Approach In Philosophy Of Science Research Articles

The Roles of Neural Networks in Language Acquisition

ABSTRACTHow can modern neural networks like language models be useful to the field of language acquisition, and more broadly cognitive science, if they are not a priori designed to be cognitive models? As developments towards natural language understanding and generation have improved leaps and bounds, with models like GPT‐4, the question of how they can inform our understanding of human language acquisition has re‐emerged. As such, it is critical to examine how in practice linking hypotheses between models and human learners can be safely established. To address these questions, we propose a model taxonomy, including four modelling approaches, each having differing goals, from exploratory hypothesis generation to hypothesis differentiation and testing. We show how the goals of these approaches align with the overarching goals of science and linguistics by connecting our taxonomy to the realist versus instrumentalist approaches in philosophy of science. We survey recent work having adopted each of our modelling approaches and address the importance of computational modelling in language acquisition studies.

Tinjauan Filsafat Sains pada Konsep Horsepower dalam Pembelajaran Fisika

Teaching physics concepts using a philosophy of science approach is important for understanding how physical scientists develop theories. The concepts of quantities, units, and dimensions in physics, such as horsepower (hp), are fundamental to learning from school to college. However, there is still a lack of philosophical understanding of the concept of horsepower in the context of physics teaching, leading to a deficiency in this understanding. This study proposes a philosophical exploration of the concept of horsepower from the perspectives of epistemology, ontology, and axiology. The research methods used include in-depth literature studies, conceptual analysis, and case studies related to the implications of horsepower in automotive industrial engineering. The results demonstrate that the concept of horsepower can be examined from various philosophical perspectives, including aspects of epistemology in its development, ontology in understanding its existence, and axiology in considering the values associated with its use. This philosophical exploration not only enhances the understanding of physics concepts but also encourages deeper reflection on the relationship between humans, technology, and nature

AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF AL FARUQI'S THEORY OF ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE: A PERSPECTIVE FROM THOMAS KUHN'S PARADIGM SHIFT THEORY

The discourse of Islamization of Knowledge proposed by Ismail Raji al Faruqi (d. 1986), which essentially seeks a paradigm shift from modern science to Islamic science, is increasingly interesting with more evidence being studied, either with an applied model, a comparison, or a critical one. In addition, the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), an institution founded by al Faruqi in 1981, which is responsible for realizing real Islamization, continues to grow to this day. These two things prove that al Faruqi's Islamization is one step ahead, when compared to other Islamization initiators such as Sayyed Hossein Nasr, Ziauddin Sardar, Najjar, or even Naquib al Attas. Al Faruqi's Islamization, which is based on a paradigm shift and the scientific community, seems to align with Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolution, which also requires a paradigm shift and the scientific community. Therefore, this article aims to examine the Islamization theory proposed by al Faruqi from Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shift perspective. This study is a literature review. The data would be analyzed using content analysis, where the researchers perform an interpretation of the data. The approach used is the philosophy of science approach, which serves to outline the structure of science schemed by al Faruqi and Kuhn. This study concludes that the Islamization of knowledge proclaimed by al Faruqi and his scientific community is certainly a process of shifting the paradigm of Western science to the paradigm of Islamic science. Thus, al Faruqi's Islamization is a scientific revolution.

Perkembangan Berpikir Kritis pada Anak Usia Dini (Tinjauan Filsafat Ilmu dalam Pendidikan Awal)

This research explores the development of critical thinking in early childhood (0-6 years) through a philosophy of science approach. This research discusses children's critical thinking skills, including questioning, viewpoint formation, rationality, information seeking, and analysis. This research uses the literature review method, namely data obtained through literature from journals, articles, and book references to form a solid foundation with the analysis techniques carried out, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of philosophy of science in shaping children's critical thinking from an early age.

Interpretive Paradigms in Accounting Research Methodology: A Philosophy of Science Approach – Gadamer's Hermeneutics

This article discusses interpretive paradigms in accounting science research methodology. The methodology discussed refers to the philosophy of hermeneutics developed by Hans-Georg Gadamer, namely subjective hermeneutics. One of the developments in the philosophy of hermeneutics is adopted its application to the field of accounting through an intrerpretive paradigm. The discussion in this article is expected to enrich knowledge in the study of interpretation paradigms in the field of accounting with a hermeneutic approach.

