Aqueous Plant Extracts Research Articles

Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles using root extract of Cassia tora

Synthesis of nanoparticles via green resources is a pollutant free, easy, ecofriendly, and low cost method. Nanoparticles synthesized by using plant materials are generally non-toxic. Aqueous root extract of plant, Cassia tora showed the presence of phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins etc. which are directly involved in the reduction of metal salts hence forming metal nanoparticles. Thermal treatment of these metal nanoparticles changes them to their oxides. Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles prepared via this route were first characterized and then evaluated for their antibacterial potential against three species of Gram negative bacteria viz., Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli &Shigella flexineri and two speices of Gram positive bacteria viz. Bacillus cereus & Staphylococcus aureus. The current study reports the synthesis and characterization of Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles using Cassia tora root extract.Synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Results of antimicrobial activity showed excellent antibacterial property against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. Research has proved that green methods are more effective for generation of nanoparticles than the traditional methods, used in past as there are less chances of failure and shows enhanced biological activity.

Environmental Protection and Superior Recovery of Vegetal Waste and Biomass, Major objectives in the Applied Research Activity

Vegetable biomass consumes a small part of the solar energy, about 1%, but enough to cover the energy needs of mankind and maintain the life of the entire planet [1]. Vegetable biomass is generators of minerals, chemical compounds, materials and fibres for industry and animal husbandry feed. The enormous interest in the superior recovery of biomass and vegetable waste has led to the additional research within the Research and Development Department at Hofigal SA, which I am a member of, in 2022 for: Making soils and substrates, from vegetable waste, for the growth of fungi. Industrial reuse of waste from industrial production activity. Obtain liquid, natural fertilizers and solid compost (humus) by recovering vegetable waste resulting from industrial activity and vegetable biomass resulting from crop maintenance. Create new sources of raw materials by acclimatizing new plants. Create new aqueous and hydroalcoholic plant extracts from spontaneous flora to protect agricultural crops against pests without using synthetic chemicals and other research activities. The major objective of this research is to reduce the amount of waste and plant biomass resulting at Hofigal, as well as to create new resources of plant raw materials, leading to new products and food supplements for health care. For this purpose, we aimed to reduce the amount of vegetable waste, from industrial activity, from 30 tons to one ton/year. We also aimed to obtain 5 tons of plant protection solutions and 20 tons of liquid organic fertilizer from the aerobic fermentation of compost on concrete platforms. This liquid fertilizer will be used for fertilizing the plants with the irrigation/watering of the plants, because it is applied diluted. We managed to acclimatize, in industrial cultures, in a 1-year cycle of culture, five new plants, three from the local spontaneous flora (wormwood, black wormwood and orpine-Sedum telephium) and two from the specific flora of China and Japan (lophantus and perilla). The achievements of the Hofigal Research and Development Department were validated by the Hofigal Scientific Council and proposed in the production plan for the year 2023-2024.

One-Pot Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides and Their Biological Efficacy.

The main objective of the present research work is to assess the biological properties of the aqueous plant extract (ACAE) synthesised silver nanoparticles from the herbal plant Ageratum conyzoides, and their biological applications. The silver nanoparticle syntheses from Ageratum conyzoides (Ac-AgNPs) were optimised with different parameters, such as pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and varied silver nitrate concentration (1 mM and 5 mM). Based on the UV-vis spectroscopy analysis of the synthesised silver nanoparticles, the concentration of 5 mM with the pH at 8 was recorded as the peak reduction at 400 nm; and these conditions were optimized were used for further studies. The results of the FE-SEM analysis recorded the size ranges (~30-90 nm), and irregular spherical and triangular shapes of the AC-AgNPs were captured. The characterization reports of the HR-TEM investigation of AC-AgNPs were also in line with the FE-SEM studies. The antibacterial efficacies of AC-AgNPs have revealed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. typhi to be within 20 mm. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of AC-AgNPs is shown to have an effective antiplasmodial property (IC50:17.65 μg/mL), whereas AgNO3 has shown a minimum level of IC50: value 68.03 μg/mL, and the Ac-AE showed >100 μg/mL at 24 h of parasitaemia suppression. The α-amylase inhibitory properties of AC-AgNPs have revealed a maximum inhibition similar to the control Acarbose (IC50: 10.87 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the AC-AgNPs have revealed a better property (87.86% ± 0.56, 85.95% ± 1.02 and 90.11 ± 0.29%) when compared with the Ac-AE and standard in all the three different tests, such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 scavenging assay, respectively. The current research work might be a baseline for the future drug expansion process in the area of nano-drug design, and its applications also has a lot of economic viability and is a safer method in synthesising or producing silver nanoparticles.

