Drug In Aqueous Solution Research Articles

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF RADIATION ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NITROFURAL

The work investigated the effect of UV and microwave radiation on the spectral characteristics of aqueous solutions of nitrofural. For this, aqueous solutions of the drug were irradiated, and the spectra were compared before and after exposure.

Effect of some choline based deep eutectic solvents on volumetric and ultrasonic properties of gabapentin drug in water at T = (288.15 to 318.15) K

A key part of the drug preparation process is the optimization of molecular interactions between drugs and solvents. Thermodynamic properties provides complete information on interactions and the selection of suitable solvents for various pharmaceutical processes. Especially, the investigation of antiepileptic drugs in aqueous solutions has been a subject of interest because they employ their effect by interaction with biological membranes. In this study, the density and speed of sound for the gabapentin (GBP) in aqueous deep eutectic solvents (DESs), (choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ChCl/EG), choline chloride/glycerol (ChCl/Gly), and choline chloride/urea (ChCl/U)) as novel category of green solvents were measured at temperature range 288.15 K to 318.15 K. The apparent molar volumes Vφ, apparent molar isobaric expansion Eφ0, Hepler’s constant and apparent molar isentropic compressibility κφ were calculated from the density and speed of sound data. Findings show that Vφ values are higher for binary systems compared to ternary systems. The order of Vφ values for aqueous DESs solutions are as follows: ChCl/EG > ChCl/U > ChCl/Gly. The standard partial molar volume Vφ0 and partial molar isentropic compressibility κφ0 were obtained by using the Redlich-Meyer equation. The obtained results for the Vφ0 quantity indicate a strong interaction between the GBP drug and the ChCl/Gly. Finally, using the results of Eφ0, it is understood that GBP has acted as a structure maker in the presence of all DESs.

Investigation of molecular interactions insight into some biologically active amino acids and aqueous solutions of an anti-malarial drug by physicochemical and theoretical approach

Herein we have made a comprehensive analysis of the mode of interactions between the L-Alanine/L-Valine and Chloroquine diphosphate in aqueous solution. Evaluation of different Physico-chemical parameters like density, viscosity, refractive index, conductance study (at three different temperatures), and surface tension (at 298.15 K) at atmospheric pressure have used to help in the gathering of knowledge about the existence of plausible intermolecular interactions in the ternary (Drug + Water + Amino acid) solution. Furthermore, apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, viscosity B-coefficient, and molar refraction, limiting molar refraction all support the idea that the leading solute–solvent interaction is influenced by the solute concentration and temperature. In addition, in aqueous Chloroquine diphosphate, both amino acids showed structure-breaking activities. The system's Gibbs free energy change was measured, suggesting its spontaneity. The 1H NMR spectroscopy results showed significance changes in the shifting of aromatic protons of CDP and protons of amino acids indicating that a strong interaction (hydrophobic-hydrophobic) takes place among them which is further supported by our theoretical observations. L-Valine-Drug interactions were found to be more predominating over L-Alanine-Drug interactions, according to both experiment and theory. Models for mixtures of drug molecules and amino acids could be developed using the experimental and correlated results.

Scrutinizing the Micellization Behaviour of 14-2-14 Gemini Surfactant and Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Aqueous Solutions of Betaine Hydrochloride Drug

In the present work, we investigated the effect of drug Betaine Hydrochloride (Betaine HCl) on the aggregation behavior of ethylene-1, 2-bis (N, N-dimethyl-N-tetradecylammonium bromide) (14-2-14) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) by employing electrical conductivity and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Initially, synthesis of 14-2-14 is carried out in laboratory followed by determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC) through electrical conductivity measurements at temperatures 293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K in absence and presence of Betaine HCl at concentrations 0.10 mmol/kg, 0.15 mmol/kg and 0.25 mmol/kg. The decrement in CMC value is observed with increasing concentrations of Betaine HCl as well as with decreasing temperatures. Several thermodynamic parameters such as the standard enthalpy of micellization (ΔH0m), the standard entropy of micellization (ΔS0m) and the standard Gibbs energy of micellization (ΔG0m), etc. have been evaluated using values of CMC for various concentrations of Betaine HCl at different temperatures. The alterations instigated in respective have been recognized by FT-IR spectroscopic analysis, which signifies the variations produced by the drug on the aggregation of the surfactants (14-2-14 and TTAB) in aqueous media.

