Applied Physics Laboratory Research Articles

Wave energy converter power take-off characterization: comparing dynamometer and field data

Through dynamometer testing of a wave energy converter’s (WEC’s) power take-off system (PTO), we characterize friction and establish a relationship between shaft speed and torque. This characterization is conducted through oscillation of the shaft with a velocity-controlled motor, yielding some key differences between lab tests and response of the system in the field. In this work, we develop an understanding of these differences, provide both linear and nonlinear representations of the PTO that can be used in hydrodynamic modeling, and assess how accurately these representations are reflected in data collected in the field. 
 
 The WEC used in this testing is the TigerRAY, built by CPower as part of a WEC-UUV (uncrewed underwater vehicle) system funded by the Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command. The full device is a two-body point absorber with a subsurface heave plate that acts to hydrodynamically stabilize the system and serves as a docking and charging station for the UUV. The system is undergoing its second year of development and testing, which includes both at-sea trials and shore-side dynamometer experiments at the University of Washington Applied Physics Lab. The dynamometer system records torque at the WEC drive shaft, as well as motor shaft speed. Data acquisition on board the WEC simultaneously records key generator information, such as current, voltage, and angular shaft position. 
 
 Through comparison of lab and field data, we draw conclusions about the limits of a velocity-controlled dynamometer. Since this control scheme allows near-instantaneous changes in applied torque, it pushes the WEC through electrical system-induced torque spikes more quickly than is possible in the field. Reduction in the control gains of the dynamometer smooths the applied torque curve at the expense of added noise in the velocity profile. We weigh these tradeoffs using data obtained from field testing of the device in a real wave field. Additionally, we identify key characteristics in the dynamometer data and how they impact device performance in the field. Finally, we make recommendations about how to move forward with future dynamometer testing given these lessons learned.

Abstracts of the 2023 49th Annual NATAS Conference.

We are pleased to announce that the 49th annual meeting of NATAS cwill be held in Rockville, MD, a beautiful city that is part of the Washington D.C. National Capital Area, on the DC metro system (allowing easy access to Washington museums and sites), and close to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Army Research Laboratory (ARL), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL), Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Georgetown University, George Washington University, George Mason University, and the University of Maryland. The North American Thermal Analysis Society is a venerable organization that offers scientists and practitioners the opportunity to explore the frontiers of thermal analysis, rheology, and materials characterization. The NATAS meeting always features new developments in the science of thermal analysis as well as applications of these techniques in a wide variety of fields. The meeting includes exhibits from vendors allowing for personalized attention and connecting with providers of instrumentation and software related to thermal analysis. The Society appreciates the financial support of the following contributing sponsors this year: NIST, Mettler-Toledo, TA Instruments, SETARAM, Anton Paar USA, MDPI AG, TAFDV, and QΔT Lab. Exhibitors include AKTS SA, Anton Paar USA, Mettler-Toledo, McCrone Microscopes & Accessories, NETZSCH Instruments North America, TA Instruments, and Thermtest, Inc.

Becoming a Strategy-Driven Technology Organization—A Case Study

The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), a prominent national laboratory, developed an integrated, systems approach to strategy. The approach has resulted in a vision and strategy framework that is built for the long term and has proven itself in execution during a turbulent decade marked by changing national security priorities, economic uncertainty, and transformative technological advances in areas such as artificial intelligence, hypersonics, and cyber. This case study demonstrates how articulating a bold vision and strategy, coupled with an innovative and lasting implementation plan, enabled APL to achieve a new level of national impact by becoming truly and overtly strategy driven. It did so by introducing, in stages, a system composed of six strategic planning methods that are often implemented separately or partially: a classic vision framework; a one-page strategy articulation adapted from industry; a continuous decision-making process; a strict alignment of resources to strategic priorities; regular accountability reviews; and a genuine engagement of the entire staff in fostering innovation aligned with the vision and strategy. The case study narrative includes expository descriptions of each system element and hard-won lessons learned during implementation. This can give the practitioner confidence that vision and strategy need not end up sitting on the shelf, but rather can be successfully applied to drive the organization forward through turbulent times.

The NASA space weather science and observation gap analysis

This document summarizes the results of a science and measurement gap analysis performed by space weather experts from academia, the commercial sector, and the space weather operational and end-user community under a NASA task order to the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). The analysis informs on how measurements from NASA observatories will advance forecasting, nowcasting, and hindcasting (collectively referred to as “*-casting”) capabilities by focusing on two tasks: (1) assess the current state of NASA’s observational capability to address the science of space weather (SWx) and improve accuracy of predictive forecasting models and (2) identify high-priority measurements critical to improved fore(now)-casting that are either at risk or currently unavailable. The paper describes the gap analysis assumptions, scope, process, and summarizes its output and findings most relevant to the International Space Weather Action Teams (ISWAT) effort.