Antibacterial activity of some plants extracts against proteus mirabilis bacteria

Medicinal plants are being looked at as potential new sources of medicines that could replace antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study is to measure the effect of plant extracts on Proteus mirabilis growth to determine the antibacterial activity of them . Methods: Experimental, in vitro, of Al-Mustaqabal University Collage, The effects of four plant extracts on Proteus mirabilis were assessed. At a concentration of 10%, the activity was assessed using the well diffusion method. Result: Four aqueous plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity (Peganum harmala, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has been evaluated against Proteus mirabilis (Isolated from urinary tract infection). The concentration was used for each type of extract 10mg\ml. In this concentration, the aqueous extract was effective against Proteus mirabilis with inhibition zones of 18 mm, 15 mm and 14 mm respectively, and extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum shown no inhibition zone. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Peganum harmala against Proteus mirabilis, showed the highest inhibition of 18mm with the concentration 10%. Whereas, aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum has no antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis.

Valuation The efficiency of Nanotechnology and biological activity of Nanoparticle for two plant extracts Ricinus communis and Neriun oleander against immature stages of Greater wax moth.Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: pyralidae)

The results of present study conducted on the Laboratory of advance entomology \ Department of biology \ Faculty of Education for Girls \ University of Kufa, during the years 2018-2019 for evaluating The efficiency of Nanotechnology and biological control and the effect of two plant extracts on the different immature stages of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae). eggs, first and fourth larval instars. The cold aqueous extract of castor Ricinus communis and Nerium oleander leaves ,from which different concentrations ( 1,2,3 and 4) mg \ ml were prepared in the Laboratory. The experiments include the enhancement of these plant extracts of toxic nature with chemically prepared particles, silver nanoparticles, and conducting multiple experiments for the same instars of the insect, which was treated with aqueous plant extracts .The statistical results as well as the observation during different stages of the experiments were superior of these nanoextracts over plant extracts in the mortality of eggs and first and fourth latval instars. Experiments indicated that the mortality percentages when treated with aqueous leaves extract of castor were (76, 91, 96) % respectively while the same instars were treated with nano extract of castor was(83.3 ,92.3 ,98.6 )% respectivly . The leaves extract of N.oleander was (86.6%, 96.6%, 99.4%) compared with (93.3, 100, 100) % respectively of the nanoparticle of the eggs and larvae of the first and fourth phases at 4 mg / ml. It also proved that the first instar was the most sensitive to the extract of the fourth instar, where the highest mortality percentages was (96.6, 100) % compared with (86.6, 93.3)% respectively of the first and fourth larval instars when treated with and nano of N. oleander and R.communis respectively.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents of Fresh Roots Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Medicinal Plants of Uvaria chamae, Anthocleista djalonensis and Euadenia eminens

Phytochemicals are bioactive plant chemicals nutrients typically found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods which may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition and can help reduce risks of major chronic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of fresh roots ethanolic and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants of Uvaria chamae, Anthocleista djalonensis and Euadenia eminens using standard methods of phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed a diverse array of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, isoprenoids, steroids, phlobatanins and cardiac glycosides. The results of GC-MS analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of U. chamae revealed the presence of four and fourteen compounds respectively. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. djalonensis had ten and seventeen compounds respectively while the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of E. eminens was found to have six and twenty compounds respectively. These results indicate U. chamae, A. djalonensis and E. eminens possess phytochemicals which have potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity amongst others and as such, can be recommended as plants of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Mosquito Larvicidal Effects of 33 Plants Aqueous Extracts of 14 Different Plants Against Larva of Culex Mosquito