HPLC method for levothyroxine quantification in long-acting drug delivery systems. Validation and evaluation of bovine serum albumin as levothyroxine stabilizer

Deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) is treated with oral levothyroxine (LEVO). However, the effectiveness of oral administration is highly dependent on the co-administration of food and other drugs. This factor, in combination with the chronic nature of this condition, mean that there are concerns with patient compliance. Development of long acting formulations to treat hypothyroidism could potentially solve this problem. However, LEVO instability in solution could be problematic. In order to develop long acting LEVO delivery systems in vitro drug release experiments should be carried out. However, short term LEVO stability in aqueous solution will prevent this. BSA was used as a stabiliser for LEVO; extending the stability of the drug in aqueous solutions from a few hours to 2 weeks. In order to achieve this, the required concentration of the protein was 0.1% w/v. Subsequently, an HPLC method capable of separating LEVO from the protein was developed and validated following ICH guidelines. The analysis was carried out using a reverse phase HPLC method on an Agilent 1220 Infinity II LC system. The column used to achieve separation was a Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 (95 Å pore size, 250 mm length x 4.6 mm internal diameter; 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase used was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a ratio of 50:50% v/v. UV detection of LEVO sodium was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time for the drug was 6.6 minutes. The method showed a limit of detection of 0.03 μg/mL and a limit of quantification of 0.09 μg/mL. Finally, this method was used to evaluate the release from implants containing 20% w/w of LEVO. These devices were prepared using a solvent casting method with poly(caprolactone) and LEVO. These devices showed an initial burst release over the first 3 days. Subsequently, they were capable of providing a linear release rate over the following 25 days.

Zero-Order Controlled Release of Water-Soluble Drugs Using a Marker Pen Platform.

Zero-order drug release that releases drugs at a constant rate is beneficial to prolong the therapeutic effect and avoid the side effects of drugs. However, due to the weak interaction between the drug and the carrier, it is particularly challenging to achieve zero-order release of water-soluble drugs. Inspired by the marker pen, which stores the water-based ink in the sponge core and releases a constant amount of ink from the tip for writing, we explore the marker pen as a drug delivery platform to achieve zero-order release of water-soluble drugs. Through the capillary interaction between the material and water, the pen core can absorb the aqueous drug solution to encapsulate and store the water-soluble drug model sodium fluorescein (SF) and can release the encapsulated SF by moving the pen tip across the surface. The results show that the marker pen can release a constant amount of SF at the nanogram level per unit length of the line drawn with the pen, and the cumulative SF release amount has a linear relationship with the length of the line. In addition, the amount of released SF is linear with respect to the SF concentration in the aqueous solution. Moreover, the SF-filled marker pen has excellent long-term stability as evidenced by that the amount of SF released from the pen remains constant within two weeks after filling.

Self-assembling properties of ionisable amphiphilic drugs in aqueous solution

Hypothesis: Common amphiphilic drug molecules often have a more rigid nonpolar part than conventional surfactants. The rigidity is expected to influence the self-assembling properties and possibly give rise to aggregation patterns different from that of regular surfactants.Experiments: We have investigated self-assembling properties of the hydrochloride salts of adiphenine (ADP), pavatrine (PVT), and amitriptyline (AMT) at concentrations up to 50 wt% using small-angle x-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, and surface tension measurements.Findings: All drugs form small micelles of oblate spheroidal shape at concentrations above the critical micelle concentrations (CMC). The micelles grow weakly in size up to about 20 wt%, where the aggregation number reaches a maximum followed by a slight decrease in size at higher drug concentrations. We observe a correlation between the decrease in micelle size at high concentrations and an increasing charge of the micelles, as the degree of ionization increases with increasing drug concentration and decreasing pH. In contrast to what has previously been reported, the aggregation behavior of all studied drugs resembles the closed association behavior of conventional surfactants with a short aliphatic chain as hydrophobic tail group i.e. the micelles are always small in size and lack a second CMC. CMC values were determined with surface tension measurements, including also lidocaine hydrochloride (LDC) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CHL).