AI climate tipping‐point discovery (ACTD)

AI climate tipping‐point discovery (ACTD)

Early ocean ambient sound monitoring, precursor to soundscapes today, influenced by J. Nystuen

In the early 1990s, as the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) program was starting, simple statistics of ocean ambient sound were unknown. For instance, what fraction of time does the sound level at some frequency exceed a certain value? When the Cold War ended, US Navy SOSUS arrays became available for “dual use” science. At the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, we began to collect ambient sound data in 1994 from Navy arrays in the Pacific. Initial data spanning 2 years were presented by Curtis et al. [JASA (1999)]. Data and corresponding analyses were separated according to process, i.e., shipping, marine mammals, and wind, as well as for the total. This monitoring effort continued for nearly two decades as reported by Andrew et al. [JASA (2011)], with other collaborators involved (Metzger and Mercer). Throughout, J. Nystuen was always providing guidance and advice in the data analysis and interpretation of the ambient sound data, in fact influencing the first author as graduate students together. We review these early results and connect them to present day understanding and data collection efforts that reflect the status of Ocean Sound as an Essential Ocean Variable of the Global Ocean Observing System.

Design and fabrication of an acoustic tweezer system for kidney stone manipulation

Acoustic radiation forces can surround and trap objects to manipulate them in three dimensions. It has been demonstrated that the radiation forces can maneuver solid heavy objects similar to kidney stones in live animals under safe acoustic exposure levels. However, initial experiments identified limitations on the steering range of objects because of the array design, and tissue aberrations. Here, we present a method to design an in-house 256 multi-element array to improve the steering range of 2–5 mm stones. We modeled the acoustic field for various geometrical parameters including the element size, transducer focusing, and F-number at a frequency range from 0.5 to 1 MHz. The parameters were then used to simulate the trapping radiation forces on stone models to finalize the design of the array. The array was fabricated with a center frequency of 950 kHz and a focal distance located at 120 mm and an F-number of 1.5. A holography scan was performed to characterize the transducer output. Various trapping beams were measured and compared to simulations. The resulting radiation forces produced were on the order of the weight of the trapped 2-5 mm stone models. [Work supported by NIH P01-DK043881, K25-132416, and Applied Physics Laboratory SEED fellowship.]

Observed correlations between the sediment grain size and the high-frequency backscattering strength.

In March 2019, Teledyne RESON and the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington conducted surveys with a calibrated multibeam echosounder at ten sites in Sequim Bay, a shallow sheltered bay in Washington State, USA. For each site, the mean grain size was obtained from a diver core sample, and estimates of the backscattering strength at frequencies ranging between 200 and 350 kHz were calculated. The correlation between the backscattering strength and the normalized grain size have been investigated for the grazing angles 45° and 75°. For 45°, a correlation consistent with previous results has been found. It demonstrates the potential for simple seabed classification.

The magnetosphere-ionosphere observatory (MIO) mission concept

MIO (Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Observatory) is designed to definitively fix a cause-and-effect problem: In the nightside magnetosphere-ionosphere system we don’t know what is connected to what. The MIO mission concept is to operate a powerful 1-MeV electron accelerator on a main spacecraft in the equatorial nightside magnetosphere: the electron beam is directed into the atmospheric loss cone to deposit ionizing electrons in the atmosphere sufficient to optically illuminate the magnetic footpoint of the spacecraft while 4 nearby daughter spacecraft make equatorial magnetospheric measurements. A network of ground-based optical imagers across Alaska and Canada will locate the optical beamspot thereby unambiguously establishing the magnetic connection between equatorial magnetospheric measurements and ionospheric phenomena. Critical gradient measurements will be made to discern magnetospheric field-aligned-current generator mechanisms. This enables the magnetospheric drivers of various aurora, ionospheric phenomena, and field-aligned currents to be determined. In support of the Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2022 Decadal Survey, an experienced team of engineers and scientists at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) have developed a NASA HMCS (Heliospheric Mission Concept Study) mission concept that can achieve the science objectives. The mission concept presented here is the result of trade studies that optimized the mission with regard to factors such as science objectives, concept study requirements, space environment, engineering constraints, and risk. This Methods paper presents an overview of the MIO concept.

