Applied Physics Laboratory Research Articles

AIDA: Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment

AbstractAIDA (Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment) is a project of a joint mission demonstration of asteroid deflection and characterisation of the kinetic impact effects. It involves the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (with support from members of NASA centers including Goddard Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory), and the European Space Agency (with support from members of the french CNRS/Cte dAzur Observatory and the german DLR). This assessment will be done using a binary asteroid target. AIDA consists of two independent but mutually supporting mission concepts, one of which is the asteroid kinetic impactor and the other is the characterisation spacecraft. The objective and status of the project will be presented.

The 2009 Philippine Sea Pilot Study/Engineering Test and the 2010 Philippine Sea Experiment: University of Washington cruises

Investigators at the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory collaborated with scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during the 2009 Philippine Sea Pilot Study/Engineering Test and the 2010 Philippine Sea Experiment. The focus of both efforts was to collect well controlled low-frequency acoustic propagation data and detailed environmental information. The data from these cruises are presently being analyzed in the interests of: horizontal statistics of ocean spice as measured on a towed conductivity-temperature-depth (pressure) chain, fluctuation measures of low-frequency broadband ocean acoustic signals, bottom properties, and associated theoretical developments. This presentation will outline the experimental plans for each year, discuss preliminary analysis results, and provide an introduction for more detailed presentations in the remainder of this session. [Work supported by ONR.]

Toward Electrocorticographic Control of a Dexterous Upper Limb Prosthesis: Building Brain-Machine Interfaces

One of the most exciting and compelling areas of research and development is building brain machine interfaces (BMIs) for controlling prosthetic limbs. Prosthetic limb technology is advancing rapidly, and the modular prosthetic limb (MPL) of the Johns Hopkins University/ Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) permits actuation with 17 degrees of freedom in 26 articulating joints. There are many signals from the brain that can be leveraged, including the spiking rates of neurons in the cortex, electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals from the surface of the cortex, and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from the scalp. Unlike microelectrodes that record spikes, ECoG does not penetrate the cortex and has a higher spatial specificity, signal-to-noise ratio, and bandwidth than EEG signals. We have implemented an ECoG-based system for controlling the MPL in the Johns Hopkins Hospital Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, where patients are implanted with ECoG electrode grids for clinical seizure mapping and asked to perform various recorded finger or grasp movements. We have shown that low-frequency local motor potentials (LMPs) and ECoG power in the high gamma frequency (70,150 Hz) range correlate well with grasping parameters, and they stand out as good candidate features for closed-loop control of the MPL.

