Transport Approach Research Articles

Investigating institutional barriers and opportunities to an integrated approach for transport and spatial development: Mega urban transport development in a rapidly developing city, Seoul

ABSTRACT In response to rapid growth, megacities make large investments in mega urban transport projects. To ensure positive social outcomes, e.g., accessibility for all, an integrated approach to transport and spatial development is needed. This paper identifies the institutional barriers and opportunities to using an integrated approach, using Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (IAD). We investigated a metro (subway) project in Seoul, South Korea, a rapidly-growing metropolis that has established an extensive transport network. Our analysis revealed that various rules have led to imbalances between transport and spatial planning, contributing to undesirable outcomes. Incongruence in scope between transport and spatial development, a lack of clear procedures for integrated planning, and institutional ambiguity regarding the responsibilities of the various actors affected social outcomes. We conclude that achieving desired social outcomes from mega urban transport projects requires institutional harmonization across sectors and levels, and local capacity to operationalize an integrated approach.

Active Transport Network Design Based on Transit-Oriented Development and Complete Street Approach: Finding the Potential in Qazvin

Today, automobile dependency constantly causes traffic congestion, delays, reduced access, increased fuel and energy consumption, and environmental emissions. Automobile dependency has caused many direct and indirect transportation problems that may influence our life. Urban planners and transportation engineers seek to improve transport networks considering social issues. One of the most successful solutions for advocating sustainable transport is transit-oriented development (TOD). Another solution that planners encourage to use is designing the roadways based on a complete street approach, which is a system that provides safe, convenient, and comfortable travel and increases accessibility for users of all ages regardless of their transport modes. The present study employed the saturated roads that have heavy traffic most of the time and public transport e-ticket data to investigate the potential complete streets in Qazvin. An online questionnaire was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on the TOD and the complete street framework to investigate the essential criteria for redesigning the network based on the active transport approach. Thus, after analyzing the six criteria (density, diversity, distance, accessibility, demand management, and design) and eight sub-criteria (pedestrian flow, pedestrian density, connectivity, safety, bike route, bus route, road width, and urban tree canopy index), the proposed active transport network emerged and results show that five high priority streets were identified to be considered as a solution.

Comparison of Electrolyte Transport Modelling in Lithium-ion Batteries: Concentrated Solution Theory Vs Generalized Nernst-Planck Model

Mathematical modelling is widely used to provide insights into lithium-ion battery operation, mainly by using Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) porous electrode theory. A key aspect of thermo-electrochemical models is the description of electrolyte transport phenomena and their implications on thermal effects, which are the subject of this study. We show that the so-called generalized Poisson-Nernst-Planck approach (here re-named generalized Nernst-Planck, gNP) for electrolyte transport is equivalent to DFN concentrated solution theory only if the electrolyte thermodynamic factor obeys a specific gNP expression as a function of three electrolyte parameters. However, such an expression does not capture accurately the experimental dependence of the thermodynamic factor for concentrations lower than 0.5 mol l−1 or higher than 1.5 mol l−1 in a common LiPF6-based electrolyte, causing discrepancies between model predictions. The deviation between simulation results of the DFN and gNP models is negligible at low C-rates and ambient temperature. However, as the operative conditions get more challenging as for C-rate > 1 and/or extreme temperatures, detectable deviations are shown in terms of predicted voltage, maximum temperature, and accessible/restored capacity. Furthermore, the electrolyte transport models predict different onsets of lithium plating upon charge, showing moderate deviations in the estimated penetration depth of plating.

A Three-Dimensional Homogenization Approach for Effective Heat Transport in Thin Porous Media

Heat transport through a porous medium depends on the local pore geometry and on the heat conductivities of the solid and the saturating fluid. Through upscaling using formal homogenization, the local pore geometry can be accounted for to derive effective heat conductivities to be used at the Darcy scale. We here consider thin porous media, where not only the local pore geometry plays a role for determining the effective heat conductivity, but also the boundary conditions applied at the top and the bottom of the porous medium. Assuming scale separation and using two-scale asymptotic expansions, we derive cell problems determining the effective heat conductivity, which incorporates also the effect of the boundary conditions. Through solving the cell problems, we show how the local grain shape, and in particular its surface area at the top and bottom boundary, affects the effective heat conductivity through the thin porous medium.