Abstract: In this study, the mosquito larvicidal activity of 33 plant’s aqueous extracts of 14 different plants were studied against the 4th instar larva of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Different concentration of these plant aqueous extracts for different time duration was assessed on C. quinquefasciatus but the larvae showed negligible effects. These observation suggest that a very negligible better to say no larvicidal activity seen by these plant’s aqueous extract against Culex quinquefasciatus.

HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA LEAVES POWDER EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN INDUCED MICE

Traditional plant treatment for Diabetes has shown a surging treatment in the last few decades. This study focuses on herbal Anti Diabetic formulations of two different plants and also mixed group is used in the Treatment of Diabetes. The Efficacy of the herbal plant aqueous extract of Psidium guajava , Azadirachta indica and mixed group (equal amount of Psidium guajava and Azadirachta indica) has been tested on Alloxan induced Diabetic Mice. Three extract fed mice groups were compared to the diabetic mice, for the Hypoglycemic effect. The aqueous plant extract of Psidium guajava dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight , produced a significant decrease in the blood glucose level, when compared to the other two groups. KEY WORDS: Diabetic mellitus, Plant Extract, Alternative medicine, Glucometer.

The relaxant effect of some drugs and aqueous extract of medicinal plants on bronchial smooth muscle in rabbits

Histamine is a biogenic amine. that produces bronchospasm when it is used (I V) at.a.dose of 0.4 mg / kg in rabbits. It significantly reduced the ,e*- l"u"i. oi calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) and selenium (Se). (p < 0.05) . Forty rabbits were involved in this study. The serum ca, Mg and Se levels were measured before and after giving histamine and following [e administration oi aqueous extract of medicinal plants Cumi'um cyminum (cumin), Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Anthemis nobilis (chamomile). ^ The serum Ca, Mg and Se levels of were highly elevated after treatment with extract cumin or chamomile in rabbits pretreated with histamine, the resurts of ca were changed lrom 8.34+ 0.40 and 8.79+ 0,27 to 33.41+ 0.50 and 97.62 ! 7.2 1tg /dl respectively while that of Mg from 20.20+ 0.37 and 19.47+ 0.31 to 74.97+ 0.ii and 89.14+ 1.41 pg /dl where as the serum level of Se was changed from 137.9g+ 0.4g and 145 36 + 0.66 ro 302.69 ! 0.6g and 245.4r,' 0.g1 pg /direspectivery .All these results were significant at p<0.05. The aqueous extracts of cumin or chamomile were used orally at a dose of 1.5 gm /kg in rabbits to relieve the bronchospasm and symptoms of dyspnea induced iy histamine. These results indicated crearly the po*iuiiity of using these extracts flr patients with chronic asthma after the adjustment ofthe effective dose.

Structural characterization of chlorogenic acid-metal complexes derived from the aqueous extracts of medicinal plants and their DNA cleavage and antibacterial activities

The discovery of organic components with pharmacological activities in medicinal plants is crucial for new drug development. We examined chlorogenic acid (CGA) using high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze the aqueous and methanolic extracts of medicinal plants dissolved in methanol or methanol containing 15% formic acid. We found that for the aqueous extract, the peak areas of various components dissolved in 15% formic acid methanol were significantly larger than those dissolved in methanol. For the differences in the methanolic extract, the peak areas of all chromatographic peaks were relatively small between the samples dissolved in the two solvents. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed that CGA could react in hot water with the eight most common plant metal ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Sr2+, and Zn2+) to form complexes with different coordination forms. The bioactivity experiments showed that CGA-Cu complexes could cause DNA cleavage through oxidative damage. CGA-Ni, CGA-Mn, and CGA-Zn showed significantly stronger inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus than CGA and the corresponding metal ions. These results suggest that, during the decoction process of medicinal plants, CGA forms complexes with metal ions, which are likely to be one of the active ingredients in medicinal plants. Subsequently, further research is needed on the antibacterial mechanism of chlorogenic acid-metal complexes not mentioned in this article.