2012 ASIST Annual Conference panel session

Track: Track 2: Interaction Better understanding of the relevance to ASIST members of the relationships among archives, knowledge management, libraries, and records management within organizations Proposals for collaborative activity between SIG MGT, SIG KM, and the Information Professional Task Force examining these relationships Topic: This session will explore the common and differential responsibilities among the functions of archives, knowledge management, library management, and records management, as represented by their professional organizations. These professions are often perceived to have distinct responsibilities: libraries for published information, records management for proprietary information, archives for “the non-current records of individuals, groups, institutions, and governments that contain information of enduring value” (using an SAA definition), and knowledge management in its tacit and explicit forms. From this viewpoint, libraries, records management, and archives' responsibilities are not overlapping, and are instead mutually exclusive. Moreover, it suggests that knowledge management supports these activities and even supplies information support not provided by libraries, records management, or archives. The session will examine how representatives of these information functions define them and how these conceptualizations can be applied, both separately and in collaboration with one another, so as to enhance research and practice. How should archives, knowledge management, librarianship, and the management of records be differentially defined? Why does this matter to researchers, to information professionals, or to managers? In light of this, how can SIG MGT, SIG KM, and the Information Professional Task Force coordinate their activities better? Description (180 minutes) This panel session will be moderated by Dr. Bill Edgar, the current chairperson of SIG MGT. The speakers will include guests from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA), the Society of American Archivists (SAA), the Special Libraries Association (from a corporate library), as well as a researcher in knowledge management drawn from ASIST SIG KM membership. Their comments will be synthesized Dr. Julian Warner, a member of SIG HFIS. The speakers will address the Discussion Questions from their own viewpoint as well as that of their professional or scholarly society. Though SIG MGT has been inactive in recent years, it has the potential to be a forum for information professionals and researchers to discuss complex questions spanning multiple information professions and organizational environments. This session has the potential to revive interest in SIG MGT; it also provides an opportunity for ASIST members to advance the agenda of the ASIST Information Professionals Task Force across the information professions. The session will occur across two blocks, each block lasting 90 minutes, with the two separated by a coffee break. During the first 90 minutes, each speaker will discuss his or her thoughts on the Discussion Questions for approximately 12 minutes, ending with Dr. Warner's remarks. The second 90 minutes will be led by Dr. Sandy Hirsh, the current chairperson of the Information Professional Task Force. For the first 60 minutes attendees will split into groups to discuss the speakers' remarks, with the speakers and Dr. Hirsh rotating around the groups to facilitate discussions. Then Dr. Hirsh will lead a session-wide discussion for the final 30 minutes reviewing and integrating attendees comments. Moderator: Dr. Bill Edgar, Missouri State University [ASIST, SIG MGT] Speakers: Mr. Paul M. Wester, Jr., National Archives and Records Administration Mr. Peter Chiomenti, General Conference of Seventh Day Adventists. [ARMA, SAA] Mr. Chad Doran, Applied Physics Lab, John Hopkins University [ARMA] Dr. Sandra Hirsh, San Jose State University, [ASIST Information Professional Task Force] Dr. Julian Warner, Queen's University Belfast [ASIST SIG HFIS] Dr. Heather Day Pfeiffer, New Mexico State University [ASIST SIG KM] Ms. Deanna Hall, President, Corporate Information Resources, Inc.

Restoration of Whole Body Movement: Toward a Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface System

This article highlights recent advances in the design of noninvasive neural interfaces based on the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). The simplest of physical tasks, such as turning the page to read this article, requires an intense burst of brain activity. It happens in milliseconds and requires little conscious thought. But for amputees and stroke victims with diminished motor-sensory skills, this process can be difficult or impossible. Our team at the University of Maryland, in conjunction with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, hopes to offer these people newfound mobility and dexterity. In separate research thrusts, were using data gleaned from scalp EEG to develop reliable brainmachine interface (BMI) systems that could soon control modern devices such as prosthetic limbs or powered robotic exoskeletons.

Comparing vector- and pressure-sensor arrays: The 2009 cooperative array performance experiment

The 2009 cooperative array performance experiment (CAPE'09) was designed to compare performance between vector- and pressure-sensor arrays. The experiment was a joint effort of Chinese and American investigators; both arrays were designed and assembled by the Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute (HAARI), while the source systems and signal processing/recording systems were designed and assembled by Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington (APL-UW). The two arrays, both approximately 7 m in length, were deployed vertically off the stern of the APL-UW's R/V Robertson in Lake Washington, Seattle. Various transmitted signals in the 1.5–4 kHz band were recorded simultaneously on the two arrays at ranges between 10 m and 4 km. The signals included repeated linear frequency-modulated chirps and communications sequences. The pressure- and vector-sensor arrays had 32 and 8 uniformly spaced elements, respectively. Because each element in the vector-sensor array recorded both pressure and the th...

The challenges of designing a lightweight spacecraft structure for landing on the lunar surface