Side Effects of In ovo Given Sunset Yellow FCF on the Embryonic Development of the Spleen by Means of Histological and Enzyme Histochemical Methods

Background: E110 is one of the food colorants which is widely used in dairy products, fast foods, jam and dry beverage powders, aqueous drug solutions, tablets, capsules, toothpastes mouthwashes, hair care products and cosmetics. Doubts have accumulated in recent years that food additives might cause allergic reactions in humans or increase these ailments. In this study, side effects of Sunset yellow FCF (E110) on the embryonic development of chicken spleen were evaluated by means of histological, histomorphometrical and enzyme histochemical methods. Methods: In the study, 250 fertilized broiler eggs obtained from a commercial broodstock were used. Eggs were divided into 5 groups each having 50 eggs. Control eggs were either nontreated or distilled water injected via air sac. The eggs in the experimental groups were injected with 100ng/egg, 500ng/egg and 1.000ng/egg E110 prior to incubation. Blood and spleen samples were taken from randomly selected 10 eggs of each group at 11th, 15th, 18th and 21st days of incubation. Leukocyte formula, alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase-positive and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte percentages were determined in the blood samples and embriyonic development of the spleen was assessed in the tissue sections. Results: In the 500ng/egg and 1.000ng/egg E110 injected experimental groups, embryonic development of the spleen retarded, alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase-positive and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte rates were significantly depressed. Conclusions: Significant disturbances in the immune system functions of the affected animals might occure at post-natal period of their life.

Binding Interactions Between Tetracaine Hydrochloride and Biocompatible Imidazolium-Based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions

The low solubility of drugs in an aqueous medium causes their precipitation before reaching the specific target sites leading to various undesirable side effects. Thus, there is a need for designing and formulating delivery agents which not only carry a drug to its site of action but also improve its solubility. The study of interactions between a drug and its carrier becomes significant. Pertinently, the present study encompasses the interactions between aqueous solutions of a local anesthetic drug, tetracaine hydrochloride (TC) and a non-cytotoxic imidazolium gemini surfactant, [CnIm-3OH-ImCn]Br2 (n = 12, 14, 16). The results were established on the basis of various parameters calculated from measurements using conductivity, fluorescence, UV–visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The parameters obtained from conductivity measurements showed attractive interactions (synergism) between TC and [CnIm-3OH-ImCn]Br2 whereas the UV–visible and CV measurements indicated a 1:1 stoichiometry in their complex formation. The binding of drug with gemini surfactants was found to decrease as the surfactant chain length increases. The hydrophobic, cation-π and H-bonding modes of interactions between drug and gemini surfactant aid in their binding process. The antibacterial activity of gemini surfactants was tested against both strains (gram-positive and gram-negative) of bacteria and found to be effective. Thus, these interaction studies offer new opportunities to bring about advancements in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

To study the interactions between saccharide/their derivatives and bactericidal cefadroxil drug: Volumetric, acoustic and molecular docking studies

Volumetric, acoustic and molecular docking investigations are helpful to elucidate the molecular interactions occurring between saccharides/derivatives with cefadroxil drug in aqueous solution. The density, ρ and speed of sound, u were measured for saccharides and their derivatives, in molality, mB = (0.001–0.004) mol∙kg−1 aqueous solutions of cefadroxil at temperatures, T = (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, 318.15) K. These values were used to retrieve the corresponding values of standard partial molar volumes, V2° and partial molar isentropic compressibilties, K°s,2 at infinite-dilution. From these data, the transfer properties (ΔtrV2° and ΔtrK°s,2) for saccharides from water to aqueous solutions of cefadroxil have been evaluated. These parameters provide an essence about the type and nature of interactions occurring between saccharide (solute) and cefadroxil drug. Further, the molecular docking studies have also been carried out, which give information about the active groups present in both solutes and cefadroxil molecules at the binding site. Both the experimental and theoretical studies show that the distinct stereochemical –OH group present in the studied saccharides/derivatives interact differently with the cefadroxil molecule. The theoretical studies also show that the –NH, –NH2, >CO and –COOH groups of cefadroxil participate more actively at the binding site.