Investigation of the Protective Effects of Urtica dioica, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Inula racemosa on Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Male Mice

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most commonly used nonprescription antipyretic-analgesic drug. This medication is thought to be safe at the suggested dosage (4 g/24 h), but its overdose (up to 2.5 g/kg) can cause severe injuries to the human body, including renal injury. APAP has various toxic effects on nephrons, as it leads to an excessive free radical generation that, in turn, results in a disturbance in the redox homeostasis of cells, causing oxidative stress. To replenish this oxidative stress, there is an ultimate urge for natural therapies that can retain the cellular homeostasis of nephrons by diminishing the overdose impression of acetaminophen. The principle objective of this work is to appraise nephrotoxicity due to APAP and its amelioration through the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants: Urtica dioica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Inula racemosa (UD, CBP, and IR, respectively). The pH stability of the nutraceuticals used was examined by determining the impact of pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9 on the DPPH radical scavenging activity of aqueous plant extracts. Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analytical technique was performed to determine the volatile organic phytochemical profiles of all three medicinal plants. Male Swiss albino mice were used for the present investigation. The animals were distributed into five groups of (n = 6), a total of 30 mice, for in vivo analysis. Group 1 served as the control group; group 2 received a single IP dose of APAP (600 mg/kg); group 3 received APAP pretreated with UD (300 mg/kg); group 4 received APAP pretreated with CBP (300 mg/kg); and group 5 received APAP pretreated with IR (300 mg/kg). Overdose of the APAP- induced a significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the total protein concentration, weight and the nephrological architecture in renal tissue, as observed through biochemical assays and histopathological examinations. Due to nephrotoxicity, there was a substantial (p < 0.05) drop in body weight and total protein contents in the APAP alone group when compared to the treatment groups. There was remarkable protection against APAP-induced alterations in the total protein of renal homogenate in the treatment groups. Histopathological analysis (H&E staining) of the mice kidneys indicated severe deterioration in the APAP alone group, whereas the therapy groups showed considerable nephroprotection towards APAP-induced abnormalities. The biochemical findings and histopathological study of the kidneys revealed that the herbal extracts (UD, CBP, and IR) have a nephroprotective potential against APAP-induced nephropathy. The trend of efficacy was observed as UD > CBP > IR. However, extensive study is needed to determine the likely ameliorative mechanism of these nutraceuticals.

Aqueous Rosa damascena extract: Antibacterial activity and its role of adhesion to human epithelial cells in vitro

The current study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of different plant parts of Rosa damascena, represented by the whole rose, petals, and calyces, against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the inhibition of the bacterial cell.The isolates were obtained from the advanced microbiology laboratory for postgraduate studies in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Education for Girls. They were isolated from urinary tract infections, which were subsequently subjected to diagnosis by the Vitek-2 compact system to confirm the type of bacteria as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics. The results obtained included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae.A test was conducted to investigate the microbiological inhibitory activity of aqueous plant extracts of the whole rose, petals, and calyces using the well diffusion method and three concentrations of each aqueous extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml). The results showed the inhibitory ability of all concentrations of the different extracts towardStaphylococcus spp., and E. coli and K. pneumoniae bacteria were not affected by the different concentrations of the plant extract. The concentration of (100 mg/ml) for the aqueous extract was the most efficient in inhibiting growth compared to the other concentrations.The synergistic effect of three antibiotics was examined (Amoxicillin-clavulanate 10/20 μg, Piperacillin 100 μg, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 23.75/1.25 μg) and for all concentrations of the aqueous plant extract was investigated in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae, as it found a synergistic action between some of the antibiotics and extracts towards inhibiting the growth of the two bacterial isolates Resistance to the plant extract alone.Bacterial isolates showed a significant decrease in the rate of adhesion to epithelial cells isolated from urine samples of healthy women in the presence of the aqueous extract of whole rose, petals, and calyces at their three concentrations compared with the control treatment.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE PERM RE-GION