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has been working with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) on a lunar lander design that would take scientific measurements on the surface of the moon. This effort is part of NASA's Robotic Lunar Lander (RLL) Development Project. The requirements imposed on the design of the lander are: (1) Provide a lightweight lander structure to minimize the launch costs and maximize the payload carrying capability, (2) Minimize the lander launch envelope to allow for launching multiple landers on a single launch vehicle, (3) Given specific approach velocities, design a lander with geometric properties (low center-of-gravity, etc.) that maximizes the chances for a controlled landing on the lunar surface, (4) Provide a stable platform for all of the various scientific instruments. The lightweight lander requirement originates from the desire to minimize the launch costs and possibly package multiple landers on a single launch vehicle. The use of lightweight composite materials and advanced manufacturing techniques are employed throughout the design and construction of the structure in order to minimize mass and maximize structural stiffness. Minimizing the launch envelope enables the potential packaging of several spacecraft into one launch vehicle shroud. By having multiple landers, the scientific return is enhanced. Multiple spacecraft on the lunar surface provides independent confirmation of science measurements taken and also highlights any variance in the science data taken at differing lunar latitudes. Naturally, the launch cost per lander is greatly reduced if more than one lander can be packaged on a single launch vehicle. The lunar lander vehicle must arrive at the lunar surface at an upright orientation. In order to accomplish this, the structure geometry must be designed to accommodate attitude errors in roll, pitch and yaw. In addition, the structure must be able to withstand various landing scenarios, which include a wide range of landing velocities, decelerations and attitude rates. The stability requirement is dictated by the nature of the instrument suite. Many of the measurements to be taken on the lunar surface are so sensitive that any mechanical disturbances could potentially corrupt the measured data. Mechanical disturbances such as operating mechanisms, thermal expansion/contraction, deployable booms or other devices must be minimized. It is imperative that all of the structural requirements are met for this mission. Failure to meet any of the numerous challenging requirements could cause the loss of all the scientific objectives.

Controlling Life‐Cycle Costs for Naval Surface Ships

AbstractThe American Society of Naval Engineers and Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers SD‐8 Navy Ships Panel, SD‐4 Arrangements Panel, and SD‐10 Hull Panel, co‐sponsored a workshop at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory on March 30‐31, 2011 to explore three challenging and timely issues facing the Navy acquisition and operations organizations.Working Group One was led by RADM Bill Wyatt (Ret), RADM Bob Traister (Ret), Captain Barry Tibbitts (Ret), and Captain Brian Perkinson (Ret). The objective of this working group was to identify what actions can be taken to control the life‐cycle costs (LCC) of surface ships. Dr. Norbert Doerry, Technical Director Technology Group, Naval Sea Systems Command, led Working Group Two. The objective of this working group was to develop a list of potential obstacles in the design, acquisition, construction, testing, and in‐service support of a surface ship that has strong decoupling of the combat systems from the host ship “truck.” Jason Thomas, chair of the SD‐10 hull form panel, led Working Group Three. The objective of this working group was to explore improvements for conveying the design across the contractual boundary and discuss the flexibility left for the shipbuilder during detail design. This paper summarizes the collective thoughts and recommendations of various participants of this workshop with an emphasis on the LCC issue.

Influence of the energy dissipation rate in the discharge of a plasma synthetic jet actuator

A promising actuator for high-speed flow control, referred to as a plasma synthetic jet (PSJ), is being studied by the DMAE department of the ONERA, and the Laplace laboratory of the CNRS, in France. This actuator was inspired by the ‘sparkjet’ device developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The PSJ, which produces a synthetic jet with high exhaust velocities, no active mechanical components and no mass flow admission, holds the promise of enabling high-speed flows to be manipulated. With this high-velocity jet it is possible to reduce fluid phenomena such as transition and turbulence, thus making it possible to increase an aircraft's performance whilst at the same time reducing its environmental impact. A thermal plasma discharge was created in a micro-cavity, causing the gas to be expelled. It is relevant that the velocity and momentum depend on the energy dispersed by the electric discharge. To control the frequency and energy dispersed in the plasma, the Laplace laboratory has developed two high-voltage power supply systems. These allow two different types of discharge to be produced, with energy being supplied to the discharge in two different manners. In this paper, we focus on the impact of the power supply on the plasma synthetic jet, and in particular on the role of the rate of energy dissipation in the discharge. In order to estimate the influence of the power supply on the machinery of the actuator, specific experimental techniques were used to investigate the electrical (voltage, current), thermal (Infra-red camera) and aerodynamic (jet duration, isentropic pressure, jet velocity) characteristics. These data sets were used to determine which of the two power supplies was more effective, thus allowing us to reach several conclusions concerning the importance of the energy dissipation rate on the PSJ actuator.