Interactional behavior of saccharides/derivatives with amoxicillin drug in aqueous medium: Insights from volumetric, calorimetric and spectroscopic studies

The physicochemical studies are significant in understanding the molecular interactions of saccharides and their derivatives with amoxicillin drug in aqueous solution. Therefore, the apparent molar volumes (V2,ϕ), and the limiting standard molar enthalpies of dilution (ΔdilH∞m) of saccharides and their derivatives in (0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004) mol·kg–1 aqueous solutions of amoxicillin were determined from the precise density, ρ and heat change, q measurements at (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K under pressure, p = 0.1 MPa. The data were processed to obtain the corresponding transfer volumes (ΔtrV2∞) and enthalpies of dilution of transfer (ΔtΔdilH∞m) of solutes from water into aqueous solutions of amoxicillin. The volumetric expansion coefficients (∂V2∞/∂T)P, their second-order derivatives (∂2V2∞/∂T2)P and heat capacity change (∆dilC∞p,2,m) were also determined. Proton (1H) NMR spectra for mA = 0.02 mol·kg–1 saccharides/derivatives were also recorded in different molalities, mB = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 mol·kg–1 of amoxicillin solution prepared in solvent {9:1 H2O + D2O}. The NMR results show that the Hc proton of amoxicillin has more activity (acidity) and it interacts more with the solute molecules (saccharide/derivative) than other protons of amoxicillin.

3D-Printing Enables Fabrication of Swirl Nozzles for Fast Aerosolization of Water-Based Drugs

Portable inhalers are used for delivering drugs to the lung in the form of aerosols and form the standard treatment for diseases such as Asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis. However, for aqueous drug formulations, spray nozzle chips have so far been restricted to cleanroom manufacture due to their small feature sizes. Here we present a spring-actuated 3D-printed swirl nozzle that sprays an aqueous drug solution, matching propellant-containing inhalers in aerosolization time. The use of two-photon polymerization enables the small nozzle feature size of 100 $\mu \text{m}$ and device print times of only 4 min, making serial mass-fabrication a viable option. Our 35 bar spring-operated swirl nozzle prototype achieves mean volumetric particle sizes of 12.5 ${\mu }\text{m}$ on doses of 100 ${\mu }\text{l}$ , aerosolized in 270 ms, as fast as a propellant-driven inhaler. [2021-0002]

Influence of microbubbles on the production of spray-dried inhalable particles

The aim of this work was to study the effect of gas microbubbles on the production of particles suitable for inhalatory administration by a spray drying technology. An antiasthmatic model drug (sodium cromoglycate) was selected in order to evaluate the effect of different gases (air, CO2 and N2) and spray drying operating conditions on the particles aerosolization performance. To this end, gas supersaturated aqueous drug solutions were obtained in a pressurized vessel and then processed by spray drying. The process yield, morphology, size, bulk and tap densities, moisture content and aerosolization properties of the particles were evaluated. The presence of microbubbles in the spray drying feed led to powders with smaller mean geometric sizes than particles obtained without bubbles. The gas-water solubility emerged as a key parameter to obtain inhalatory particles with good aerosolization properties. High water-soluble gases led to bigger particles, while low soluble ones allow to produce smaller particles. The use of air (with an intermediate water solubility respect to CO2 and N2) and an adequate set of spray drying operating conditions allowed to obtain sodium cromoglycate particles with superior aerosolization properties than a commercial formulation. Overall, a novel, simple and low-cost method to produce inhalatory particles with excellent aerosolization properties was developed by supersaturating the spray drying liquid feed without using pore-forming agents during the production step, or carriers in the final formulation.

Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Complexes of Osteoinductive Agents for Dental Tissue Regeneration.

Oral tissue regeneration has received growing attention for improving the quality of life of patients. Regeneration of oral tissues such as alveolar bone and widely defected bone has been extensively investigated, including regenerative treatment of oral tissues using therapeutic cells and growth factors. Additionally, small-molecule drugs that promote bone formation have been identified and tested as new regenerative treatment. However, treatments need to progress to realize successful regeneration of oral functions. In this review, we describe recent progress in development of regenerative treatment of oral tissues. In particular, we focus on cyclodextrin (CD)-based pharmaceutics and polyelectrolyte complexation of growth factors to enhance their solubility, stability, and bioactivity. CDs can encapsulate hydrophobic small-molecule drugs into their cavities, resulting in inclusion complexes. The inclusion complexation of osteoinductive small-molecule drugs improves solubility of the drugs in aqueous solutions and increases in vitro osteogenic differentiation efficiency. Additionally, various anionic polymers such as heparin and its mimetic polymers have been developed to improve stability and bioactivity of growth factors. These polymers protect growth factors from deactivation and degradation by complex formation through electrostatic interaction, leading to potentiation of bone formation ability. These approaches using an inclusion complex and polyelectrolyte complexes have great potential in the regeneration of oral tissues.