The paper considers the antioxidant properties of water and alcohol extractions of fermented and unfermented fireweed of the narrow-leaved fireweed family (Chamerion Angustifolium Onagraceae), St.), bitter wormwood (Artemisia absintium L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense). The effect of the fermentation process, solvent, and extraction time on antioxidant activity (AOA) was studied. A comparative assessment of the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants of the Perm region was carried out. Using the potentiometric method, it was found that the AOA values of water extracts of fireweed angustifolia increase with the time of extraction. Fireweed weakly fermented (finely ground) and fermented (finely ground) have the highest AOA values during extraction within 24 hours. Shoots of young fireweed angustifolia have very low AOA values compared to unfermented and fermented samples. The AOA of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants increases with the time of their extraction. Oregano has the highest AOA value – 2.78×10-2 mol-equiv, and red clover has the lowest value – 0.37×10-2 mol-equiv. The highest value of AOA among mixtures of medicinal plants has a mixture of oregano with fermented fireweed (finely ground) – 2.52×10-2 mol-equiv. It has been established that extracts prepared from 40% ethanol solution for fireweed angustifolia and 20 and 40% for oregano have the highest AOA values. The AOA values for the alcohol extract of oregano increase depending on the time of its extraction.

Integration of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rosemarinus officinalis for controlling of potato bacterial wilt

BackgroundBacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is considered one of the most important diseases that cause economic losses to many economic crops and spread in many regions around the world, especially in the subtropical tropics and some warm temperate regions of the world. In this study the aqueous plant extract of Rosemarinus officinalis and Pseudomonas fluorescens for their antagonistic activity against bacterial wilt in vitro, greenhouse and population of R, solanacearum in plants was study.ResultsFollowing intensive screening studies, aqueous plant extract of R. officinalis and P. fluorescens was selected to study their effectiveness against bacterial wilt of potato plants and their antimicrobial activity or induction of systemic resistance in plants. In greenhouse, all soil drenching treatments on potato plants significantly reduced disease incidence of potato bacterial wilt than infected control. R. officinalis, P. fluorescens mixture between plant extract and endophytic bacteria and streptomycin reduced profoundly the disease severity by 75.51, 65.0 77.9 and 81.00%, respectively, than the infected control (83.71%). The plant extract and microorganism significantly increased fresh and dry weight of potato plants (g) per plant compared to non-treated control plants. R. officinalis, P. fluorescens mixture between plant extract and endophytic bacterium and streptomycin increased fresh weight from 100.1 to 169.9 compared to infected control also increased dry weight from 68.4 in streptomycin to 170.4% in mixture of plant extract and endophytic bacterium. The populations of bacterial pathogen R. solanacearum were lowest in stem of potato plants treated with plant extracts than in inoculated control plants (50%). In general, the total phenols increased in both inoculated and non-inoculated potato plants.ConclusionsRalstonia officinalis and P. fluorescens showed a strong in vitro activity in relation growth limitation of R. solanacearum as well as limiting the development of bacterial wilt disease on potato plants under greenhouse conditions.

Facile preparation of zinc nanoparticles mediated by plant aqueous extract and assessment of the antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti‐human bone carcinoma properties

AbstractIn this study, the Zn nanoparticles were synthesized using the peel extract of Citrus aurantium. The nanoparticles were characterized by different chemical techniques including UV‐Vis. and FT‐IR spectroscopy, and SEM technique. The results revealed a spherical shape with an average size of 41.17 nm was identified for the green‐synthesized nanoparticles. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of nanoparticles and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against DPPH free radicals were 115 and 96 μg/mL, respectively. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with nanoparticles were assessed by the MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity and anti‐human bone cancer properties on normal (HUVEC) and cancer cell lines, that is, A‐673 and HS‐729. The IC50 of nanoparticles were 278 and 256 μg/mL against A‐673 and HS‐729 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant cell lines reduced dose‐dependently in the presence of Zn nanoparticles. It seems that the anti‐cancer effect of recent nanoparticles is due to their anti‐oxidant effects. After evaluating the effectiveness of this formulation in clinical trial researches, it can be a good alternative to chemotherapy drugs.

