Hyperthermia Applications Research Articles

Non-Stoichiometric Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Green Hydrothermal Synthesis and their Potential for Hyperthermia Applications

Non-Stoichiometric Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Green Hydrothermal Synthesis and their Potential for Hyperthermia Applications

Non-toxic HfxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia applications

In this research, non-toxic HfxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles have been proposed for magnetic hyperthermia applications. The effects of Hf amount on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles were studied. Analysis using XRD, TEM, and VSM confirmed the cubic spinel structure of the samples, with sizes below 20 nm and exhibiting superparamagnetic behavior. Different amounts of HfxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles were dispersed in water to examine their applicability for magnetic hyperthermia. The nanoparticles’ nontoxicity was observed through a cell viability analysis of human fibroblasts 1132SK. The findings suggest that the synthesized nanoparticles are effective for magnetic hyperthermia applications.

Effect of precipitating agent, N2 gas, extract volume and pH on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by green synthesis from aqueous pomegranate peel extract.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedicine, particularly magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment. However, the development of efficient and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing SPMNPs remains a challenge. This study reports on a green synthesis approach for SPMNPs using pomegranate peel extract as a stabilizing agent. The effects of various synthesis parameters, including the type of precipitating agent (NH3 and NaOH), N2 gas, extract volume, and pH, were systematically investigated with regard to the size, morphology, and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The results showed that reducing the volume of the extract increased the saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles. N2 gas was found to be essential in preventing the oxidation of the nanoparticles. The type of precipitating agent also affected the size and magnetization of the nanoparticles, with NaOH leading to the synthesis of SPMNPs with higher magnetization (∼4times) compared to NH3. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized at pH 10 exhibited higher magnetization than those synthesized at pH 8 and 12. In conclusion, the optimized synthesis conditions significantly affected the magnetization and stability of SPMNPs. These nanoparticles are suitable for use in magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia applications.

Selective delivery of neuropeptide Y peptides linked to magnetic particles for hyperthermia application

Although standard treatments against cancer have achieved significant effects in growth inhibition and tumor elimination, they still cause severe side effects. Therefore, the specific targeting of cancer cells without affecting healthy tissue is currently an important desire in cancer therapy. Cell surface receptors that bind peptides are often overexpressed on tumor cells and can therefore be considered promising targets for selective tumor therapy. Here, we report on the use of neuropeptide Y receptor 1 (Y1R) specific delivery of magnetic nanoparticles. The Y1R is overexpressed in breast cancer cells including triple negative type tumors. Magnetic particles allow for hyperthermia applications for the treatment of malignant cells and have been proposed for biomedical use for several years. One of the limitations so far was selectivity and intracellular uptake into tumor cells. By using specifically modified nanoparticles and site-specific conjugation to selective peptides specific uptake into Y1R positive cells is demonstrated here.

Optimization of the coating process in the PEGylated chitosan-based doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications using the Taguchi method

In this study, the parameters of coating process in the PEGylated chitosan-based doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications was optimized using the Taguchi method. The effect of chitosan and polyethylene glycol as well as the glutaraldehyde (crosslinker) contents on the structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties and the colloidal stability of the nanoparticles were investigated. Ultimately, to optimize the properties of the nanoparticles, the Taguchi method (L16 orthogonal array) was employed. The incorporation of the Ca2+ and Gd3+ into the spinel structure with an average crystallite size of 21 nm was successfully verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld refinement analysis. Moreover, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated the effective functionalization of the chitosan and polyethylene glycol coatings. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements revealed that saturation magnetization (Ms) was achieved in the range of 54.91–60.42 emu/g. Also, microstructural observations indicated that the coating layer can affect the particle size distribution and morphology. The Taguchi method identified that the glutaraldehyde content is the most expressive parameter influencing the nanoparticles’ properties, with the optimum properties achieved at chitosan, polyethylene glycol, and glutaraldehyde of 0.4 g, 0.08 g, and 1.2 ml, respectively. The antibacterial analysis confirmed the promising potential of the coated nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the magnetic heating efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated in various concentrations of magnetic fluid, demonstrating their suitability for magnetic hyperthermia application.

Magnetically Guided Theranostics: Novel Nanotubular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast System Using Halloysite Nanotubes Embedded with Iron–Platinum Nanoparticles for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have a layered structure of clay silicate minerals and a tubular shape, which is suitable for the uniform loading of small substrates and drug molecules. The inner diameter of HNTs with an acidic solvent is selectively etched to increase the loading capacity of magnetic iron–platinum (FePt) nanoparticles. The FePt nanoparticles and etched HNTs (eHNT) are then composited by vacuum decompression. The resulting product is named FePt@eHNT and is used as a contrast agent for T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. According to a comprehensive analysis of the material and its magnetic properties, by adding different proportions of HNTs before and after modification, the saturation magnetization can reach 23.769 emu g−1, which is higher than that of the composite materials studied in previous studies. This is because the tubular structure promotes the orderly displacement of the FePt nanoparticles under three‐dimensional space constraints and the uniform effect of the magnetic field. In addition, the magnetothermal effect of the composite material is observed and its potential as an imaging agent is investigated. In this study, the enhancement of its ferromagnetism and its potential to become a multifunctional composite material for applications in drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, and bioimaging is demonstrated.

Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment

Abstract Hydroxyapatite/magnetite (HA-Fe3O4) nanocomposite materials that have the synergistic ability to produce heat when in direct bonding with a bone through HA are regarded competent hyperthermia therapies of bone carcinoma treatment. HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites with various magnetite concentrations (10, 20, and 30 wt%) were quickly synthesized using a novel continuous microwave-assisted flow synthesis (CMFS) process in a 5 min residence duration at the conditions of pH 11. In this process, initially, phase pure hydroxyapatite and superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles followed by a series of HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites were formed, without a subsequent aging step. The obtained nano-product was physically analyzed using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for the chemical structure analysis of the final nanocomposite product. Zeta potential measurements were carried out to determine colloidal stability associated with the surface charge of the nanocomposites. The magnetic properties were determined using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The results indicated the high magnetization property of the obtained nanoproduct, suitable for hyperthermia application. HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposites have shown remarkable antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. cerevisiae. Thus, the CMFS system facilitated the rapid production of HA-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles with fine particle size.

Cytotoxicity and heating efficiency of dendrimer functionalized graphene oxide modified nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles have garnered significant interest, offering a promising avenue for magnetic hyperthermia. In this study, nickel ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using green-mediated sol–gel approach and subsequently modified with graphene oxide and functionalized using G3 Polyamidoamine dendrimer. Saturation magnetization values obtained from VSM analysis were found to be 51.8 emu/g and 11.2 emu/g for bare and functionalized nickel ferrite nanoparticles, respectively. The functionalized nanostructure exhibited potential for hyperthermia applications, with a specific absorption rate of 16 W/g. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the functionalized nickel ferrite nanoparticles shows cell viability of 94.55 %, underscoring the non-toxic nature of the functionalized material.

Study of La1−xSrxMnO3 nanoparticles: synthesis, magnetic properties and their hyperthermia applications

In this investigation, we synthesized nano-sized perovskite LSMO and Cu-doped LSMCx materials using the sol–gel method, exhibiting appropriate Curie temperatures and magnetic attributes conducive to the application of self-controlled hyperthermia. Centrifugal separation has been used to reduce particle size distribution and thus analyze magnetic properties dependent on mean particle size. Structural analysis was conducted using X-ray Powder Diffraction. The composition was determined through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, while topographical features were scrutinized employing Scanning Electron Microscopy. Magnetic properties were evaluated employing a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, and the magneto-thermal characteristics were delineated using an Alternating Magnetic Field hyperthermia system. Notably, this study marks the pioneering identification of La1−xSrxMnO3 as a viable material candidate for auto-regulated hyperthermia, based on its magnetization range (5–20 emu/g) and Curie temperature span (287–357 K) that are changing with the mean particle size. Through comprehensive analysis, we thoroughly investigated its hyperthermia attributes, thereby contributing significant insights to the existing literature.

Multicore iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia and combination therapy against cancer cells

HypothesisMulticore flower-like iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are among the best candidates for magnetic hyperthermia applications against cancers. However, they are rarely investigated in physiological environments and their efficacy against cancer cells has been even less studied. The combination of magnetic hyperthermia, using multicore IONPs, with selected bioactive molecules should lead to an enhanced activity against cancer cells. ExperimentsMulticore IONPs were synthesized by a seeded-growth thermal decomposition approach. Then, the cytotoxicity, cell uptake, and efficacy of the magnetic hyperthermia approach were studied with six cancer cell lines: PANC1 (pancreatic carcinoma), Mel202 (uveal melanoma), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma), MB231 (triple-negative breast cancer line), A549 (lung cancer), and HCT116 (colon cancer). Finally, IONPs were modified with a chemotherapeutic drug (SN38) and tumor suppressor microRNAs (miR-34a, miR-182, let-7b, and miR-137), to study their activity against cancer cells with and without combination with magnetic hyperthermia. FindingsTwo types of multicore IONPs with very good heating abilities under magnetic stimulation have been prepared. Their concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and internalization have been established, showing a strong dependence on the cell line and the nanoparticle type. Magnetic hyperthermia causes significant cell death that is dramatically enhanced in combination with the bioactive molecules.

Effect of moringa oleifera with pure and Zn-doped Mn and Ni nanoferrites for hyperthermia applications

Nanoferrites like spinel manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) and inverse spinel nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) have an efficient heating deportment to the destruction of neoplasm. The incorporation of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf extracts with magnetic nanoparticles as heat mediators is an effective approach for treating magnetic hyperthermia. This study investigated the potential heating behavior of bare, Zn-doped MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with Moringa oleifera leaf extracts as magnetic hyperthermia agents. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed the spherical-like morphology of MnFe2O4 NPs with no impurities in the EDX spectra. X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the cubic spinel and inverse spinel structure for MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 NPs, respectively. Magnetic properties of the prepared nanoferrites exhibit low coercivity values (in the range of 13–18 Oe representing superparamagnetic behavior. Further, the binding energies of the prepared nanoferrites were revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effective magnetic anisotropy constant (Keff) was calculated to be around 3.9–5.9 kJ/m3 by electron spin resonance. An increased specific surface area (120.69 m2/g) and wider porosity (17.053 nm) were observed for MnFe2O4/MO NPs through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Thermal properties were investigated by measuring the effective specific absorption rate in an alternating magnetic field ranging from 23 to 31 * 10−9 W/g Oe2 Hz. Results indicated that the green synthesized MnFe2O4/MO NPs are promising agents for magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy.