Investigation of the Dual‐Stage Method of Active Er:YLF Laser Drug Delivery Through the Nail and Laser‐Induced Transformations of the Drug Extinction Spectrum

A novel dual-stage method for active laser drug delivery (DSLADD) in the treatment of nail diseases is being presented. This method includes sequentially performed microporation of the nail with submillisecond pulses of Er:YLF laser radiation through a layer of an aqueous solution of drug deposited on the nail surface (Stage 1) and exposure this layer to the same laser radiation to deliver drug under the nail plate (Stage 2). The delivery of methylene blue (MB) as one of the possible drugs in the treatment of nail diseases is investigated. The influence of the thickness of the MB layer, as well as the energy and number of applied laser pulses, on the rate of active laser delivery is discussed. To illustrate the possible effect of delivery on the drug delivered, special attention is paid to the deformation of the extinction spectrum of MB solution after laser irradiation. Diode-pumped Er:YLF laser was used for DSLADD. The process of DSLADD under the nail plate was investigated using digital video microscopy. For different values of the thickness of MB solution layer applied to the nail plate and the energy of laser pulses, the number of laser pulses required to create a single through a microchannel in the nail plate and the number of laser pulses required to deliver the solution to the ventral side of the nail plate after its microporation were registered. The mass and the dose of MB solution penetrated under the nail plate, and the rate of MB solution delivery through a single microchannel was determined. Investigation of the influence of Er:YLF laser radiation parameters on the extinction spectrum of the drug was performed using a fiber spectrometer. The extinction spectra of the 0.001% aqueous solution of MB were recorded before and after exposure to a different number of Er:YLF laser pulses with the energy of 1-4 mJ. It was found that the minimum number of laser pulses required for active Er:YLF laser drug delivery under the nail corresponds to the MB layer thickness of 100 μm and the laser pulse energy of 4 mJ. It is shown that in this case, the rate of active laser delivery of MB solution reaches 0.26 ± 0.03 mg/pulse. The radiation of the Er:YLF laser affects the shape of the extinction spectrum of the aqueous solution of MВ, which is associated with the transition of the dye from the monomeric to dimeric state. Depending on the laser pulse energy, the fraction of a certain conformational state in the aqueous MB solution can decrease or increase, stimulating a possible change in its photodynamic and antiseptic activity. For the first time, a novel DSLADD through the nail has been described and investigated in vitro. It was demonstrated that at Er:YLF laser pulse repetition rate of f = 30 Hz, microporation of the nail plate and drug delivery through a single microchannel will be about 1.5 s. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Volumetric and acoustic studies of glycine in aqueous solutions of sulphathiazole drug at T=(288.15 to 308.15) K

The densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) for glycine in aqueous solutions of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) mol·kg -1 sulphathiazole drug have been measured at T = (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K, using vibrating tube digital densimeter and sound analyser Anton–Paar Model DSA - 5000. The apparent molar properties like apparent molar volume ( ), apparent molar adiabatic compressibility ( ) and the apparent molar volume ( 0 ) and adiabatic compressibility at infinite dilution ( 0 ) of glycine have been determined in water as well as in ternary mixtures containing sulphathiazole drug at different concentrations and at different temperatures from experimental data of densities and speeds of sound under atmospheric pressure. These data were also used to calculate the transfer parameters. Transfer parameters have been explained from the point of view of concentration dependence of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. The limiting apparent molar expansibility ( ) values for glycine in aqueous solutions of drug have been calculated. The calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient ( ) have small and positive values. These results are explained on the basis of drug-amino acid - water interactions and hydrophobic –hydrophilic interactions.

