NaHCO3 Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Effects of induced alkalosis on performance in thoroughbreds during a 1,600-m race.

There is considerable debate regarding the ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on racing performance in horses. Anecdotal evidence suggests that NaHCO3 improves performance by increasing the buffering capacity of the blood and delaying the onset of hydrogen ion-induced fatigue. In a cross-over study, 16 Thoroughbred racehorses were given an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (0.4 g/kg in 1 litre H2O) or a control treatment (1 litre H2O) before a 1600-m race. Treatments were administered 3 h before the race, which was the time to peak buffering capacity (2.5-3.0 h) determined in a separate study. Before the race, there was a significant increase in venous HCO3- and pH in the NaHCO3-treated horses. After the race, there was a significant increase in venous blood pH and lactate in the NaHCO3-treated horses. Collectively, the data suggest an improved buffering capacity of the blood after NaHCO3 treatment. However, there was no change in race times or venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the administration of NaHCO3 provided no ergogenic benefit to horses competing in a 1,600-m race.

ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Kinetics of Bismuth Sulfide Formation on Bismuth Amalgam.

AbstractOn a hanging drop electrode of bismuth amalgam in aqueous NaHCO3 solution containing HS‐, a monolayer of bismuth sulfide is formed having a charge densitiy of 430 μC cm‐2 (potential sweep experiments), which is in close agreement with the value predicted from the (010) plane of orthorhombic bismuth sulfide, with chains of (Bi4S6)n on the electrode surface.

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using cobalt tetrakis (4-trimethylammoniophenyl) porphyrin under high pressure

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using Co [p-N(CH3)3) TPPI under pressure (4∼22 kg · cm−2) was carried out on solid-state metal electrodes such as In, Sn, Pb and Pb-Hg. The reduction products were mainly carbon monoxide and a small amounts of formic acid. The effects of the pressure of carbon dioxide, electrolytes, catalyst concentration, electrode materials and potentials on the reduction of carbon dioxide were studied. The optimum voltage for maximum current efficiency of reduction products was at −1.2 Vvs. SCE for all four kinds of metal electrodes. High current efficiencies (>90%) were obtained with lead and amalgamated lead electrodes in an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 containing 7.4 × 10×5 mol/L of catalyst.

Densities and compressibilities of aqueous sodium carbonate and bicarbonate from 0 to 45�C

The densities and the sound speeds of aqueous NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions were measured from 0.05 to 1.0m and from 0 to 45°C. These data were fitted to functions of molality and temperature and were used to calculate the apparent molal volumes Vϕ and compressibilites κφ of these solutions. Polynomial expression for Vϕ and κφ as functions of molality and temperature have been determined. The partial molal volumes and compressibilities of these solutions and literature data have been used to determine the volume ΔV and compressibility Δκ changes for the ionization of carbonic acid in aqueous solutions. These values of ΔV and Δκ have been used to estimate the effect of pressure on the ionization constants for carbonic acid from 0 to 45°C. The calculated pressure coefficients are in good agreement with the measured values.

Heat capacities and volumes of dissociation of phosphoric acid (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), bicarbonate ion, and bisulfate ion in aqueous solution

Measurements at 25 °C with a flow calorimeter and a flow densimeter have led to heat capacities and densities of aqueous solutions of H3PO4, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, Na3PO, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, H2SO4, and various buffer solutions. Results are presented in terms of apparent molar heat capacities [Formula: see text] and apparent molar volumes [Formula: see text]. Analysis of the experimental [Formula: see text] values to obtain the desired standard state [Formula: see text] values for single electrolytes requires that allowance be made for hydrolysis and dissociation reactions of certain solutes, along with extrapolation to zero concentration. Analysis of [Formula: see text] values requires similar considerations of hydrolysis and dissociation reactions, allowance for enthalpy and equilibrium changes ("relaxation") during calorimetric measurements, and extrapolation to zero concentration. Procedures for these calculations are presented. The [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] values that result from all of these measurements and calculations are used to obtain ΔCp0 and ΔV0 values for acid dissociation reactions, which are then related to effects of temperature and pressure on other thermodynamic properties.

Electrolytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Mercury Electrode in Aqueous Solution

Abstract Cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide at a mercury pool electrode was investigated in aqueous solutions of NaHCO3, NaH2PO4–Na2HPO4, NaCl, NaClO4, Na2SO4, LiHCO3, and KHCO3 as well as their combinations. The reaction product was confirmed to be HCOO− by a qualitative spot test. HCOO− was quantitatively analyzed by a permanganate titration. The partial current densities of HCOO− formation (ic) and H2 evolution (iH) were calculated. In the present paper, relationships between electrode behavior and solution properties, some of which have been qualitatively described in previous papers, are quantitatively clarified as follows. The electrode potential Ec for constant ic (0.5 mA/cm2) remains constant irrespective of pH and anions in the pH region of 2.4 to 7.8, whereas the potential EH for constant iH (0.5 mA/cm2) varies linearly with a slope of 125 mV/pH. The present experimental results verify Eyring et al.’s presumption that in a relatively high overvoltage region (region 2) the cathodic reduction of CO2 at Hg proceeds with the charge transfer to CO2 as the rate determining step. CO2 reduction and H2 evolution are concluded to proceed independently at the Hg electrode. The dependence of Ec on electrolyte concentration is interpreted in terms of the diffuse double layer theory. The effect of cation species on Ec also is discussed.

