Transport Approach Research Articles

Indonesia Health Care Service: a Medical Transportation Approach

Indonesia Health Care Service: a Medical Transportation Approach

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BY OBJECT CONTENT: SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

The article considers the conceptual apparatus of transport, transport system and transport infrastructure and studies the existing classifications of transport infrastructure on the basis of their object content. The key characteristics of these classifications are determined and enlarged groups of infrastructure elements are identified, on the basis of which a consolidated grouping of transport infrastructure objects is formulated. The main problems of classification of transport infrastructure objects and approaches to their formation are identified. The author's classification of transport infrastructure elements is developed, including two new concepts: social transport infrastructure and industrial transport infrastructure. In order to justify the advantages of the author's classification, a detailed differentiation of infrastructure objects by means of transport within two new groups is made.

Impact of Orientation Misalignments on Black Phosphorus Ultrascaled Field-Effect Transistors

Two-dimensional materials with strong bandstructure anisotropy such as black phosphorus BP have been identified as attractive candidates for logic application due to their potential high carrier velocity and large density-of-states. However, perfectly aligning the source-to-drain axis with the desired crystal orientation remains an experimental challenge. In this paper, we use an advanced quantum transport approach from first-principle to shed light on the influence of orientation misalignments on the performance of BP-based field-effect transistors. Both $n$-and $p$-type configurations are investigated for six alignment angles, in the ballistic limit of transport and in the presence of electron-phonon and charged impurity scattering. It is found that up to deviations of $50^{\circ}$ from the optimal angle, the ON-state current only decreases by $30\%$. This behavior is explained by considering a single bandstructure parameter, the effective mass along transport direction.

Simulation of potential formation of atmospheric pollution from aboveground storage tank leakage after severe storms

Damage by severe storms of infrastructure containing chemicals can cause widespread pollution of the atmosphere and nearby bodies of water. Because atmospheric monitoring equipment is inoperable in the periods after these storms, transport and fate modeling approaches are necessary to estimate the regional atmospheric concentrations of evaporated spill material and secondary pollutants from such events. Hypothetical spills from a single storage tank in Houston were used to evaluate the impact of different meteorological scenarios (Hurricanes Harvey in 2017 and Ike in 2008), leaked materials (oils and organic solvents), background chemical conditions, and cloud conditions on simulated air pollution. Due to differences in evaporation rate, downwind oil plumes are predicted to cover a broader region than organic solvent plumes, which remain concentrated along the path of the prevailing wind. Depending on assumptions regarding evaporation, mixing ratios of spilled material of up to 90 parts per million are predicted. Substantial formation of ozone (up to an enhancement of 130 parts per billion) and secondary organic aerosol (up to an enhancement of 30 μg m−3) could occur in the short-term aftermath of these storms within the downwind solvent plumes, with the magnitude dependent on the solar radiation, type of material, and background pollutant level. This highlights the potential vulnerability of residents and workers in downwind regions to evaporated spill materials and their degradation products.

Developing Sustainable and Flexible Rural–Urban Connectivity through Complementary Mobility Services

Transport can play a key role in mitigating climate change, through reducing traffic, emissions and dependency on private vehicles. Transport is also crucial to connect remote areas to central or urban areas. Yet, sustainable and flexible transport is among the greatest challenges for rural areas and rural–urban regions. Innovative transport concepts and approaches are urgently needed to foster sustainable and integrated regional development. This article addresses challenges of sustainability, accessibility, and connectivity through examining complementary systems to existing public transport, including demand-responsive transport and multimodal mobility. We draw upon case studies from the Metropolitan Area of Styria, Ljubljana Urban Region and rural Wales (GUSTmobil, REGIOtim, EURBAN, Bicikelj, Bwcabus, Grass Routes). In-depth analysis through a mixed-methods case study design captures the complexity behind these chosen examples, which form a basis for analysing the effects of services on accessibility for different groups, connectivity to public transport and usability as a “first and last mile” feeder. We further explore the weaknesses of complementary transport systems, including legal, organisational and financial barriers, and offer potential solutions to structure and communicate complementary transport systems to improve access and use. Looking ahead, we use the case studies to anticipate innovative, sustainable “mobility as a service” (MaaS) solutions within and between urban and rural areas and consider how future public policy orientations and arrangements can enable positive change. A main concern of our article and the contribution to scientific literature is through exploring the benefit of well-established multi-level governance arrangements when introducing smaller-scale mobility solutions to improve rural–urban accessibility. It becomes clear that not a one-size-fits-all model but placed-based and tailored approaches lead to successful and sustainable concepts.