Transdisciplinary Philosophy of Science: Meeting the Challenge of Indigenous Expertise

Abstract Transdisciplinary research knits together knowledge from diverse epistemic communities in addressing social-environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss, climate crises, food insecurity, and public health. This article reflects on the roles of philosophy of science in transdisciplinary research while focusing on Indigenous and other subjugated forms of knowledge. We offer a critical assessment of demarcationist approaches in philosophy of science and outline a constructive alternative of transdisciplinary philosophy of science. While a focus on demarcation obscures the complex relations between epistemic communities, transdisciplinary philosophy of science provides resources for meeting epistemic and political challenges of collaborative knowledge production.

PETA PEMAHAMAN ILMU USHULUL FIQH JALALUDDIN AS-SUYUTHI DALAM KITAB AL-ASYBAH WA AN-NADHAIR

The science of ushul fiqh occupies a very important position in the science of Sharia because it has a very large role in takhrij al-ahkam al-islamiyyah. The science of ushul fiqh stood as an established scientific discipline in the hands of Imam Syafi’i. He made the science of ushul fiqh interesting to study or carry out a multidisciplinary approach. To understand the scientific framework of ushul fiqh, the author will formulate a map of understanding the science of ushul fiqh Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi in his work al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair. This article aims to find out the map of understanding the science of ushulul fiqh Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi in the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair from the aspect of the object of knowledge, the process of obtaining knowledge, and the benefits of knowledge. This article is qualitative library research using a philosophy of science approach from ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The subjects of this study were Imam Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi and the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair. Data will be collected using documentation techniques. The results of this study are from the ontology aspect, the main object of the study includes dalil, istidlal, and mustadil, while one follow-up object is the mass object (masail). From the aspect of epistemology, the process of knowing Imam as-Suyuthi regarding objects in the book al-Asybah wa an-Nadhair goes through three coherent stages, these stages are the heuristic stage, the critical stage, and the explanation stage. From an axiological aspect, this book deserves to be one of the main references in the science of ushul fiqh of the Shafi'i school, both for beginners and experts.

HERMENEUTIKA SEBAGAI TEORI INTERPRETASI DALAM TRADISI BARAT

Hermeneutics functions as a theory of interpretation, closely related to language. One that cannot be separated from language is text, which requires a series of reading tools to understand it, one of which is the theory of hermeneutics. This article aims to find out the thoughts of Schleiermacher and Dilthey as the originators of romantic hermeneutics and their application in hadith. This article is qualitative in nature with literature data related to Schleiermacher and Dilthey's hermeneutical thinking and hadith about women's leadership. Through a philosophy of science approach, this article finds that Schleiermacher is the father of modern hermeneutics whose ideas about the mental world were developed by Dilthey who explained about the socio-historical world. Through these readings, women can become leaders

HERMENEUTIKA SEBAGAI TEORI INTERPRETASI DALAM TRADISI BARAT

Hermeneutics functions as a theory of interpretation, closely related to language. One that cannot be separated from language is text, which requires a series of reading tools to understand it, one of which is the theory of hermeneutics. This article aims to find out the thoughts of Schleiermacher and Dilthey as the originators of romantic hermeneutics and their application in hadith. This article is qualitative in nature with literature data related to Schleiermacher and Dilthey's hermeneutical thinking and hadith about women's leadership. Through a philosophy of science approach, this article finds that Schleiermacher is the father of modern hermeneutics whose ideas about the mental world were developed by Dilthey who explained about the socio-historical world. Through these readings, women can become leaders

Brain death debates: from bioethics to epistemology.

50 years after its introduction, brain death remains controversial among scholars. The debates focus on one question: is brain death a good criterion for determining death? This question has been answered from various perspectives: medical, metaphysical, ethical, and legal or political. Most authors either defend the criterion as it is, propose some minor or major revisions, or advocate abandoning it and finding better solutions to the problems that brain death was intended to solve when it was introduced. In short, debates about brain death have been characterized by partisanship, for or against. Here I plead for a non-partisan approach that has been overlooked in the literature: the epistemological or philosophy of science approach. Some scholars claim that human death is a matter of fact, a biological phenomenon whose occurrence can be determined empirically, based on science. We should take this claim seriously, whether we agree with it or not. The question is: how do we know that human death is a scientific matter of fact? Taking the epistemological approach means, among other things, examining how the determination of human death became an object of scientific inquiry, exploring the nature of the brain death criterion itself, and analysing the meaning of its core concepts such as "irreversibility" and "functions".