The hydrolysis of methacrylates in solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate

AbstractThe hydrolysis of methyl (I), dimethylaminoethyl (II), N‐methylanilinoethyl (III), 3‐ and 4‐dimethylaminobenzyl (IV and V), 2‐carboxyphenyl (VI), 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl (VII), 1,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethyl (VIII), 2‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethoxy)ethyl (IX) and 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl (X) methacrylates in approximately 2.5% HCl and NaHCO3 solutions was investigated. In the mixture of hydrochloric acid and DMF, hydrogen chloride was substituted by formic acid due to the saponification of DMF. At 25 and 40°C, monomers (V), (VI) and (VII) were evidently hydrolyzed in this mixture, while the hydrolysis of other methacrylates within 96 h at 40°C could be neglected. In the mixture of hydrochloric acid and dioxane at 40°C, the pseudo‐first order rate constant of (I) is 6.0 ± 0.3 · 10−6 S−1; the hydrolysis of (II), (III) and (IV) can be neglected. In the mixture of hydrochloric acid and acetone at 40°C, the pseudo‐first order rate constant of (I) is 1.6 ± 0.2 · 10−6 S−1, while for (VII) k = 0.6 ± 0.1 · 10−6 S−1, and the hydrolysis of (X) is negligible. In an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 at 40°C, according to the second‐order equation the rate constant of hydrolysis of (VI) is 1.4 ± 0.2 · 10−5 dm3 mol−1 s−1.

Attraction of wild ungulates to mineral‐rich springs in central Canada

Natural mineral‐rich springs which attract moose Alces alces and white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus were studied in a small area in central Canada. The spring water was particularly rich in Na and Cl but also contained levels of K, Ca, Mg, HCO3 and Mn higher than nearby stream water. In a selection experiment near a natural spring, aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3 and Na2SO4 were consumed consistently by the animals while salts of K, Ca and Mg were not. Isotope analysis indicates that the spring waters are part of a modern and probably localized flow system. Evaporite minerals and extensive fractures in the local sedimentary bedrock appear to account for the salt content of the spring waters.

Relative sound velocities of sea salts at 25°C

The relative sound velocities (u−u0) of aqueous HCL, LiCL, NaF, NaCL, NaBr, NaI, NaNO3, NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, KF, KCL, KBr, KI, KNO3, K2CO3, K2SO4, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl, NH4Br, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2 and MgSO4 solutions were measured from 0.01 to 1.0 at 25°C. The sound velocities were fitted to a function of molality (maximum standard deviation 0.05 m sec−1) u=u0+Am+Bm(3/2)+Cm2, where u0 is the sound velocity in pure water, and A, B, and C are temperature dependent parameters. The adiabatic compressibilities βS were determined from the sound velocities and were used to calculate the adiabatic apparent molal compressibilities φK(S) of the salts. The φK and βS of seawater were estimated by using Young’s rule. The calculated values of φK and βS agree with those determined from the measurements on seawater solution to ±0.18×10−4cm3mol−1bar−1 and ±0.004×10−6bar−1. The sound speeds of seawater calculated from the values of βS estimated from Young’s rule agree on the average to ±0.02m sec−1 (maximum standard deviations 0.07 m sec−1) with the direct measurements of Millero and Kubinski.

Effect of residual acidity of pigment thickeners on thermal-oxidative stability of silicone dispersion medium in greases

1. Residual acidity of pigments has been demonstrated to have an effect on the thermal-oxidative stability of silicone fluids. 2. It has been found feasible to treat pigment having acidic reaction, using aqueous NaHCO3 solution in the treatment, so as to neutralize the pigments and increase the thermal-oxidative stability of formulations containing a pigment and a polysiloxane fluid.

ムラサキイガイの放卵放精

It has been reported that the discharge of sexual products of scallop or abalone were artificially induced by simultaneous increase of temperature and alkalinity. In my experiments it was successful to make discharge the mature sexual products of Mytilus edulis by mere bathing its mantle piece in ammoniacal sea water of 0.008 normality (Table 1). In 1-1.5 hours after the mantle was bathed in ammoniacal sea water, it began to discharge the sexual products. However, it was not necessary to immerse the mantle in alkaline sea water until it begins to discharge, but this treatment was enough to induce this reaction for shorter than 1 hour (Fig. 1). Sea water alkalified by NaOH or by KOH could not make discharge the sexual products from the mantle piece even in 0.02 N solution. M/2 NaHCO3 aqueous solution was also ineffective to induce the discharge. However a pronounced discharge was observed in M/2 NH4Cl solution, which showed somewhat acidic reaction.