Developing Young Space System Engineers

At a fundamental level, system engineering is the process by which engineering efforts are communicated, controlled, and organized on complex projects. The engineers who perform this work well are able to work across multiple engineering and managerial disciplines. They require outstanding technical, personal, management, and communications skills and an ability, based on experience, to work in areas where clean decisions are not possible. Furthermore, within the Space Department (SD) at the Johns Hopkins University - Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), lead system engineers are delegated responsibility for leading the development of the technical baselines and ensuring their performance robustly meets requirements. Success in these areas requires a level of capability and maturity that can only be developed through time and experience. With such a high bar being set, the question: “How does one develop high-caliber system engineers?” becomes difficult to answer. Within the JHU/APL SD, prior to 2006, the primary means of attaining system engineers were through hiring experienced staff from external organizations or moving interested and capable staff from other areas of the department. This situation creates two problems within a growing organization. First, potential staff with the credentials stated above is extremely difficult to find, making it difficult for a system engineering organization to grow in the face of attrition. Second, the demographics of a system engineering organization become skewed toward older staff, limiting the organization's access to new methodologies, alternative means of collaboration, linkages to the university system and (frankly) youthful energy, to name a few. To address this need, management within the department developed a program for developing newly minted Masters Graduates. Key to this program is the recognition that system engineering is a process for communicating and organizing the work associated with the development and production of a specific product which is not an end to itself. As such, providing experience in both system engineering and the product-focused disciplines necessary for developing, integrating or operating space systems is critical. This describes the impetus for developing the Young Space Systems Engineers Program, key program features, problems encountered during development, and the program's successes. A strong case is made for the necessity for system engineers to understand the system engineering process and the product they produce, as well as the human element that goes into making it.

The Collaborative Experience of Creating the National Capital Region Disease Surveillance Network

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) implemented state and district surveillance nodes in a central aggregated node in the National Capital Region (NCR). Within this network, de-identified health information is integrated with other indicator data and is made available to local and state health departments for enhanced disease surveillance. Aggregated data made available to the central node enable public health practitioners to observe abnormal behavior of health indicators spanning jurisdictions and view geographical spread of outbreaks across regions.Forming a steering committee, the NCR Enhanced Surveillance Operating Group (ESOG), was key to overcoming several data-sharing issues. The committee was composed of epidemiologists and key public health practitioners from the 3 jurisdictions. The ESOG facilitated early system development and signing of the cross-jurisdictional data-sharing agreement. This agreement was the first of its kind at the time and provided the legal foundation for sharing aggregated health information across state/district boundaries for electronic disease surveillance.Electronic surveillance system for the early notification of community-based epidemics provides NCR users with a comprehensive regional view to ascertain the spread of disease, estimate resource needs, and implement control measures. This article aims to describe the creation of the NCR Disease Surveillance Network as an exceptional example of cooperation and potential that exists for regional surveillance activities.

876 Development of an EUS-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Endoscope

876 Development of an EUS-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Endoscope

Passive‐acoustic monitoring of odontocetes using a Seaglider: First results of a field test in Hawaiian waters.

In fall 2009 the University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory conducted in collaboration with the Oregon State University, a comprehensive field test of a passive‐acoustic Seaglider along the western shelf‐break of the island of Hawaii. During the 3 week mission, a total of approximately 170 h of broadband acoustic data [194 kHz sampling rate] were collected. The recordings were manually analyzed by an experienced analyst for beaked whale (Ziphiidae), dolphin (Delphinidae), and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) echolocation clicks as well as echo sounder pings emitted by boats in the area. Here we present and discuss first results of these data analysis, which revealed that more than 50% of the recorded files (each of 1‐minute duration) contain bioacoustic signals. Furthermore the recorded data and the results of the manual analysis are used to validate and optimize an automated classifier for odontocete echolocation clicks, which was developed in a collaborative effort with San Diego State University. The algorithm is intended to be implemented on the Seaglider to enable species identification by classifying detected echolocation clicks in (near) real‐time during sea trials. [This work is funded by the Office of Naval Research and the U.S. Navy’s Environmental Readiness Division.]