IoT infrastructure for the accident avoidance: an approach of smart transportation

IoT infrastructure for the accident avoidance: an approach of smart transportation

Emerging Technologies for Smart Cities’ Transportation: Geo-Information, Data Analytics and Machine Learning Approaches

With the recent increase in urban drift, which has led to an unprecedented surge in urban population, the smart city (SC) transportation industry faces a myriad of challenges, including the development of efficient strategies to utilize available infrastructures and minimize traffic. There is, therefore, the need to devise efficient transportation strategies to tackle the issues affecting the SC transportation industry. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art for SC transportation techniques and approaches. The paper gives a comprehensive review and discussion with a focus on emerging technologies from several information and data-driven perspectives including (1) geoinformation approaches; (2) data analytics approaches; (3) machine learning approaches; (4) integrated deep learning approaches; (5) artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. The paper contains core discussions on the impacts of geo-information on SC transportation, data-driven transportation and big data technology, machine learning approaches for SC transportation, innovative artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for SC transportation, and recent trends revealed by using integrated deep learning towards SC transportation. This survey paper aimed to give useful insights to researchers regarding the roles that data-driven approaches can be utilized for in smart cities (SCs) and transportation. An objective of this paper was to acquaint researchers with the recent trends and emerging technologies for SC transportation applications, and to give useful insights to researchers on how these technologies can be exploited for SC transportation strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review that examines the impacts of the various five driving technological forces—geoinformation, data-driven and big data technology, machine learning, integrated deep learning, and AI—in the context of SC transportation applications.

DOTA: Deep Learning Optimal Transport Approach to Advance Drug Repositioning for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia, affecting over 5 million people in the United States and incurring a substantial global healthcare cost. Unfortunately, current treatments are only palliative and do not cure AD. There is an urgent need to develop novel anti-AD therapies; however, drug discovery is a time-consuming, expensive, and high-risk process. Drug repositioning, on the other hand, is an attractive approach to identify drugs for AD treatment. Thus, we developed a novel deep learning method called DOTA (Drug repositioning approach using Optimal Transport for Alzheimer’s disease) to repurpose effective FDA-approved drugs for AD. Specifically, DOTA consists of two major autoencoders: (1) a multi-modal autoencoder to integrate heterogeneous drug information and (2) a Wasserstein variational autoencoder to identify effective AD drugs. Using our approach, we predict that antipsychotic drugs with circadian effects, such as quetiapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, suvorexant, brexpiprazole, olanzapine, and trazadone, will have efficacious effects in AD patients. These drugs target important brain receptors involved in memory, learning, and cognition, including serotonin 5-HT2A, dopamine D2, and orexin receptors. In summary, DOTA repositions promising drugs that target important biological pathways and are predicted to improve patient cognition, circadian rhythms, and AD pathogenesis.

A new approach for modeling adsorption kinetics and transport of methane and carbon dioxide in shale

AbstractIn this article, a new approach is proposed to investigate adsorption kinetics and transport of gases in shale. Due to co‐existence of pores with different size in the shale, a set of adsorption processes happened in pores of different sizes are considered. A first‐order multi‐process model is developed, which can perfectly fit the adsorption kinetic data of CH4 and CO2 obtained at different temperatures. The modeling and pore characterization results indicate that an adsorption process happens in micropores/mesopores (<50 nm) and another adsorption process happens in macropores (>50 nm) in the Wufeng shale. Gas diffusion mechanism is dominant in micropores/mesopores, and gas seepage mechanism is dominant in macropores. The effective diffusivity of CO2 is smaller than that of CH4, because the adsorption of large amount of CO2 in the pores hinders its diffusion. The coefficients related to the diffusion and seepage have no obvious trend with temperature.

Review of a Semi-Empirical Modelling Approach for Cohesive Sediment Transport in River Systems

In this paper, a review of a semi-empirical modelling approach for cohesive sediment transport in river systems is presented. The mathematical modelling of cohesive sediment transport is a challenge because of the number of governing parameters controlling the various transport processes involved in cohesive sediment, and hence a semi-empirical approach is a viable option. A semi-empirical model of cohesive sediment called the RIVFLOC model developed by Krishnappan is reviewed and the model parameters that need to be determined using a rotating circular flume are highlighted. The parameters that were determined using a rotating circular flume during the application of the RIVFLOC model to different river systems include the critical shear stress for erosion of the cohesive sediment, critical shear stress for deposition according to the definition of Partheniades, critical shear stress for deposition according to the definition of Krone, the cohesion parameter governing the flocculation of cohesive sediment and a set of empirical parameters that define the density of the floc in terms of the size of the flocs. An examination of the variability of these parameters shows the need for testing site-specific sediments using a rotating circular flume to achieve a reliable prediction of the RIVFLOC model. Application of the model to various river systems has highlighted the need for including the entrapment process in a cohesive sediment transport model.