Rethinking Ethnography for Philosophy of Science

AbstractWe lay groundwork for applying ethnographic methods in philosophy of science. We frame our analysis in terms of two tasks: (1) to identify the benefits of an ethnographic approach in philosophy of science and (2) to structure an ethnographic approach for philosophical investigation best adapted to provide information relevant to philosophical interests and epistemic values. To this end, we advocate for a purpose-guided form of cognitive ethnography that mediates between the explanatory and normative interests of philosophy of science, while maintaining openness and independence when framing such an investigation to achieve robust unbiased results.

Independensi Dan Keunikan Ilmu Hukum Dalam Tinjauan Ontologi, Epistemologi Dan Aksiologi

The discourse on the status of legal science included in the category of science or not science has always been a matter of debate. The difference between the empirical and normative schools of thought gives rise to differences in perception, making it a never-ending problem, especially in Sui Generis jurisprudence. Studying through the philosophy of science becomes an effective way to solve these problems based on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects. The development of legal science through the realm of research is a challenge that must be done in order to achieve solutions to various problems in society. This research is a qualitative research using a philosophy of science approach so that a conclusion is obtained that philosophically, legal science is included in the category of science. Legal science is also a substantial study of the rule of law that comes from one's own mind and is useful for the process of developing and applying legal science.

Reflex theory, cautionary tale: misleading simplicity in early neuroscience

This paper takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach to the topic of "simplicity out of complexity". The reflex theory was a framework within early twentieth century psychology and neuroscience which aimed to decompose complex behaviours and neural responses into simple reflexes. It was controversial in its time, and did not live up to its own theoretical and empirical ambitions. Examination of this episode poses important questions about the limitations of simplifying strategies, and the relationship between simplification and the engineering approach to biology.

Two approaches to natural kinds

Philosophical treatments of natural kinds are embedded in two distinct projects. I call these the philosophy of science approach and the philosophy of language approach. Each is characterized by its own set of philosophical questions, concerns, and assumptions. The kinds studied in the philosophy of science approach are projectible categories that can ground inductive inferences and scientific explanation. The kinds studied in the philosophy of language approach are the referential objects of a special linguistic category—natural kind terms—thought to refer directly. Philosophers may hope for a unified account addresses both sets of concerns. This paper argues that this cannot be done successfully. No single account can satisfy both the semantic objectives of the philosophy of language approach and the explanatory projects of the philosophy of science approach. After analyzing where the tensions arise, I make recommendations about assumptions and projects that are best abandoned, those that should be retained, and those that should go their separate ways. I also recommend adopting the disambiguating terminology of “scientific kinds” and “natural kinds” for the different notions of kinds developed in these different approaches.

Ilmu dan Agama dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu

This paper aims to understand the two basic concepts that are the focus of the discussion, namely science and religion through a philosophy of science approach. This approach assumes seeing the foundation that allows the development of theoretical arguments about the nature of science (knowledge, science) and religion studied in the basic concepts of Philosophy of Science. The Philosophy of Science that is meant must have been formulated in a contextual-humanist-sociological manner that is social salvation. So that it can make a significant contribution to humanity as a whole. Thus, the Philosophy of Science will dynamically always be in line with the main mission of Islam, namely rahmatan Lil 'ālamīn.