Feasibility of Very Large Floating Structure as Offshore Wind Foundation: Effects of Hinge Numbers on Wave Loads and Induced Responses

Floating offshore wind is a rapidly growing technology that is attracting global interest. To date, most of the demonstrated concepts for offshore floating wind are based on a simple one turbine–one platform system, which might not be the most efficient approach for manufacturing, transportation, and onsite installation. Very large floating structures (VLFS), which allow for operation of multiple turbines, might be an effective alternative to traditional floating foundations. However, the large bending moment caused by waves is a major concern for a VLFS foundation. Adding hinges into the structure might help to alleviate the bending moment. Based on the discrete-module-beam-bending hydroelasticity method, the effects of hinge numbers on the bending moment will be investigated in detail and will be presented in this paper. Overall, the bending moment is reduced when the vertical displacement is increased by the addition of hinges, which indicates a compromise when choosing hinge numbers. In addition, a feasibility study for the application of the multihinged VLFS as a floating wind platform will be provided. It demonstrates that the existence of wind turbines might further reduce the wave-induced bending moment, but they enlarge the total bending moment by introducing a still water bending moment. The effect of wind turbines on the vertical displacement of the multihinged VLFS is insignificant.

Constraining resonance properties through kaon production in pion–nucleus collisions at low energies

Hadronic interactions are crucial for the dynamical description of heavy-ion reactions at low collision energies and in the late dilute stages at high collision energies. In particular, the properties and decay channels of resonances are an essential ingredient of hadronic transport approaches. The HADES collaboration measured particle production in collisions of pions with carbon and tungsten nuclei at E kin = 1.7 GeV (Adamczewski-Musch et al 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 022002). Such reactions are of high interest, because they allow to probe the properties of baryonic resonances produced in a much cleaner environment than the usual nucleus–nucleus collisions. We study these reactions with two transport approaches: SMASH (simulating many accelerated strongly-interacting hadrons) and UrQMD (ultra relativistic quantum molecular dynamics) which follow the same underlying concept but with different implementations. The differential spectra in rapidity and transverse momentum are used to show how model parameters, as the decay channels of high mass resonances and angular distributions of kaon elastic scattering, can be constrained. It is found that the data favor the production of more particles with lower momentum over the production of few particles with higher momentum in these decays. In addition, the shape of the rapidity distribution of the kaons strongly depends on the angular distribution of the elastic kaon–nucleon cross section.

Empirical, Numerical, and Soft Modelling Approaches for Non-Cohesive Sediment Transport

This paper reviews the modelling approaches and outstanding issues with regard to non-cohesive sediment transport which has been experimentally and numerically studied for many decades owing to its importance to hydraulic structures, morphology and related areas. About 311 papers are reviewed that included laboratory experiments, field observations, and analytical and numerical modelling studies. The reviewed papers cover the period 1938–2020. Of 311, 95 papers are included in this paper. The modeling approaches include empirical, physics-based, spatially averaged, and soft methods. The empirical models have oversimplified the process while the physics-based models are indispensable when the detailed analysis is required. On the other hand, when the objective is to obtain cumulative sediment loads, it would be advantageous to employ the spatial averaging modelling and/or the soft computing methods due to less computational burden and data requirements. The outstanding issues are related to the particle fall velocity, particle velocity, incipient motion, and transport function that require further experimental investigations especially for unsteady non-uniform transport processes.

High-Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction.

Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment-water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier-Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in- and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high-resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.

Pursuit of thermoelectric properties in L21 structured Co2PAl (P = Ru, Rh) ductile ferromagnetic materials: A first principles prospective

Thermoelectric materials may contribute in the near future as new alternative sources of sustainable energy. The capability of Heusler alloys to provide the intriguing concerns mainly on the physical properties with specific variations has prolonged their ability to thermoelectric technology. In the light of current study, we investigate the structural, elasto-mechanical and thermoelectric-transport properties of Co2PAl (P = Ru, Rh) materials within the framework of the density functional theory and semi classical Boltzmann transport approach. The structural composition demonstrates cubic crystalline geometry of these alloys. Elastic constants (like Pugh’s ratio, Cauchy pressure etc.) display that the present set of alloys are mechanically stable possessing ductile nature with high melting temperature. Based on the thermal and elasto-mechanical stability, the Debye temperatures of Co2PAl Heuslers are 337.53K and 472.89K respectively. Thermoelectric transport coefficients are predicted using the Boltzmann transport theory under constant relaxation approximation, where Seebeck coefficient (S), total thermal conductivity, power factor and figure of merit are calculated. The electrical conductivity is high mainly due to high carrier mobility, while total thermal conductivity is moderate due to low lattice thermal conductivity. The calculated PF (zT) for Co2RhAl is 0.90 ​× ​10−5 ​W/mK2 (0.37) at 800K and for Co2RuAl is 0.85 ​× ​10−5W/mK2 (0.34) at 800K temperature. The calculated figures of merit recommend that these alloys have a potential thermoelectric applicability for high temperature power generation. Present study shows a significant value of Seebeck coefficient, power factor and zT values along with ductile nature illustrate the consequence applications in research fields like energy harvesting and thermoelectrics technology.