First Spacecraft Orbit of Mercury

After a 7.9‐billion‐kilometer flight since its launch on 3 August 2004—which included flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury—NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft entered a planned, highly elliptical orbit around the closest planet to our Sun on 17 March. Engineers in the mission operations center at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) in Laurel, Md., which manages the mission for NASA, received radiometric signals indicating a successful orbit insertion at 9:10 P.M. local time. “Tonight we will have orbited the fifth planet in the solar system. This is a major accomplishment,” Ed Weiler, NASA assistant administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, said at a 17 March public forum at JHU/APL, noting that spacecraft have previously entered orbit around several other planets. “You only go into orbit for the first time around Mercury once in human history, and that is what was accomplished tonight.”

Global parameter optimization for maximizing radioisotope detection probabilities at fixed false alarm rates

Abstract Today there is a tremendous amount of interest in systems that can detect radiological or nuclear threats. Many of these systems operate in extremely high throughput situations where delays caused by false alarms can have a significant negative impact. Thus, calculating the tradeoff between detection rates and false alarm rates is critical for their successful operation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves have long been used to depict this tradeoff. The methodology was first developed in the field of signal detection. In recent years it has been used increasingly in machine learning and data mining applications. It follows that this methodology could be applied to radiological/nuclear threat detection systems. However many of these systems do not fit into the classic principles of statistical detection theory because they tend to lack tractable likelihood functions and have many parameters, which, in general, do not have a one‐to‐one correspondence with the detection classes. This work proposes a strategy to overcome these problems by empirically finding parameter values that maximize the probability of detection for a selected number of probabilities of false alarm. To find these parameter values a statistical global optimization technique that seeks to estimate portions of a ROC curve is proposed. The optimization combines elements of simulated annealing with elements of genetic algorithms. Genetic algorithms were chosen because they can reduce the risk of getting stuck in local minima. However classic genetic algorithms operate on arrays of Booleans values or bit strings, so simulated annealing is employed to perform mutation in the genetic algorithm. The presented initial results were generated using an isotope identification algorithm developed at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The algorithm has 12 parameters: 4 real‐valued and 8 Boolean. A simulated dataset was used for the optimization study; the “threat” set of spectra contained 540 SNM and industrial signatures, and the “benign” set of spectra contained 240 NORM and medical signatures. As compared to a random parameter search, the statistical optimization was able to able to find parameters that yield significantly higher probabilities of detection for all probabilities of false alarm from 0 to 0.1 (and equal to for probabilities of false alarm greater than 0.1), in a relatively small number of iterations. The number of iterations used, 1000, is also many fewer than would be required for a reasonable systematic search of the parameter space.

An integrated approach for fusion of environmental and human health data for disease surveillance

This paper describes the problem of public health monitoring for waterborne disease outbreaks using disparate evidence from health surveillance data streams and environmental sensors. We present a combined monitoring approach along with examples from a recent project at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The project objective was to build a module for the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) to include water quality data with health indicator data for the early detection of waterborne disease outbreaks. The basic question in the fused surveillance application is 'What is the likelihood of the public health threat of interest given recent information from available sources of evidence?' For a scientific perspective, we formulate this question in terms of the estimation of positive predictive value customary in classical epidemiology, and we present a solution framework using Bayesian Networks (BN). An overview of the BN approach presents advantages, disadvantages, and required adaptations needed for a fused surveillance capability that is scalable and robust relative to the practical data environment. In the BN project, we built a top-level health/water-quality fusion BN informed by separate waterborne-disease-related networks for the detection of water contamination and human health effects. Elements of the art of developing networks appropriate to this environment are discussed with examples. Results of applying these networks to a simulated contamination scenario are presented.

The University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory’s participation in the Philippine Sea 2009 and Philippine Sea 2010 experiments: A summary.

