per milligram of radium.

Bacterial Flora of Normal Skin: A Study of the Effect of Sulfathiazole and Some Ointment Bases

The growing importance of local sulfonamide therapy in dermatology (1, 2, 3, 4) and the relative paucity of literature dealing with the effects of ointment bases on skin bacteria has prompted the present investigation. The latter problem was partially studied by Pillsbury, Livingood and Nichols (5) in a previous report. These workers used the method of Price (6) as modified by Pohle and Stuart (7) in determining the effect of various cutaneous applications in changing the rate at which bacteria were removed from the skin during a standard scrubbing technic. They found, in brief, that certain ointments, when applied to the skin for periods varying between several minutes and one hour, resulted in a rise in bacteria recovered as compared to scrubbing experiments where no applications were used. The ointments used included petrolatum, lanolin, 3% and 5% ammoniated mercury in ointment, IJ.S.P., 3% and 5% ammoniated mercury in an emulsion type base, phenylmercuric nitrate (1:1,500) in an emulsion type base, and lastly ointment U.S.P. Similar effects were noted with distilled water, 0.02% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, 0.1% aerosol in water, 0.5% aqueous solution of aluminum acetate and the simple wearing of rubber gloves. A suggestion was made that this rise in bacterial count might be due to the softening action of the various applications allowing better removal of bacteria, surface debris and superficial stratum corneum. The opposite action was observed following the local use of 70% ethyl alcohol and Castellani's Carbolfuchsin paint. Of interest, in connection with these findings, is a study by Cromwell and Leffler (8) using a technic similar to the above workers. They found that astringent substances (ethyl alcohol and potassium alum) have a hardening action on the epidermis and, thereby, prevent bacteria from being scrubbed off the skin. By contrast, other substances (sodium sulphide and ammonium suiphide) which tend to soften the epidermis result in a rise in bacterial count.

Differential Reactions Between Carotene and Oils Rich in Vitamin A

It has recently been demonstrated that carotene gives characteristic color reactions with trichloracetic acid, with chloral hydrate and with a reagent containing a mixture of sulphuric acid and formaldehyde. Tested on the rat, carotene in a biologic sense behaves in a manner similar to vitamin A. From a chemical standpoint, carotene shows a striking resemblance to vitamin A. One molecule of vitamin A is equivalent to half a molecule of carotene. Carotene and vitamin A both yield a characteristic blue color with antimony trichloride. The blue chloroform reaction mixture obtained with carotene in the presence of antimony trichloride yields, however, an absorption band at 590 mu, while the reaction mixture with vitamin A yields a wider absorption band at 610–630 mu. Recently Rosenthal and Erdelyi have demonstrated the possibility of distinguishing between carotene and vitamin A by applying the antimony trichloride test in the presence of pyrocatechol. They observed that when oil rich in vitamin A or vitamin A concentrate is dissolved in absolute chloroform and heated with antimony trichloride reagent and 0.5% pyrocatechol in chloroform solution, the blue changes to a purple or violet-red color comparable with the one characteristic of an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. More recently Rosenthal and Erdelyi have demonstrated that in addition to pyrocatechol, hydroquinone, quaiacol and veratrole may be employed. Andersen and Levine have studied their procedure and report positive tests with antimony trichloride with vitamin Arich oils in the absence of pyrocatechol or any other phenol. They observed that pyrocatechol is even detrimental, since it inhibits the reaction and diminishes its sensitivity.

Studies in refractive index III

In this paper experiments are described which indicate by direct interferometric measurements the distance of penetration of light into the second medium at total reflection. The intensity of the superficial wave is greater in the case when the electric vector of the incident light is in the plane of incidence than when it is perpendicular to this plane, as is required by theory. A method of multiple reflection was devised whereby the reflection coefficients in the two cases could be photometrically compared when the second medium is absorbing. The absorption coefficient and the refractive index of the liquid were measured in layers of the order of 10−3 cm thick and the values compared with the values deduced from the theoretical equations for the reflection coefficients. The results indicate that, for a saturated aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, the solvent is preferentially adsorbed at the surface, giving rise to smaller absorption of the superficial wave than would be expected from measurements of the absorption coefficient in the bulk.

Studies in Refractive Index I and II

In Part I four methods are described for measuring the refractive index of strongly absorbing liquids. The first two of these depend upon determination of the critical angle of reflection of monochromatic light at a glass-liquid interface. In the third, white light was reflected at angles near the critical angle and was then allowed to enter a spectrograph. Microdensitometer records were made of the resulting spectrograms. Peaks in the record correspond to maxima of the refractive index. In the fourth method the transmitted light was examined visually in a spectroscope. In Part II these methods have been applied to a saturated aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. As a result a dispersion curve was found with a strong anomaly centering about 5473A and in addition a series of minor anomalies corresponding to the banded structure of the absorption spectrum. It is concluded that the band at 5473A is that caused by the fundamental frequency of an electronic transition in the manganese atom.