PorousMultiphaseFoam v2107: An open-source tool for modeling saturated/unsaturated water flows and solute transfers at watershed scale

The first releases of porousMultiphaseFoam proposed an open-source software suite to solve the equations for multiphase flow (generalized Darcy’s law) in porous media or groundwater flows (Richards' equation) by taking advantage of OpenFOAM, a finite volume platform with automatic discretization on three-dimensional unstructured grids and good parallel efficiency. Recently, the porousMultiphaseFoam toolbox has been confronted with complex cases of fast water flows and solute transfers in realistic hydrological configurations with variable forcing conditions (heterogeneous infiltration and local tracer injection). Several developments have been carried out to make it possible to simulate those cases, which extend the toolbox with: (i) a set of solvers dedicated to groundwater flows, including coupled water flow and solute transport and simplified 2D approaches, (ii) improved numerical techniques for problems with strong non-linearities, (iii) libraries/executables for pre-processing of input data (geographical information and time-variable forcing terms) and (iv) passive or coupled scalar transport (tracer) with groundwater solvers that support any number of species. New solvers are validated on several (un-)saturated configurations by a direct comparison with a well validated finite element code. Program summaryProgram title: porousMultiphaseFoam v2107CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/hphn58ksfy.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/phorgue/porousMultiphaseFoam.gitLicensing provisions: GNU GPLv3Programming language: C++ / OpenFOAMJournal reference of previous version: Computer Physics Communications 187 (2015) 217-226Does the new version supersede the previous version?: YesReasons for the new version: Multiple new features of the toolbox dedicated to groundwater flows (with pre-processing tools)Summary of revisions:–Solvers:–groundwaterFoam/stationaryGroundwaterFoam: new unsaturated flow (transient/stationary) solvers in porous media (Richards' equation) using Picard or Newton's method for linearization.–groundwater2DFoam/stationaryGroundwater2DFoam: new 2D (transient/stationary) solver for saturated flow in porous media.–porousScalarTransportFoam/porousScalarTransport2DFoam: new passive multi-scalar transport solvers on pre-computed flow fields (3D unsaturated or 2D saturated fields).–groundwaterTransportFoam/groundwaterTransport2DFoam: new solvers coupling flow modeling (2D saturated or 3D unsaturated) with multi-scalar tracers transports.–Improved numerical techniques–Timestep management: time-stepping is now based on the temporal truncation of the time scheme used (backward Euler 1st and 2nd order, Crank-Nicolson).–Linearization techniques: problems of unsaturated flow with strong non-linearities can now be solved using an algorithm based on Newton's method.–Libraries:–numericalMethods: the EulerD3dt3Scheme class allows computation of the 3rd-order time derivative to estimate the truncation error and the JacobianMatrix class computes the Jacobian using finite differencing (expensive method used only for debugging).–toolsGIS: new dynamic library for managing GIS (Geographical Information System) files and event files. Events are variable and localized source terms for fluid or scalar transport.–Ippisch: an improved two-phase model for relative permeability and capillary pressure.–porousBoundaryConditions: several new boundary conditions have been added to handle heterogeneous pressure head boundary conditions and variable fluid or tracer injections (using event files).–Utilities:–setBoundaryHeadPressure: pressure head initializer for boundary conditions using uniform value of GIS files.–setFieldsFromDEM/setFieldsFromXY: heterogeneous initializer for internal fields, similar to the classical OpenFOAM setFields, but using ordered (DEM) or unordered (XY) grid files.–darcyFoam: simple utility to calculate a single-phase flow in porous media.Nature of problem: The porousMultiphaseFoam toolbox was initially released with generic two-phase solvers for flow in porous media. Developments were carried out to model more specifically hydrogeological flows by including a groundwaterFoam solver for Richards' equation. However, many features required to simulate realistic configurations, such as event management for variable and heterogeneous forcing terms (infiltration / scalar source term) or suitable numerical techniques for complex configurations (high rate injection for unsaturated flow for example), were still missing. Moreover, the 2D approach with integration of vertical properties (for flow and tracer) was not present even though this is an indispensable tool for groundwater flow modeling due to its ease of implementation and its low computation cost.Solution method: Improved numerical techniques have been developed to solve realistic flows by handling strong non-linearities with Newton's method, and a wide range of time scales with time-stepping based on time truncation errors. Various solvers for groundwater flows have been developed to handle cases under different assumptions, including the aforementioned 2D approaches. Variants of these solvers were also developed to simultaneously solve the passive transport of any number of scalars (tracers) by the flow. A dynamic library has been developed to pre-process input data: event information for variable conditions, GIS file for spatial information.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: porousMultiphaseFoam v2107 requires an installation of OpenFOAM-v9. Dedicated branches are available on the developer's repository for compatibility with other versions of OpenFOAM. The following versions are compatible with the current version of porousMultiphaseFoam: v7, v8, v1906, v2006 and v2106. Older branches may be found in the repository link but do not contain all features.