Finding Molecular Inhibitors of the Inflammatory Pathway in the Large Intestine Along with Molecular Dynamics with Emphasis on the Use of TCM Database

Background: Due to the fact that colon inflammation is one of the most common diseases in the country, the interest in using herbal medicines to cure intestinal inflammation is increasing day by day. Objectives: In the present research, we aimed to identify the target molecules in the immune system by analyzing the transcriptome of these diseases and using the virtual screening technique to search for plant compounds that have antagonistic capabilities for these receptors. Also, by using this in vitro culture, check and confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds. Methods: The population study includes 200 human transcriptome runs, about 60 thousand compounds related to medicinal plants, and in vitro experiments with at least three experimental replicates and three technical replicates. In this study, the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of aqueous extracts of rosemary and nettle medicinal plants were investigated as a promising source of cancer treatment against the AGS cell line derived from gastric cancer (AGS-Cell-DGC). IC50 of the extracts was determined by MTT assay. Flow cytometry and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) were measured. Results: The MTT test on the survival percentage of AGS cell line (90%) derived from gastric cancer showed that the highest amount of live cells was observed in control, and the lowest amount was observed in the simultaneous combination of rosemary and nettle extract and then nettle (100%). The highest expression of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) gene occurred in the control, and the lowest expression occurred in the simultaneous combination of nettle and rosemary extracts. The highest expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene occurred in the control, and the lowest expression occurred in the simultaneous combination of nettle and rosemary extracts. Conclusions: The results showed that the highest amount of live cells was observed in the control, and the lowest amount was observed in the simultaneous combination of rosemary and nettle extract and then nettle (100%) alone. However, further clinical trials are needed to confirm the results of this research.

PHYTONUTRIENT ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND STABILIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM THE ROOT EXTRACT OF MIRABILIS JALAPA AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY STUDIES

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the aqueous root extract of a medicinal plant, Mirabilis jalapa. Theparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. The average particle size of the AgNPs worked outusing PXRD and TEM results are 13-15 nm. Silver in the nanoparticles is found to crystallize in to face centred cubicstructure. Effect of the nanoparticles against the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcuus aureus (S. aureus)bacteria were determined. The AgNPs inhibit the spread of both the bacteria, but to different extents and the minimuminhibitory concentration of the AgNP solution is 29.0 ×10−5 g/mL against E. coli, and 25.4 ×10−5 g/mL against S. aureus.

Synthesis of Rumex hastatus-based silver nanoparticles induced the inhibition of human pathogenic bacterial strains

The development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacterial strains has drawn attention to the quest for new natural antibacterial drugs. Therefore, in the present study, extracts of Rumex hastatus leaves were obtained in methanol and water, and R. hastatus-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized. Structural and functional properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles were determined by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and SEM. The synthesized AgNPs and crude extracts were tested to check their antibacterial potential against human pathogenic bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemoliticus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in well diffusion and broth dilution methods. The present investigation has revealed for the first time that the broth dilution method was found more reproducible than that of the well diffusion method even at lower concentrations of AgNPs and crude extracts. UV– Vis spectroscopic analysis of AgNPs revealed a peak at 367 nm. XRD pattern showed a face-centered cubical to the spherical structure of AgNP crystals. FTIR analysis revealed that flavonoids and terpenoids are responsible for the reduction of AgNO3 to Ag+. SEM analysis determined the spherical structure and 51 nm average diameter of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of R. hastatus-based (AgNPs) was found to be significantly higher than aqueous plant extract and silver nitrate alone. Bacterial growth was inhibited by R. hastatus-based AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner. To our knowledge, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of R. hastatus were synthesized and characterized for the first time in this study and, based on the findings of current research work R. hastatus extract-based silver nanoparticles are suggested to be used as an antibacterial drug instead of synthetic drugs for the treatment of various human diseases/infections caused by the tested bacterial strains.