Reflections on Lisa Zurk as an Educator

Lisa Zurk was my advisor and mentor through both my masters and doctoral degree programs. I had the pleasure of working with her beginning in 2008; first as her graduate student, then in my subsequent professional career while she was a program manager in the Strategic Technology Office at DARPA. I consider myself extremely fortunate to have been part of the Northwest Electromagnetics and Acoustics Research Laboratory (NEAR-Lab), which she founded at Portland State University in 2005. Under her guidance and leadership, the group became a diverse community of tight-knit students, faculty, and other researchers; united in our passion for research in terahertz imaging and spectroscopy, underwater acoustics, and physics-based signal processing. My experience there, and that of my fellow students, paved the way for our future careers in science and engineering in industry, academia, and everywhere in between. Today, NEAR-Lab alumni can be found at top tech companies such as Apple, Boeing, Intel, Tektronix, and Metron; nationally-renowned research organizations like The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and even internationally at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, and JASCO Applied Sciences. The success of her students speaks volumes about her impact on the generation of innovators that followed her. This talk will reflect on Dr. Zurk as an educator and will present some of the work she coauthored and published with her students.

PELS Day Closing Celebration Announces Contest Winners

This year marks the 35th anniversary of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IEEE Power Electronics Society</i> (PELS) and PELS Day was celebrated on 20 June with much enthusiasm across the world. PELS chapters and student branch chapters and other groups worldwide organized events, lectures, workshops, industry visits, and social events to commemorate the occasion. In addition, on 26 July, PELS executives organized a virtual closing ceremony hosted by Young Professional (YP) Committee Member Dr. Joseph Kozak, a senior electrical engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA.

Interstellar Probe: Humanity's exploration of the Galaxy Begins

During the course of its evolution, our Sun and its protective magnetic bubble have plowed through dramatically different interstellar environments throughout the galaxy. The vast range of conditions of interstellar plasma, gas, dust and high-energy cosmic rays on this “solar journey” have helped shape the solar system that we live in. Today, our protective bubble, or Heliosphere, is likely about to enter a completely new regime of interstellar space that will, yet again, change the entire heliospheric interaction and how it shields us from the interstellar environment. Interstellar Probe is a mission concept to explore the mechanisms shaping our heliosphere and represents the first step beyond our home, into the interstellar cloud to understand the evolutionary journey of our Sun, Heliosphere and Solar System. The idea of an Interstellar Probe dates back to the 1960's, when also the ideas of a probe to the Sun and its poles were formed. An international team of scientists and a team of engineers at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) are funded by NASA to study pragmatic mission concepts that would make a launch in the 2030's a reality. The ground breaking science enabled by such a mission spans not only the discipline of Solar and Space Physics, but also Planetary Sciences and Astrophysics. Detailed analyses including the upcoming SLS Block 2 and powerful stages demonstrate that asymptotic speeds around 7 Astronomical Units (au) per Year are already possible with a Jupiter Gravity Assist. Here, we give an overview of the science discoveries that await along the journey, including the physics of the heliospheric boundary and interstellar medium, the potential for exploration of Kuiper Belt Objects, the circum-solar dust disk and the extra-galactic background light. The scientific rationale, investigations and implementation of an Interstellar Probe are discussed including also example payload, trajectory design and operations.

Qualification of Membrane Filtration for Planetary Protection Flight Implementation.

Planetary protection is the practice of preventing forward and backward contamination of solar system bodies. Spacecraft and associated surfaces are sampled to ensure compliance with bioburden requirements. Current planetary protection sampling and processing methodologies consist of extracting microbial cells from wipe or swab samples through a procedure (NASA Standard Assay) that includes sonication, heat shock, and pour-plate steps. The pour-plate steps are laborious and prolonged. Moreover, results can be imprecise because only a fraction of the sample fluid is plated for CFU enumeration (80% for swabs and 25% for wipes). Thus, analysis requires that a pour fraction extrapolation factor be applied to CFU counts to account for bioburden in the remaining sample volume that is not plated. This extrapolation results in large variances for data, decreasing the accuracy of spore bioburden estimation of spacecraft hardware. In this study, we investigated the use of membrane filtration as an alternative method to pour-plate processing. Membrane filtration is an appealing methodology for planetary protection because it can process greater sample volumes and reduces the data variance for bioburden enumeration. A pour fraction extrapolation factor is still applied for both swabs and wipes (92%), however, it is a greater pour fraction than the pour-plate method. Here we present data collected by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Applied Physics Laboratory to experimentally determine the equivalency of membrane filtration to pour-plate methodology for implementation during the NASA Standard Assay. Additionally, we outline the planned procedures for two membrane filtration systems: Pall® Laboratory Manifold system and Milliflex® Plus Vacuum Pump System. Both systems demonstrated equivalence of the membrane filtration method to the pour-plate method.