Directed flow of D mesons at RHIC and LHC energy within a transport approach: non-perturbative dynamics, vorticity and electromagnetic fields

We study the propagation of charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) by means a relativistic Boltzmann transport (RBT) approach coupled to electromagnetic field. The interplay between these fields is responsible to generate large rapidity odd directed flow v1 of D mesons and for a large splitting of directed flow Δv1 between neutral D and anti-D mesons. We show that the large v1 is generated by the longitudinal asymmetry between the bulk matter and the charm quarks and by a large non-perturbative interaction in the QGP medium.

Hadron production within a full transport approach with statistical hadronization mechanism at RHIC and LHC energies

We present for the first time results on final hadron production, with and without strangeness content, in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC and LHC center of mass energies obtained combining a full 3+1D relativistic Boltzmann transport approach with a statistical hadronization mechanism. The non-perturbative interaction between quarks and gluons is described by means of a quasi-particle approach that permits to have an Equation of State close to lattice QCD. The resulting framework naturally includes both shear and bulk viscous effects. The 3+1D full transport evolution is converted to hadrons by mean of a realistic freeze-out hypersurface considering all known hadron resonances and by performing resonance decays. We present results on charged-hadron multiplicity, identified-particle spectra and identified-particle elliptic flow of π, K and p produced at RHIC and LHC energies for different centralities.

In-medium effects in strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions at (sub-) threshold energies

We study the in-medium effects in strangeness production in heavyion collisions at (sub-)threshold energies based on the microscopic Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach. The in-medium modifications of the antikaon properties are described via the self-consistent coupledchannel unitarized scheme based on a SU(3) chiral Lagrangian while the inmedium modification of kaons are accounted via the kaon-nuclear potential, which is assumed to be proportional to the local baryon density. We find that the modifications of (anti)kaon properties in nuclear matter are necessary to explain the experimental data in heavy-ion collisions.

ϕ meson properties in nuclear matter from dilepton spectra in a transport approach

The current status of research related to the behavior of the ϕ meson in nuclear matter is reviewed. First, recent theoretical works based of QCD sum rules and effective theory approaches are discussed. Next, preliminary results of transport simulations of pA reactions, with the goal of reproducing the dilepton spectra of the KEK E325 experiment are presented.

Dynamical cluster and hypernuclei production in heavy-ion collisions

We study light cluster and hypernuclei production in heavy-ion collisions from SIS to RHIC energies based on the n-body dynamical transport approach PHQMD (Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular-Dynamics). In PHQMD clusters are formed dynamically due to the interactions between baryons described on the basis of Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) which allows to propagate the n-body Wigner density and n-body correlations in phase-space, which is essential for the cluster formation. The clusters are identified by the MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) or the SACA (‘Simulated Annealing Cluster Algorithm’) algorithm which finds the most-bound configuration of nucleons and clusters. Collisions among hadrons as well as Quark-Gluon-Plasma formation and parton dynamics in PHQMD are treated in the same way as in the PHSD (Parton-Hadron-String-Dynamics) transport approach. We study the time evolution of the cluster formation in the expanding medium and the stability of the clusters. We present a comparison of the PHQMD results for d, 3He as well as for the hypernuclei with experimental data.