Does the state have a legitimate right to regulate the decisions of the population in the process of choosing of transport?

Current trends in the development of transport are moving towards to an increasing degree of environmental friendliness, autonomy and a reduction of the cost of production of means of transport. At present we can observe social as well as political efforts to apply these approaches in transport in practice. In the segment of reliability, safety and speed of transport, we are experiencing the most dynamic progress in history. In the context of these trends, the social sciences consider as very necessary to think about the possible risks of implementing technical advances in transport in practice. Although national governments as well as European Commission regulations aim to promote sustainable transport and at the same time gradually regulate energy-inefficient and non-ecological modes of transport, it is necessary to ask whether the nation state has a legitimate right to restrict or force individuals to a particular type of transport for the public good.

Quasi-Ballistic Drift-Diffusion Simulation of SiGe Nanowire MOSFETs Using the Kinetic Velocity Model

This paper presents the calibration of the novel kinetic velocity model (KVM) in the drift-diffusion (DD) transport approach, which can account for the ballistic effect in short-channel devices. The KVM considers a thermionic emission limit and a free carrier acceleration limit for the mobility. We develop a methodology to extract the parameters for the KVM and for the high-field saturation velocity model for SiGe nanowires over the whole mole fraction range. The calibrated DD simulations with KVM show good agreement with Boltzmann transport equation results in terms of on-state current and carrier-weighted velocity distribution over a wide range of gate lengths for both linear and saturation regimes.

Management of Phonon Transport in Lateral Direction for Gap-Controlled Si Nanopillar/SiGe Interlayer Composite Materials

The phonon transport in the lateral direction for gap-controlled Si nanopillar/SiGe interlayer composite materials was investigated to eliminate heat generation in the channel area for advanced MOS transistors. The gap-controlled Si NP/SiGe composite layer showed 1/100 times lower thermal conductivity than Si bulk. Then, the phonon transport behavior in lateral direction could be predicted by the combination between 3-omega measurement method for thermal conductivity and Landauer approach for phonon transport in Si NP/Si0.7Ge0.3 interlayer composite structure. We found that the NP structure could regulate the phonon transport in the lateral direction by changing the NP gaps. As such, this structure achieves the first step toward phonon transport management in the same electron transportation direction of planar-type MOSFETs and represents a promising solution to heat generation for advanced CMOS devices.

A review on smart public transport system based on IOT

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) includes a subsystem called Smart Public Transportation (SPT) (ITS). It has the ability to intelligently manage public transportation systems in order to maintain their operation and to provide customers with information about excursions and system operating conditions (travelers and leaders). Rapid advancements in equipment, programming, and communication technologies have aided the development of Internet-connected gadgets that provide perceptions and data collecting from the current world. This article examines the survey approach for IoT-based smart public transportation and different methods for intelligent transportation systems. The findings of this study show that while IoT has prioritized safety in preventing road accidents, it has yet to be addressed how an intelligent vehicle system can be implemented by integrating bus work schedules, bus presence detection, and passenger disbursement efficiency through a booking seat process to minimize congestion as well as passenger waiting time. This study proposes breakthroughs that combine the Internet concept with the integration of systems of industrial actors required in order to harness the energy of IoT for various conveniences, particularly in the field of public transportation, as well as produce an intelligent transportation system, and is one of the smart urban concept indicators. The purpose of this article is to look at various ITS designs and models, as well as survey them to learn more about their architecture. It will reveal knowledge gaps that may be investigated further. The article includes studies into a variety of frameworks, as well as potential extensions in the area to make it simpler to use.