Сравнительный анализ принципа эволюции классической и неклассической науки

The relevance of the study of the mechanism of evolution is determined by the fact that the understanding of scientific laws is changing in modern science. From the microworld to the megaworld, the historical nature of the processes occurring in them is recognized, which should be reflected in the interpretation of laws. The author sets out to reveal the prerequisites of the idea of self-organization, which is a distinctive feature of evolutionary processes in the synergetic picture of the world of post-non-classical science. The idea of self-organization grows out of the concepts of evolution developed in the classical and non-classical periods of the development of modern science. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the concepts of the evolution of these periods. The dominant approach in the modern philosophy of science is the history of science, so the author is guided by the methodology of historical and scientific research, when comparative analysis is implemented through finding out the similarities and differences of the stages of interest. The article substantiates the thesis that at this stage the concept of evolutionism is based on the recognition of the time parameter either in the form of an infinite sequence of events embodied in the present («external time»), or in the form of the principle of historicity («internal time»). The classical concept of evolution was a hypothesis. In non-classical science, the concept of evolution receives a scientific — empirical and theoretical — justification. To specify the principle of evolution in this period, the material from astrophysics, biology and historical science is given. The novelty of the obtained results is connected with the recognition of the hypothetical nature of the idea of evolution in the non-major non-rationalist branch of descriptive natural science of classical stage, the acquisition of scientific justification by it (the idea of evolution) at the non-classical stage, as well as with the transition from the concept of «external» to «internal» time. «Internal» time is the essence of the new concept of historicism, where evolution is interpreted as self-organization. A new concept of evolution and a new type of scientific laws set the prospect for further research. Key words: the concept of evolution, classical / non-classical science, time, the principle of historicism, V. I. Vernadsky, M. Foucault, sciences of inorganic / organic nature, historical science.

The institutional stabilization of philosophy of science and its withdrawal from social concerns after the Second World War

ABSTRACT In this paper, I criticize the thesis that value-laden approaches in American philosophy of science were marginalized in the 1960s through the editorial policy at Philosophy of Science and funding practices at the National Science Foundation. I argue that there is no available evidence of any normative restriction on philosophy of science as a domain of inquiry which excluded research on the relation between science and society. Instead, I claim that the absence of any exemplary, professional philosopher who discussed the relation between science and society sufficed to narrow the focus of philosophers of science, given the institutional stabilization of the domain within professional philosophy from 1959 onwards.

PERKEMBANGAN KAJIAN KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN DI KOTA MALANG : SEBUAH META ANALISIS

Abstract This research is a meta-analysis of the development of the study of marketing communication undergraduate thesis in Malang during 2014-2018. This research aims to find out how the development of marketing communication studies with the philosophy of science approach in order to provide references for mapping marketing communication studies. The undergraduate thesis researched in this research is 229 theses from three different universities with a focus on the use of theory in marketing communication theses. The results of the research show that the most widely used communication theory in marketing communication thesis is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) theory. The interesting thing found in this research is the more use of marketing concepts and theories than the use of communication theory in undergraduate thesis with the theme of marketing communication. Keywords: marketing communication, meta-analysis, philosophy of science DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v5i1.2782

The Discovery-Justification Distinction and the New Historiography of Science: On Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures

I will examine the first of Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures delivered in 1984, with the purpose of establishing a connection between Kuhn’s historiographical thought and his criticism of the traditional distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification, or, as I call it, the DJ distinction. In order to do this, I will start by exploring the Kuhnian view of the so-called static approach in philosophy of science, taking as my main reference the work of Bacon, Descartes, and foundationalist epistemology. I will continue by examining the relationship between Kuhnian historiography and the DJ distinction, comparing the first Thalheimer Lecture with other texts published by Kuhn. Finally, I will assert that Kuhn’s rejection of the DJ distinction is the result of adopting a historiographical matrix whose philosophical consequences are irreconcilable with the static approach in history and philosophy of science, for which the DJ distinction is essential.

Philosophy of Science, Technique and Technology

The philosophy of technology constitutes a relatively recent area of reflection, compared to other topics of philosophical interest such as science or morals. This fact is not independent of the change in public sensitivities regarding technological change and anti-essentialist tendencies of contemporary philosophy. On the one hand, the traditional essentialist approach in philosophy of science and knowledge, typical of currents such as logical empiricism, conceived of technology as applied science and, more globally, practical activity as an application of general rules or principles. Recent historicist and naturalistic approaches in philosophy of science, and the development of ICT studies, have favoured a more realistic and contextualized view of science and its relations with technology, facilitating awareness of the great diversity of problems. specific philosophical posed by technology. Technology, on the other hand, has been categorized as a social problem in recent decades, becoming prominent in the media, public forums and political agendas. With the current intense technological development, the close dependence of the economy, institutions and ways of life on technological devices and processes, as well as the serious environmental repercussions or ethical and legal dilemmas caused by nuclear energy, has become especially evident. As a result of both factors, the interest in technology acquires in recent decades a remarkable impulse and ends up making it an object of study in more and more monographs, specialized magazines and international conferences. The academic conceptualization of technology, understood as applied science, only reflected a culturally generalized point of view during much of this century.