Application Of Zeolite Research Articles

In situ immobilisation of heavy metals in soils using natural clay minerals

This study attempted to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite and pyrophyllite ore materials in reducing the mobility of heavy metals in soil near the lignite mining dumps, and consequently in their availability for plants. Extraction of pseudo-total and available forms of heavy metals from soil samples was performed by using aqua regia and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in soil and plant samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of this study illustrate that application of zeolite and pyrophyllite could be a suitable technique to reduce heavy metals availability in soils. Zeolite treatments have been shown to be significantly effective in reducing cadmium (Cd) mobility, as well as pyrophyllite treatments in reducing lead (Pb) mobility in the studied soil, regardless of applied rates. The accumulation of heavy metals in leaves of maize grown on soil plots treated by zeolite and pyrophyllite, was found to be lower compared to the untreated plots. This finding was to be expected, considering the effects of these treatments on heavy metals mobility in the studied soil.

Effect of Zeolite, Potassium Fertilizer and Irrigation Interval on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet in Sandy Soil

Two field experiments were carried out at Al-Hussein Agricultural Society Farm, Giza Governorate, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons to study the effect of three irrigation intervals [every 3 days (the conventional practice), 5 and 7 days], two levels of zeolite (zero and 500 kg/fed) and four levels of potassium fertilizer the first one in the form of potassium sulphate as a control [100% of the recommended K-dose], which was applied to the soil and three foliar doses of nano- potassium (500, 1000 and 1500 mg /l) on yield and quality of sugar beet grown under drip irrigation system in a sandy soil. The treatments were arranged in a complete block design in a split-split plot with three replications. Results revealed that increasing irrigation interval from 3 up to 7 days significantly reduced biochemical and physiological traits and root and sugar yields/fed. Soil application of zeolite achieved the highest values of all the parameters studied as compared to the untreated soil. Spraying beets with 1500 mg /l of nano-K gave the same trend of the recommended K-dose. Water use efficiency (WUE) for sugar yield increased with decreasing the amounts of applied irrigation water. Under conditions of the present work, adding 500 kg of zeolite/fed to the sandy soil, spraying beets with 1500 mg l-1 as nano-K fertilizer and irrigating the crop every 5 days using drip irrigation can be recommended to get the highest root and sugar yields as well as to save water and increasing water use efficiency.

Mitigation of Nickel Toxicity and Growth Promotion in Sesame through the Application of a Bacterial Endophyte and Zeolite in Nickel Contaminated Soil.

Nickel (Ni) bioavailable fraction in the soil is of utmost importance because of its involvement in plant growth and environmental feedbacks. High concentrations of Ni in the soil environment, especially in the root zone, may retard plant growth that ultimately results in reduced plant biomass and yield. However, endophytic microorganisms have great potential to reduce the toxicity of Ni, especially when applied together with zeolite. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of an endophytic bacterium Caulobacter sp. MN13 in combination with zeolite on the physiology, growth, quality, and yield of sesame plant under normal and Ni stressed soil conditions through possible reduction of Ni uptake. Surface sterilized sesame seeds were sown in pots filled with artificially Ni contaminated soil amended with zeolite. Results revealed that plant agronomic attributes such as shoot root dry weight, total number of pods, and 1000-grains weight were increased by 41, 45, 54, and 65%, respectively, over control treatment, with combined application of bacteria and zeolite in Ni contaminated soil. In comparison to control, the gaseous exchange parameters (CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal- sub-stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and vapor pressure) were significantly enhanced by co-application of bacteria and zeolite ranging from 20 to 49% under Ni stress. Moreover, the combined utilization of bacteria and zeolite considerably improved water relations of sesame plant, in terms of relative water content (RWC) and relative membrane permeability (RMP) along with improvement in biochemical components (protein, ash, crude fiber, fat), and micronutrients in normal as well as in Ni contaminated soil. Moreover, the same treatment modulated the Ni-stress in plants through improvement in antioxidant enzymes (AEs) activities along with improved Ni concentration in the soil and different plant tissues. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed that combined application of metal-tolerant bacterium Caulobacter sp. MN13 and zeolite is the most influential strategy in alleviating Ni-induced stress and subsequent improvement in growth, yield, and physio-biochemical attributes of sesame plant.