Antimicrobial Potential of Moringa peregrina Against Some Causative Agents of Urogenital Infections

Abstract
 Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of aqueous and methanol extracts from Moringa peregrina leaves against standard strains of microorganisms and clinical isolates.
 Study Design: An experimental study which was carried out at the microbiology laboratory, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), Khartoum, Sudan, during the period from September 2012 to March 2013.
 Methodology: Aqueous and methanol extracts of Moringa peregrina at concentration of 100 mg/ml were subjected to antimicrobial screening against six standard strains include Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 53657), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 6380), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Candida albicans (ATCC 7596) and 133 clinical isolates including bacterial and fungal species. Screening for antimicrobial activity of extracts, standard antibiotics and antifungal drug were detected by the agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) for the tested extracts were determined by using the broth dilution method. The MDIZs of clinical isolates were analyzed statistically using One-Way analysis of variance.
 Results: Methanol extract of Moringa peregrina leaves revealed prominent activity against standard strains compared to the aqueous extract of the same plant where the diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) was ranged from 18 mm to 21 mm. The aqueous extract exhibited moderate activity which was ranged from 16 mm to 17 mm. The MIC of leaves methanol extract of Moringa peregrina for standard bacterial strains was ranged from ˂6.25 to 12.50 mg/ml, while the MBC was ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. Standard strain and clinical isolates of Candida albicans was inhibited by 25 mg/ml from methanol extract, while the MFC was 50 mg/ml. The highest MDIZs obtained by the leaves methanol extract of Moringa peregrina on the clinical isolates was 18.93±3.07 mm for Escherichia coli, 18.50±2.07 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18.62±2.72 mm for Proteus mirabilis and 18.11±2.47 mm for Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The antifungal activity of leaves methanol extract of Moringa peregrina on clinical isolates of Candida albicans was 16.56±1.62 mm which was lower than activity of Candizole 5 mg/ml. Moringa peregrina leaves extract showed varied MICs values towards clinical isolates which was ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml, while the MBC of the same isolates was from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml.
 Finally, Methanol extract of Moringa peregrina was found to be effective against both the standard strains and clinical isolates compared to the aqueous extract.

Antimicrobial, Antiasthmatic and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Method Using Zingiber officinale Extract

In this study, effective and environmentally friendly methods were used to achieve the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by an aqueous plant extract. The Ag NPs were synthesized via Zingiber officinale plant extract that acted as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Various techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The plant extract treated with silver nitrate solution at room temperature (27 ± 20) resulted in the successful synthesis of the Ag NPs, that were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The crystalline morphology and size of the nanoparticles were calculated using Scherrer equation, that specify a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure with size ranges as 16 nm. The spherical geometry of Ag NPs was confirmed from scanning electron microscopy. FT-IR study validates the existence of several functional groups of active biomolecules such as -OH, C-O, C=C, C-O-C, and N-H that act as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of Ag NPs and were found in the extract. The synthesized Ag NPs were used to evaluated antimicrobial activity against different bacterial and fungal strains. The Zingiber officinale-Ag NPs exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain which were 17.8 ± 0.03 mm, and Fusarium graminium fungal strain showed 11.0 ± 0.01 mm at 80 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, the Ag NPs were considered to be a significant anti-asthma agent that decreased the white blood cells (WBC), eosinophils (EOS) in blood level, and wet/dry (W/D) weight proportion of the lung at 24 µg/g/day. The cytotoxicity of synthesized nanoparticles shows that the concentration under 90 µg/mL were biologically compatible.