Interstellar probe – Destination: Universe!

The idea of an “Outer solar system probe: to be aimed away from the Sun in the plane of the ecliptic” dates from a report of the “Simpson Committee” of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences in March of 1960. After many studies and name changes, what is now known as “Interstellar Probe” has matured as a concept for making new discoveries that can be made in no other way, by going places yet to be explored. The central technical question has always been propulsion with “near-future” capabilities taken as the backdrop for defining the mission requirements. However, the real issue has always been to unite compelling science with engineering and technical reality. With that perspective in mind the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has been tasked by the NASA Heliophysics Division to (re-)study the mission and provide a Technical Report to be delivered late 2021 for input to next Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey. This “pragmatic Interstellar Probe” of the study is a mission through the outer heliosphere and to the nearby “Very Local” interstellar medium (VLISM), uses today's technology to take the first explicit step on the path of interstellar exploration, and can pave the way, scientifically, technically, and programmatically for more ambitious future journeys (and more ambitious science goals). To enforce these goals broadly-based engineering requirements include (1) readiness to launch no later than January 1, 2030; (2) capability to transmit useful scientific data from 1000 au; (3) powered by no more than 600 W (electric) at the beginning of the mission and no more than half of that at mission's end; and, (4) lifetime of no less than 50 years. To travel as far and as fast as possible with available technology, the use of the Space Launch System Block 2 (SLS B2) cargo version is enabling: carrying the spacecraft as well as a 3rd and 4th stage, solar system escape speeds of at least twice that of Voyager 1 (i.e., up to 7.2 au/yr) should be possible. We provide a top-level summary of work accomplished to date, focusing on how the science goals drive and are affected by telecommunication options, guidance and control requirements, trajectory options, and the baseline system architecture and approach.“It isn't about where we are going. It's about the journey out there."

Preface

Preface of the 5th International Conference on Applied Physics, Simulation and Computing (APSAC 2021), Salerno, Italy, September 3-5, 2021 The 5th International Conference on Applied Physics, Simulation and Computing (APSAC 2021) was held online from September 3rd to September 5th, 2021 for safety reasons that are related to the sanitary emergency conditions that every country has taken in order to fight against coronavirus and for the preservation of the public health.Virtual conference rooms were arranged, on the Microsoft Teams platform, in which participants could attend live or recorded presentations, interacting with questions and answers.In line with the tradition of this conference, several professors, researchers, scholars and students shared their latest research results on the topics of the conference.The direction of the event was at the University of Salerno. The Applied Physics Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, was the headquarter of the local organizing committee, that handled the schedule of the presentations and chaired the sessions. The conference program included regular and special sessions divided by topics in order to increase the quality of the discussions.In addition, the conference hosted two reputable events, the 2nd International Workshop on “MOdelling, SImulation and DAta Analysis in Engineering and Physics Applications” (MOSIDA21) and the 2nd edition of the International Symposium on “Sustainable Construction” (SustaCon21).There were more than 100 participants, considering lecturers, presenters, co-authors and attendants, coming from many academic and scientific institutions from all over the world. The range of topics increased, bringing this year novelties and new researches in the focus of the events.List of Organizing Committee, International Program Committee are available in this pdf.

Soundscape around the Dongsha reef atoll at the northern South China Sea

The Dongsha reef atoll is on the direct path of trans-basin large internal solitary waves (ISWs) at the northern South China Sea. The ISWs bring nutrient-rich bottom water to the surface enriching marine life around the atoll. This is an important ecosystem for the ambient noise study to categorize the source of underwater sound and general soundscape. Four Passive Miniature Acoustic Recorders (PMARs) developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington were deployed in 2018 and 2019 within and near the outer bank of reef ring at the depth of ∼10 m. The PMARs collected the ambient noise from 100 to 50 kHz about 2–3 months each year. There are clear diurnal signals in pre-dawn and dusk periods with a peak frequency at 10 kHz. The noise level is about ∼5 dB higher than the background noise. The outer reef has a higher noise level (∼8 dB) than the inner reef due to stronger biological activities. In general, biological noise is the dominant source in this reef ecosystem, yet during the typhoon Mangkhut the wind noise is much higher at the lower frequency (below 3 kHz) and the near-surface bubbles layer generated during the typhoon inhibited the sound transmission which causes the lower noise level above 5 kHz.

COVID-19-Related School Closures and Learning Modality Changes - United States, August 1-September 17, 2021.