Potentiality of carbon nanotube to encapsulate some alkylating agent anticancer drugs: a molecular simulation study

Encapsulation of chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, and melphalan with (9,9) carbon nanotube was investigated in aqueous solution. The structures were modeled in gas phase applying density functional calculations. Then, solvation free energies and association free energies of considered structures in water were studied by Monte Carlo simulation and perturbation method. Outcomes of gas phase study revealed that all three drugs can encapsulate into carbon nanotube. Monte Carlo simulation results showed that electrostatic interactions play a crucial role in the intermolecular energies after encapsulation in aqueous media. It is found that among three drugs, solvation free energy of chlorambucil was increased after encapsulation. Moreover, solvation of carbon nanotube was enhanced after encapsulation of drugs which improve the pharmaceutical applications. Calculated association free energies indicated that chlorambucil–carbon nanotube was the only stable encapsulated drug in aqueous solution.

A DNA Based Biosensor Amplified With ZIF-8/Ionic Liquid Composite for Determination of Mitoxantrone Anticancer Drug: An Experimental/Docking Investigation.

An ultrasensitive DNA electrochemical biosensor based on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) amplified with ZIF-8 and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (BMIMS) was fabricated in this research. The DNA/BMIMS/ZIF-8/CPE was used for the selective determination of a mitoxantrone anticancer drug in aqueous solution, resulting in a good catalytic effect and a powerful ability for determining mitoxantrone. Also, the interaction of the mitoxantrone anticancer drug with guanine bases of ds-DNA was used as a powerful strategy in the suggested biosensor, which was confirmed with docking investigation. Docking study of mitoxantrone into the ds-DNA sequence showed the intercalative binding mode of mitoxantrone into the nitrogenous-based pairs of ds-DNA. The effective factors such as ds-DNA concentration, temperature, buffer types, and incubation time were also optimized for the fabricated mitoxantrone biosensor. The results showed that, under optimum conditions (T = 25°C; incubation time=12 min; pH= 4.8 acetate buffer solution and [DNA] = 50 mg/L), the DNA/BMIMS/ZIF-8/CPE could be used in mitoxantrone assay in a concentration ranging from 8.0 nM to 110 μM with a detection limit of 3.0 nM. In addition, recovery data between 99.18 and 102.08% were obtained for the determination of mitoxantrone in the injection samples using DNA/ZIF-8/BMIMF/CPE as powerful biosensors.

Physico-Chemical Studies on Aqueous Solutions of (Amantadine and Oseltamivir) with PEG, Maltodextrin and SLS Binary Complex Formation

The molecular interaction between the drug and solvent molecules are discussed. The study aims to increase the solubility, stability, sweetness of drugs by way of complexation. The ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity have been measured at 2MHz for the aqueous solutions of (i) Influenza Anti-Viral Drugs + PEG, Maltodextrin, and SLS at different concentrations at a temperature 303K. Some derived parameters from the measured parameters have been computed. These properties are ascribing to molecular interactions through hydrogen bonding. The total absorption can be considered as the sum of contributions from solute-solvent interactions with FTIR studies.

Aggregation and Adsorption Behavior of Cationic Surfactants (Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide) in Aqueous Solutions of Antibiotic Drug (Amikacin Sulphate) at Different Temperatures

AbstractConductivity and spectroscopy techniques have been accomplished to comprehend the mechanism of supramolecular assembly of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in aqueous solution of amikacin sulphate (0.001, 0.005, and 0.010 mol kg−1). For CTAB, the normal boost of the CMC value with rise in temperature manifests the significant role of aquaphilic dehydration. However, the aquaphobic dehydrations become prominent with temperature and depict typical U‐shaped behavior of CMC for DTAB. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization have been derived from CMC values. The outcomes have been conferred in terms of solvation of hydrophobic part of surfactants by hydrophobic part of amikacin sulphate and micellization becomes more favorable for surfactant with more hydrophobic character in the presence of drug. The alteration in micro‐environment of the ternary (drug/surfactant/water) system has been explained in terms of fluorescence emission intensity of surfactant solutions which has been found to decrease by the addition of drug. The obtained absorbance spectrum by varying concentrations of surfactant/drug affords noteworthy information regarding the diverse interactions in studied systems. Moreover, the exhaustive understanding of surfactant micellar behavior have been discussed in consideration of use of surfactants as drug delivery agents and hence to amplify drug bioavailability consequently remodeling its treatment efficacy.