Trace element contents in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and white mustard (Synapis alba L.) following the remediation of cobalt-contaminated soil

The study was undertaken to determine the effects of various substances (manure, clay, charcoal, zeolite, and calcium oxide) applied to a cobalt-contaminated soil (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg kg−1 of soil) on the content of certain trace elements in spring barley (main crop) and white mustard (after-crop). The effect of cobalt on the contents of the trace elements was ambiguous and was either antagonistic or synergistic in nature, depending on the organ and plant species. Generally, the substances applied to soil reduced the content of most trace elements in above-ground parts of both plants and in the roots of white mustard, in contrast to the roots of spring barley. Of all the substances, calcium oxide had the strongest and generally reducing effect on the content of trace elements in the tested organs of the plants; however, its effect was the weakest in the roots of white mustard. Statement of Novelty It is difficult to find in the literature the results of studies into the effect of mineral and other amendments used in our research (manure, clay, charcoal, zeolite, and calcium oxide) on trace elements content in plants if they are used with a view to weakening the effect of cobalt on plants. We think that it is the novelty in the results of environmental sciences. The literature refer to the application of organic matter, bentonite, zeolite and calcium oxide to neutralize other heavy metals. The research was carried out in the two plants system used for phytoremediation with main crop (spring barley—Hordeum vulgare L.) and after-crop (white mustard—Synapis alba L.). The trace elements were analyzed in test plants. The results of the research allowed to select the most effective substance to support the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cobalt.

Hot-Electron Photodynamics in Silver-Containing BEA-Type Nanozeolite Studied by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy.

Silver cations were introduced in nanosized BEA-type zeolite containing organic template by ion-exchange followed by chemical reduction towards preparation of photoactive materials (Ag0 -BEA). The stabilization of highly dispersed Ag0 nanoparticles with a size of 1-2 nm in the BEA zeolite was revealed. The transient optical response of the Ag-BEA samples upon photoexcitation at 400 nm was studied by femtosecond absorption. The photodynamic of the hot electrons was found to depend on the sample preparation. The lifetime of the hot electrons in the Ag-BEA samples containing small Ag nanoparticles (1-2 nm) is significantly shortened in comparison to bear Ag nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm. While for the larger Ag nanoparticles, the energy absorbed in the conduction band is decaying by electron-phonon coupling into the metal lattice, the high surface-to-volume ratio of the small Ag nanoparticles favors the dissipation of the energy of the hot electrons from the metal nanoparticles (Ag0 ) towards the zeolitic micro-environment. This finding is encouraging for further applications of Ag-containing zeolites in photocatalysis and plasmonic chemistry.

Comprehensive mineralogical study of Australian zeolites

Industrial applications of natural zeolites depend on their mineralogical, physical and chemical characteristics. Over the last 20 years, Australian natural zeolites have been investigated for use in various industrial applications. However, there are few, if any, mineral characterisation studies on Australian natural zeolites since the early 1990s that use modern techniques. In this study, a detailed mineralogical analysis was conducted on zeolite specimens from Avoca and Werris Creek deposits, located in Queensland and New-South-Wales, respectively, in Australia. Their physical properties, thermal behaviour and porosity, as well as mineral compositions were determined by conventional methods, including thermogravimetry, N2 adsorption/desorption, optical microscopy, XRF, in situ XRD, SEM/EDS and EPMA/WDS. High-precision, high-accuracy measurements of the chemical compositions of fine-grained zeolites (<20 μm) were performed in situ in thin section using accepted EPMA protocols and data reduction methods. The Australian zeolites were identified as magnesium heulandite/clinoptilolite-Ca which corrects interpretations from earlier studies.

Investigation of ZSM-12 nanocrystals evolution derived from aluminosilicate nanobeads for sustainable production of ethyl levulinate from levulinic acid esterification with ethanol

Abstract The evolution of hierarchical ZSM-12 nanosized crystals as a function of crystallization time has been demonstrated using amorphous aluminosilicate (AS) nanobeads as simultaneous silica and alumina sources and cyclic diquaternary ammonium as a structure-directing agent (SDA) in a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the derived ZSM-12 products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental analysis, N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and pyridine adsorption. It is clearly demonstrated that crystallinity, textural properties, and acidity of the zeolite products are enhanced as a function of crystallization time. The structure of nanocrystalline ZSM-12 is well-developed after 120 h of crystallization and the corresponding zeolite product exhibits the promising catalytic performance for sustainable production of ethyl levulinate (EL) from levulinic acid (LA) esterification with ethanol. This contribution illustrates an alternative way to synthesize hierarchical zeolite nanocrystals with MTW framework via the use of homogeneously dispersed aluminosilicate nanobeads as the starting materials and opens up the perspectives for the sustainable application of zeolites nanosized crystals in a bulky-molecule reaction of bio-based chemical synthesis.