Agile Approaches for Cybersecurity Systems, IoT and Intelligent Transportation

To adapt to the rapidly increasing vulnerabilities in software products and cyber threats that exploit them, security professionals are actively working with software developers to produce more secure systems. In software development, agile methods are increasingly adopted in critical software projects where security risks are prominent challenges. This adoption stems from the fact that agile methods are highly iterative and support delivering services and products in smaller batches which allows security professionals to seamlessly integrate software development security activities with agile methodologies. In addition, the iterative nature of agile software development encourages frequent inspections, tests, and patching of software systems to mitigate cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities. Considering the massive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) products, the challenge of software development while addressing the security and safety concerns of these devices will continue to increase. This paper presents a comprehensive and detailed review of agile software development in the context of IoT, ITS, and their cybersecurity and risk challenges. Furthermore, we provide a systematic comparison of the reviewed literature based on a set of defined criteria. Finally, we provide a broader outlook and an outline for designing future security-enhanced agile software development solutions for IoT and ITS systems.

A Multi-Phase Closed Pipelines Simulation Approach for Transportation of Heavy Oil with Openfoam in HPC

Transportation of heavy crude oil through closed pipelines is a challenging issue both in offshore and in land oil transportation. The scope of the present paper deals with the computational modelling of two phase extra heavy crude oil & water flow in OpenFOAM. In order to validate the flow model the pressure variation along the length of the channel are investigated, which shows the typical plot of two roughly constant pressure lines at different levels connected by a sharp change of pressure at the interface of two fluids. The validated flow model, aims at optimizing the kinematic viscosity of the multiphase flow, by regulating the flow velocity of the components, such that there is minimum viscous heat loss and hence minimum pump power consumption from the horizontal centrifugal pumping system. Using the OpenFOAM(Open Source Field Operation & Manipulation) software, which is free opensource software, developed in 2004, under GNU general public license, paraview has been used here as post processing tool. Multiphase flow simulation is done using the k-ɛ turbulence model in HPC of kanchenjungha cluster, NIT Sikkim, India.

A Systematic Review on Transportation Approaches of Fish Larvae and Broods

A Systematic Review on Transportation Approaches of Fish Larvae and Broods

Charm and Bottom quarks dynamics in heavy-ion collisions: RAA, anisotropic flows vn and their correlations to the bulk

We describe the propagation of heavy quarks (HQs), charm and bottom, in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) by means of a full Boltzmann transport approach including event-by-event fluctuations within a coalescence plus fragmentation hadronization. The non-perturbative dynamics of the interaction between HQs and plasma particles have been taken into account through a Quasi-Particle Model (QPM). We show that the resulting charm in-medium evolution is able to correctly predict simultaneously not only the experimental data for the average D-mesons RAA(pT) and v2,3(pT) at LHC energies but also the extension of the analysis to the event-shape engineeering tecnique that classify events according to magnitude of the second-order harmonic reduced flow vector q2. In the same scheme we show predictions for RAA(pT) of electrons from semi-leptonic B-mesons decays at top LHC energies. Our results entail a determination of Ds which is consistent with the lattice QCD calculations.

Integrated maintenance planning approach to optimize budget allocation for subway operating systems

Millions of citizens worldwide heavily rely on subways as their main public transportation approach. However, public transit infrastructures are generally facing extensive deterioration that requires extensive funds by governments to retain back the desired performance levels. The real case is that most governments are heavily facing a budget scarcity dilemma, and cannot withstand the acquired maintenance costs to maintain a proper operation for subway network. This research aims at introducing a new risk-based multi-objective optimization framework for optimizing performance and budget allocation among subway systems in fulfillment to maintenance planning development in this domain. This would extensively ease the decision-making process for subway asset managers by providing the optimal allocated budget for each subway system in an automated way. The framework targets the vital subway operating systems, namely: railway tracks, overhead catenary, lighting & power supply, centralized control, communication, signaling, rolling stock, and ticketing. The research framework develops four main modules; Reliability Centered Maintenance Database, Deterioration Modelling, Multi-objective Optimization, and Decision-Making. Reliability Centered Maintenance Database where subway operating systems are decomposed to components levels showing their functions, operational failures, failure causes, failure effects, failure consequences, responsive maintenance actions, and the hourly maintenance costs. Deterioration Modeling using deterministic and artificial intelligence models to estimate future conditions of subway components. Multi-objective optimization, and decision-making are developed to decide the optimal maintenance frequencies that derive lowest maintenance costs and lowest risk of failure for each functional failure. An actual case-study is worked out to verify the proposed framework. The results reveal the greatest share of the maintenance budget was allocated to lighting & power supply rectifier station with a 54% of the total maintenance budget, followed by rolling stock system with 32%, railway tracks system with 7%, signaling system with 3%, and approximately 1% for each of the remaining systems.