MAGITS: A Mobile-based Information Sharing Framework for Integrating Intelligent Transport System in Agro-Goods e-Commerce in Developing Countries

The technological advancement in Intelligent Transport Systems and mobile phones enable massive collaborating devices to collect, process, and share information to support the sales and transportation of agricultural goods (agro-goods) from farmer to market within the Agriculture Supply Chain. Mobile devices, especially smartphones and intelligent Point of Sale (PoS), provide multiple features such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometer to complement infrastructure requirements. Despite the opportunity, the development and deployment of the innovative platforms integrating Agro-goods transport services with e-commerce and e-payment systems are still challenging in developing countries. Some noted challenges include the high cost of infrastructure, implementation complexities, technology, and policy issues. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework for integrating ITS services in agro-goods e-commerce, taking advantage of mobile device functionalities and their massive usage in developing countries. The framework components identified and discussed are Stakeholders and roles, User Services, Mobile Operations, Computing environment with Machine Learning support, Service goals and Information view, and Enabling Factors. A Design Science Research (DSR) method is applied to produce a framework as an artifact using a six-step model. Also, a case study of potato sales and transportation from the Njombe region to Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania is presented. The framework constructs the ability to improve information quality shared among stakeholders; provide a cost-effective and efficient approach for buying, selling, payment, and transportation of Agriculture goods.

An ion transport switch based on light-responsive conformation-dependent G-quadruplex transmembrane channels.

A light-responsive ion transport switch has been developed based on conformation-dependent azobenzene-incorporated lipophilic G-quadruplex channels, which provides a new smart approach for the selective transport of K+ ions across the lipid membrane.

Model-free price bounds under dynamic option trading

In this paper we extend discrete time semi-static trading strategies by also allowing for dynamic trading in a finite amount of options, and we study the consequences for the model-independent super-replication prices of exotic derivatives. These include duality results as well as a precise characterization of pricing rules for the dynamically tradable options triggering an improvement of the price bounds for exotic derivatives in comparison with the conventional price bounds obtained through the martingale optimal transport approach.

VERIFICATION OF THE DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT SOLVERS WITHIN DIF3D FOR 3D HEXAGONAL GEOMETRIES

The DIF3D code (DIFfusion 3D) has been a workhorse of fast reactor analysis work at Argonne National Laboratory for over 40 years. DIF3D was primarily built in the late 1970s as a three-dimensional multigroup diffusion equation solver operating on semi-structured grid geometries. In the mid-1990s, transport capabilities needed for high-leakage reactor configurations were added to DIF3D with the variational anisotropic nodal transport approach. Recent reactor design activities at Argonne are requiring that a thorough verification of the Argonne Reactor Computation (ARC) codes be performed. With DIF3D being central to the entire ARC system, the verification efforts are focused on the 3D Cartesian, 3D triangular, and 3D hexagonal core geometry options of DIF3D. Validation activities, while needed for the ongoing design activities at Argonne, are handled at a project-specific level. This paper summarizes the verification work so far on the forward and adjoint forms of the fixed source, inhomogeneous fixed source, and k-eigenvalue steady state transport and diffusion equations as implemented specifically for 3D triangular and hexagonal geometries in DIF3D. Since analytic solutions of the neutron diffusion and transport equations are either limited in scope or not possible, this verification required multiple tiers of problems unique to each solver and geometry type, each testing features independent and complementary arguments for why this separate testing of functionalities is acceptable. This separate testing was also supplemented with a high-level integral check of each the diffusion and transport capabilities and applicable geometries.

SOME EXAMPLES OF NUMERICAL MODELING OF NON-STEADY LIQUID FLOWS IN SIMPLE AND BRANCHED PIPELINES

In this paper we suggest to develop the theoretical approach and numerical modeling for non-steady turbulent transport of liquid flows in simple and branched pipelines. The basic problems for non-steady flows, such as starting and stopping of hydraulic pipeline systems, hydraulic impact and other were studied. Some concrete numerical algorithms for simulation of such kind of non-steady flows were also proposed in this paper.

Shrewd vehicle framework model with a streamlined informed approach for green transportation in smart cities

Infrastructure is essential for the activity of a smart city in lighting framework, water conveyance system, smart monitoring infrastructure, and so on. Presently the transport framework is set at the task of such smart city by making smooth portability of the individuals and products, particularly with the probability of managing traffic clog, giving up-dated information and in time data from the open transportation client, creating green methods for transportation (bicycle and vehicle sharing for example), and so on. This paper is highly engaged in keeping up the shrewd vehicle framework model with a streamlined informed approach, which has been planned and created depending on the Smart City segment. This smart model vehicle framework has added to the structure and planning for a smart city by making it increasingly important with a superior utilization of offices, less noisy, free of accidents, progressively conscious of condition with web organized analysis for utilizing data from the clients for adjusting the transportation administrations. Further, the ability to serve the client by giving it to them with open transportation and increasingly interconnected stations moves towards urban areas inside the city.