Surfactant‐Templated Zeolites: From Thermodynamics to Direct Observation

AbstractSurfactant‐templating is a versatile method to introduce tailored intracrystalline mesoporosity in zeolites. This method has been proven to be extremely effective to finely control both the amount of mesoporosity and the size of their mesopores, while maintaining the main features of the original zeolite, such as crystallinity, acidity, and hydrothermal stability. By building on the knowledge generated during the last 30 years in the field of amorphous mesoporous materials, the surfactant‐templating method has been successfully applied to develop intracrystalline mesoporosity into a variety of zeolite structures including FAU, BEA, MOR, LTL, and MFI. The improvement in both the textural and diffusional properties of the zeolite results in excellent catalytic performances in different industrially relevant processes, ranging from fluid catalytic cracking to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. As a result of the excellent catalytic performances shown by the surfactant‐templated mesoporous Y zeolite, this is currently being used in several refineries, being the first industrial and large‐scale application of hierarchical zeolites. In this progress report, the literature regarding the surfactant‐templating method in zeolites is critically reviewed.

Can Zeolite Application Decrease the Need for Nitrogen in Silage Corn?

The effects of applications of zeolite, nitrogen and zeolite + nitrogen on yield, quality and some morphological traits of silage corn was researched at the Research Station of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Ataturk, Eastern Turkey, during 2012 and 2013. Treatments included a control, three zeolite (Z1: 500, Z2: 1000, Z3: 1500 kg ha-1), three nitrogen (N1: 50, N2: 100, N3: 150 kg ha-1) and nine combinations of zeolite + nitrogen. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications. The application of zeolite + nitrogen application enhanced silage yield by 5.8-18.9%, dry matter yield by 4.5-21.4%, corncob rate by 6.6%, plant height by 3.0-16.1% and leaf rate by 17.5%. Further, the application of zeolite + medium or low nitrogen application produced similar silage yield, dry matter yield, dry matter rate, crude protein content, ADF, NDF, corncob rate, stem rate, plant height and leaf rate in comparison to the highest level nitrogen application. The results indicate that the application of zeolite + nitrogen can be used to increase efficiency of nitrogen and to decrease nitrogen requirements in silage corn for yield and other parameters.

Effect of fertilizer management and the application of zeolite on agronomic traits and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under deficit irrigation conditions

Drought stress is considered as the most important limiting factor for growing of crops such as maize. Under low irrigation conditions, proper nutrition of plants can improve the effects of drought stress. This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of nutrition management along with application of zeolite on agronomic traits of two hybrids of maize under deficit irrigation conditions in a field research in Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran in 2015 and 2016 via a factorial split-plot plan based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included two levels of irrigation; full irrigation (I1) and deficit irrigation (70% of full irrigation) (I2) as the main factor and factorial combination of fertilizer application at five levels; application of fertilizer in the conventional method (F1), fertilization application in conventional method + 10 tons of zeolite.ha-1 (F2), fertilizer application based on local recommendation (F3), fertilizer application based on local recommendation + 10 tons of zeolite.ha-1 (F4) and control (without fertilizer) (F5). Besides, maize hybrids including a late hybrid (SC704) (H1) and an early maturity hybrid (260 = Fajr) (H2) were considered as sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance showed that deficit irrigation had a significant effect on grain yield, number of grain.ear-1, ear weight, number of ear.m-2, and fertility of florets, while under deficit irrigation condition the values of these traits decreased. Under deficit irrigation treatment, the highest grain yield of maize hybrids (7934.3 and 7793.8 kg.ha-1 for 704 and 260 hybrids, respectively) was obtained from recommended fertilizer application + zeolite, which were 7% and 15% less than grain yield of corresponding maize hybrids (8180 and 9170.29 kg.ha-1 for 704 and 260 hybrids, respectively) where recommended application of fertilizer + zeolite were used under full irrigation condition. In general, the appropriate fertilizer management with the application of 10 tons of zeolite.ha-1 led to a higher grain yield of both late and early hybrids of maize and saving 30% water consumption (up to 2100 m3.ha-1).