Beginning in January 2021, the U.S. government prioritized ensuring continuity of learning for all students during the COVID-19 pandemic (1). To estimate the extent of COVID-19-associated school disruptions, CDC and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory used a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (2) statistical approach to estimate the most likely actual learning modality based on patterns observed in past data, accounting for conflicting or missing information and systematic Internet searches (3) for COVID-19-related school closures. This information was used to assess how many U.S. schools were open, and in which learning modalities, during August 1-September 17, 2021. Learning modalities included 1) full in-person learning, 2) a hybrid of in-person and remote learning, and 3) full remote learning.

Determination of the elemental composition of an air filter loaded with urban dust (PTXRFIAEA14) by means of the XRF technique

A laboratory must introduce and apply an appropriate program relating to the process of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) to produce reliable measurements. This is best done by ensuring that the method is validated for the intended purpose of analysis. The method must be well documented, the personnel well trained, and the control mechanism must be presented to ensure that the procedure is under statistical control. This paper discusses the participation of the Fundamental and Applied Physics Laboratory in the PTXRFIAEA14 proficiency test organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency laboratories and the use of established analytical procedures for the determination of chemical element concentrations in an urban dust loaded on air filters by the XRF technique. The submitted results were processed, grouped with respect to analytes/laboratories, and compared to the assigned and consensus values of the analyte. The z‐score, u‐score, relative bias, and Standard Deviation Index (SDI) values were calculated according to the QA/QC procedure. The bowtie approach to present the overall concept, the failure‐effect tree to identify the causes of bias and their consequences on the measurement results, and the criticality matrix to assess the performance of a laboratory were introduced for the first time.

Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE): Overview, Components, and Public Health Applications.

BackgroundThe Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE) is a secure web-based tool that enables health care practitioners to monitor health indicators of public health importance for the detection and tracking of disease outbreaks, consequences of severe weather, and other events of concern. The ESSENCE concept began in an internally funded project at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, advanced with funding from the State of Maryland, and broadened in 1999 as a collaboration with the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research. Versions of the system have been further developed by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in multiple military and civilian programs for the timely detection and tracking of health threats.ObjectiveThis study aims to describe the components and development of a biosurveillance system increasingly coordinating all-hazards health surveillance and infectious disease monitoring among large and small health departments, to list the key features and lessons learned in the growth of this system, and to describe the range of initiatives and accomplishments of local epidemiologists using it.MethodsThe features of ESSENCE include spatial and temporal statistical alerting, custom querying, user-defined alert notifications, geographical mapping, remote data capture, and event communications. To expedite visualization, configurable and interactive modes of data stratification and filtering, graphical and tabular customization, user preference management, and sharing features allow users to query data and view geographic representations, time series and data details pages, and reports. These features allow ESSENCE users to gather and organize the resulting wealth of information into a coherent view of population health status and communicate findings among users.ResultsThe resulting broad utility, applicability, and adaptability of this system led to the adoption of ESSENCE by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, numerous state and local health departments, and the Department of Defense, both nationally and globally. The open-source version of Suite for Automated Global Electronic bioSurveillance is available for global, resource-limited settings. Resourceful users of the US National Syndromic Surveillance Program ESSENCE have applied it to the surveillance of infectious diseases, severe weather and natural disaster events, mass gatherings, chronic diseases and mental health, and injury and substance abuse.ConclusionsWith emerging high-consequence communicable diseases and other health conditions, the continued user requirement–driven enhancements of ESSENCE demonstrate an adaptable disease surveillance capability focused on the everyday needs of public health. The challenge of a live system for widely distributed users with multiple different data sources and high throughput requirements has driven a novel, evolving architecture design.

Northern Indian Ocean blue whale songs recorded off the coast of India

Marine Mammal ScienceVolume 37, Issue 4 p. 1564-1571 NOTE Northern Indian Ocean blue whale songs recorded off the coast of India Divya Panicker, Corresponding Author dpanic@uw.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-6025 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Current address: Wildlife Program, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, India. Correspondence Divya Panicker, 1501 NE Boat Street, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. Email: dpanic@uw.edu Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, ​Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editingSearch for more papers by this authorKathleen M. Stafford, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editingSearch for more papers by this author Divya Panicker, Corresponding Author dpanic@uw.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-6025 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Current address: Wildlife Program, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560065, India. Correspondence Divya Panicker, 1501 NE Boat Street, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. Email: dpanic@uw.edu Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, ​Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editingSearch for more papers by this authorKathleen M. Stafford, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editingSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 May 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12827 [Correction added on 24 May 2021, after first online publication: Divya Panicker Current address have been included] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume37, Issue4October 2021Pages 1564-1571 RelatedInformation