The Office of Naval Research’s (ONR) program in Ocean Acoustics maintains a thrust in deep‐water acoustics and has recently funded two major efforts in the Philippine Sea known as PhilSea09 and PhilSea10. PhilSea09 was planned as a pilot study and an engineering test in preparation for the more extensive PhilSea10 experiment. However, PhilSea09 was also partially supported by ONR’s program in undersea signal processing. This paper will summarize the Applied Physics Laboratory’s involvement in PhilSea09, its support to the undersea signal processing program, and the Laboratory’s efforts in PhilSea10.

Basis of acoustic discrimination of chinook salmon from other salmons by echolocating Orcinus orca

The "resident" ecotype of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the waters of British Columbia and Washington State have a strong preference for Chinook salmon even in months when Chinook comprise less than about 10% of the salmon population. The foraging behavior of killer whales suggests that they depend on echolocation to detect and recognize their prey. In order to determine possible cues in echoes from salmon species, a series of backscatter measurements were made at the Applied Physics Laboratory (Univ. of Wash.) Facility on Lake Union, on three different salmon species using simulated killer whale echolocation signals. The fish were attached to a monofilament net panel and rotated while echoes were collected, digitized and stored on a laptop computer. Three transducer depths were used; same depth, 22° and 45° above the horizontal plane of the fish. Echoes were collected from five Chinook, three coho and one sockeye salmon. Radiograph images of all specimens were obtained to examine the swimbladder shape and orientation. The results show that echo structure from similar length but different species of salmon were different and probably recognizable by foraging killer whales.

Analysis of flow distribution from high-speed flow actuator using particle image velocimetry and digital speckle tomography

A variety of active flow control (AFC) methods are typically used in low-speed applications; however, the AFC techniques that are available for high-speed, supersonic applications are very limited. Under AFOSR (Air Force Research Laboratory) sponsorship, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) is investigating a device that is intended for high-speed flow control; it is called the SparkJet actuator, which manipulates high-speed flows without active mechanical components. To date, actuator characterization has included computational and experimental techniques including parametric studies and flow visualization techniques to investigate the operation of the SparkJet device under various conditions. This paper focuses on the experimental flow measurement techniques that have been implemented. The results will be used for validating prospective computational studies that investigate the detailed characteristics of the SparkJet’s discharge and cooling stages after an energy deposition pulse. Current efforts include the use of high- resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) to quantify the quiescent air operation of a single SparkJet pulse. However, the proper seeding of the SparkJet cavity continues to be challenging and has led to the use of digital speckle tomography (DST) to measure the temperature distribution in the core of the SparkJet plume. In this study, improved PIV techniques were used to acquire a higher-resolution image of the SparkJet-entrained flow. These PIV results show that the peak velocity in the entrained flow is around 53 m/s and the plume is sustained for 75–100 μs. Additionally, the DST data show a peak temperature of 1616.3 K at 75 μs and provide supporting information for interpreting the PIV data. These results are intended to calibrate and build confidence in a computational model.

Connecting research and practice: an experience report on research infusion with software architecture visualization and evaluation

There are many technical challenges in ensuring high life-time quality of NASA's systems. Some of NASA's software-related challenges could potentially be addressed by the many powerful technologies that are being developed in software research laboratories. However, most such research technologies do not make the transition from the research lab to the software lab because research infusion and technology transfer is difficult. For example, there must be evidence that the technology works in the practitioner's particular domain, and there must be a potential for great improvements and enhanced competitive edge for the practitioner, for such infusion to take place. NASA IV&V's Research Infusion initiative strives to facilitate such infusion. In 2006, a research infusion project involving Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) and the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering Maryland, was successfully completed infusing Fraunhofer's software architecture visualization and evaluation (SAVE) tool. The infusion project helped improve JHU/APL's software architecture and produced evidence that SAVE is applicable to software architecture problems in the aerospace domain, spawning a series of related research infusion projects. The project also led to the discovery of other needs that could not be addressed by current technologies and, therefore, spawned the research and development of a new technology that will be ready for infusion in the future. This paper describes the SAVE technology followed by a description of the infusion of SAVE at JHU/APL and the other projects that followed, as well as the newly started Dynamic SAVE research and development project. Lessons learned related to various aspects of research infusion conclude the paper.