Synthesis of novel ZSM-22 zeolite from Taiwanese coal fly ash for the selective separation of Rhodamine 6G

The present study reveals the potential of coal fly ash (CFA) as the environmental pollutant adsorbent. The conventional approach of alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal treatment of Taiwan based coal fly ash resulted in new and novel zeolite material ZSM-22. The composition, morphology, chemical structure, and the surface properties of as-prepared zeolite were investigated using BET, SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and XRF. The specific surface area (SSA) of the zeolite is enhanced from 1.28 m2/g to 30.21 m2/g with a drop in Si/Al ratio of 3.1 to 2.4 suggesting the improvement of crystallinity. Further, the application of zeolite on the adsorption of the cationic dye Rhodamine 6G (R 6G) from aqueous solution in a batch process was investigated. Besides, the effect of parameters such as the effect of time, temperature, pH, dosage, agitation speed, kinetics, and isotherms on the removal of dyes was studied. The results indicate that adsorption of dye is more significant at pH = 6 indicating the zeolite surface is positively charged. The proficient sorption efficacy of R 6G onto ZSM-22 followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fits well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with maximum specific removal of 195.3 mg/g. Moreover, the possible adsorption mechanism for the selective separation of dye using CFA is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions and the hydrogen bonding. Finally, the key takeaways of the present research are that zeolite ZSM-22 is a prospective candidate as an adsorbent for the separation of dye molecules.

Advances in structure,synthesis and application of MER zeolite

Advances in structure,synthesis and application of MER zeolite

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Zeolite on Soil Properties and Soil Fertility for Rice Cultivation

The pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate effect of different levels of nitrogen and zeolite on soil properties in rice under greenhouse condition during kharif 2018-19. The investigation showed that soil bulk density was decrease from 1.5 to 1.02, 1.24 and 1.29 g cc-1 by the zeolite application at 9, 6, and 3 t ha-1 respectively. Water holding capacity of soil was increased from 43.53 to 55.49% with different levels of zeolites. Cation exchange capacity of soil significantly increased by 50.45, 44.54 and 29.22% with the application of zeolite at 9, 6 and 3 t ha-1, respectively. Highest value of soil pH and EC were 7.6 and 1.27 dS m -1observed in 9 t ha -1 zeolite treatment. Fertility status of soil i.e. available nitrogen and available phosphorus content also improved by the application of zeolite at different rates.

Synthesis and Characterization of Faujasite Type Zeolite From Fly Ash by Hydrothermal Treatment

In many countries, thermal power stations are releasing huge quantities of Fly ash leads more environmental issues, while disposing. Various efforts have been conducted by researchers to arrive at some alternatives, that are able to significantly reduce high energy consumed and environmental impacts. The cleaner technologies in concrete production, such as substituting relatively high percentage of cement by fly ash, the use of other natural pozzolans, development of concrete with recycling or waste materials, This paper deals with the extraction of useful Faujasite type Zeolite, from fly ash, collected at Tuticorin Thermal Power Station, by hydrothermal treatment and also discussed the applications of Zeolite. The product formed is insoluble in water and Mineral acids. This is characterized by XRD, FT-IR, and Solid state 27Al NMR.

Investigating the impact of zeolite on reducing the effects of changes in runoff acidity and the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures

Most studies evaluating the performance of asphalt mixtures against moisture damage use distilled water or drinking water to create wet conditions. However, the main part of the moisture entering the asphalt layers in the pavement is the rainfall runoff that contains dust, soot, and other pollutants absorbed by the pavement surface, which affect the acidity of rainfall runoff. Accordingly, the impacts of water acidity and Zeolite as an environmental pollutant absorbent, as well as a pH moderator of the water entering the asphalt layers, were investigated on the moisture sensitivity of different asphalt mixtures with mechanical and surface free energy (SFE) tests. The results of the mechanical methods revealed that the change in the runoff acidity increases the moisture damage potential of asphalt mixtures. Asphalt cement modification with Zeolite reduced the drop in the tensile strength ratio (TSR) as a result of changing the pH. The application of Zeolite increased the base component of SFE and reduced the acid component of the asphalt cement. The use of Zeolite caused the formation of amorphous chains in the asphalt cement structure, which increased the nonpolar component of SFE. The polar SFE component of the asphalt cement was slightly improved with the incorporation of Zeolite. The utilization of Zeolite increased the free energy of cohesion, thereby increasing the resistance of the asphalt cement film to cohesive failure. In addition, the debonding energy calculations indicated a decrease in this component due to asphalt cement modification. The results of both mechanical and thermodynamic methods illustrated that asphalt cement modification with Zeolite has a positive effect on decreasing the debonding energy and, thus, reducing moisture damage.

State of the Art and Perspectives of Hierarchical Zeolites: Practical Overview of Synthesis Methods and Use in Catalysis.

Microporous zeolites have proven to be of great importance in many chemical processes. Yet, they often suffer from diffusion limitations causing inefficient use of the available catalytically active sites. To address this problem, hierarchical zeolites have been developed, which extensively improve the catalytic performance. There is a multitude of recent literature describing synthesis of and catalysis with these hierarchical zeolites. This review attempts to organize and overview this literature (of the last 5 years), with emphasis on the most important advances with regard to synthesis and application of such zeolites. Special attention is paid to the most common and important 10- and 12-membered ring zeolites (MTT, TON, FER, MFI, MOR, FAU, and *BEA). In contrast to previous reviews, the research per zeolite topology is brought together and discussed here. This allows the reader to instantly find the best synthesis method in accordance to the desired zeolite properties. A summarizing graph is made available to enable the reader to select suitable synthesis procedures based on zeolite acidity and mesoporosity, the two most important tunable properties.

Supported Palladium Nanocatalysts: Recent Findings in Hydrogenation Reactions

Catalysis has witnessed a dramatic increase on the use of metallic nanoparticles in the last decade, opening endless opportunities in a wide range of research areas. As one of the most investigated catalysts in organic synthesis, palladium finds numerous applications being of significant relevance in industrial hydrogenation reactions. The immobilization of Pd nanoparticles in porous solid supports offers great advantages in heterogeneous catalysis, allowing control of the major factors that influence activity and selectivity. The present review deals with recent developments in the preparation and applications of immobilized Pd nanoparticles on solid supports as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, aiming to give an insight on the key factors that contribute to enhanced activity and selectivity. The application of mesoporous silicas, carbonaceous materials, zeolites, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as supports for palladium nanoparticles is addressed.

Hierarchically Structured Zeolites: From Design to Application.

Hierarchical zeolites combine the intrinsic catalytic properties of microporous zeolites and the enhanced access and transport of the additional meso- and/or macroporous system. These materials are the most desirable catalysts and sorbents for industry and become a highly evolving field of important current interests. In addition to the enhanced mass transfer leading to high activity, selectivity, and cycle time, another essential merit of the hierarchical structure in zeolite materials is that it can significantly improve the utilization effectiveness of zeolite materials resulting in the minimum energy, time, and raw materials consumption. Substantial progress has been made in the synthesis, characterization, and application of hierarchical zeolites. Herein, we provide an overview of recent achievements in the field, highlighting the significant progress in the past decade on the development of novel and remarkable strategies to create an additional pore system in zeolites. The most innovative synthesis approaches are reviewed according to the principle, versatility, effectiveness, and degree of reality while establishing a firm link between the preparation route and the resultant hierarchical pore quality in zeolites. Zeolites with different hierarchically porous structures, i.e., micro-mesoporous structure, micro-macroporous structure, and micro-meso-macroporous structure, are then analyzed in detail with concrete examples to illustrate their benefits and their fabrications. The significantly improved performances in catalytic, environmental, and biological applications resulting from enhanced mass transport properties are discussed through a series of representative cases. In the concluding part, we envision the emergence of "material-properties-by-quantitative and real rational design" based on the "generalized Murray's Law" that enables the predictable and controlled productions of bioinspired hierarchically structured zeolites. This Review is expected to attract important interests from catalysis, separation, environment, advanced materials, and chemical engineering fields as well as biomedicine for artificial organ and drug delivery systems.

Practical Application of Hierarchical Beta Zeolite in a Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking Catalyst

AbstractA hierarchical Beta zeolite has been successfully mass‐prepared hydrothermally and dynamically in a pilot‐scale autoclave by an economical and simple process with low‐cost raw materials. The characterization results indicated that the pilot‐scale hierarchical Beta zeolite has the same textural, structural, and acidic properties like the bench‐scale sample. Moreover, the catalyst composed of the pilot‐scale hierarchical H‐Beta zeolite showed higher activity and selectivity to the middle distillate than that containing microporous Beta zeolite in catalytic hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) evaluated by an industrial pilot installation in running of 3000 h, due to the increased accessibility and the reduction of diffusion constraint of large molecules to acid sites in the Beta zeolite framework.

Natural zeolites: prospects for heavy metal polluted soil remediation

The environmental concerns related to oil extraction, transportation and refining include the pollution with heavy metals (HMs). Currently, there is a growing interest in the study of an influence of silicon-rich materials, including such natural minerals as diatomite, zeolite, and others, on the HM behavior in the environment with regard to their exploitation in soil remediation strategy. In greenhouse pot experiment, the effects of natural zeolite on the biomass of barley plants grown in artificially cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil and Cd uptake and translocation were studied. Zeolite applied to soil at a low rate (0.15%) mitigated the Cd phytotoxicity and provided the same plant biomass production as in uncontaminated soil without zeolite. Zeolite stimulated development of root system. The application of zeolite at a low rate enhanced the phytoextraction process–cleaning up the soil from HM at the early (booting) stage of plant development.