Inhibiting AGS Cancer Cell Proliferation through the Combined Application of Aucklandiae Radix and Hyperthermia: Investigating the Roles of Heat Shock Proteins and Reactive Oxygen Species.

Cancer is a major global health concern. To address this, the combination of traditional medicine and newly appreciated therapeutic modalities has been gaining considerable attention. This study explores the combined effects of Aucklandiae Radix (AR) and 43 °C hyperthermia (HT) on human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell proliferation and apoptosis. We investigated the synergistic effects of AR and HT on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms. Our findings suggest that the combined treatment led to a notable decrease in AGS cell viability and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase contributed to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Notably, the roles of heat shock proteins (HSPs) were highlighted, particularly in the context of ROS regulation and the induction of apoptosis. Overexpression of HSPs was observed in cells subjected to HT, whereas their levels were markedly reduced following AR treatment. The suppression of HSPs and the subsequent increase in ROS levels appeared to contribute to the activation of apoptosis, suggesting a potential role for HSPs in the combined therapy's anti-cancer mechanisms. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of integrating AR and HT in cancer and HSPs.

Chemical and physical modification of graphene oxide nano-sheets using casein, Zn-Al layered double hydroxide, alginate hydrogel, and magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

In our study, we developed a novel nanobiocomposite using graphene oxide (GO), casein (Cas), ZnAl layered double hydroxide (LDH), sodium alginate (Alg), and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. To synthesize the GO, we used a modified Hummer's method and then covalently functionalized its surface with Cas protein. The functionalized GO was combined with as-synthesized ZnAl LDH, and the composite was conjugated with alginate hydrogel through the gelation process. Finally, we magnetized the nanobiocomposite using in-situ magnetization. The nanobiocomposite was comprehensively characterized using FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD. Its biological potential was assessed through cell viability, hemolysis, and anti-biofilm assays, as well as its application in hyperthermia. The MTT assay showed high cell viability percentages for Hu02 cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. The nanobiocomposite had a hemolytic effect lower than 3.84 %, and the measured bacterial growth inhibition percentages of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria in the presence of the nanobiocomposite were 52.18 % and 55.72 %, respectively. At a concentration of 1 mg.mL−1 and a frequency of 400 kHz, the nanocomposite exhibits a remarkable specific absorption rate (SAR) of 67.04 W.g−1, showcasing its promising prospects in hyperthermia applications.

Synthesis, Surface Modification and Magnetic Properties Analysis of Heat-Generating Cobalt-Substituted Magnetite Nanoparticles.

Here, we present the results of the synthesis, surface modification, and properties analysis of magnetite-based nanoparticles, specifically Co0.047Fe2.953O4 (S1) and Co0.086Fe2.914O4 (S2). These nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method at 80 °C for 2 h. They exhibit a single-phase nature and crystallize in a spinel-type structure (space group Fd3¯m). Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the particles are quasi-spherical in shape and approximately 11 nm in size. An observed increase in saturation magnetization, coercivity, remanence, and blocking temperature in S2 compared to S1 can be attributed to an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to the incorporation of Co ions in the crystal lattice of the parent compound (Fe3O4). The heating efficiency of the samples was determined by fitting the Box-Lucas equation to the acquired temperature curves. The calculated Specific Loss Power (SLP) values were 46 W/g and 23 W/g (under HAC = 200 Oe and f = 252 kHz) for S1 and S2, respectively. Additionally, sample S1 was coated with citric acid (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@CA) and poly(acrylic acid) (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@PAA) to obtain stable colloids for further tests for magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy. Fits of the Box-Lucas equation provided SLP values of 21 W/g and 34 W/g for CA- and PAA-coated samples, respectively. On the other hand, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis points to the catalytically active centers Fe2+/Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ on the particle surface, suggesting possible applications of the samples as heterogeneous self-heating catalysts in advanced oxidation processes under an AC magnetic field.

Study of biopolymer encapsulated Eu doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia application

An exciting prospect in the field of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) has been the integration of noble rare earth elements (Eu) with biopolymers (chitosan/dextran) that have optimum structures to tune specific effects on magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). However, the heating efficiency of MNPs is primarily influenced by their magnetization, size distribution, magnetic anisotropy, dipolar interaction, amplitude, and frequency of the applied field, the MNPs with high heating efficiency are still challenging. In this study, a comprehensive experimental analysis has been conducted on single-domain magnetic nanoparticles (SDMNPs) for evaluating effective anisotropy, assessing the impact of particle-intrinsic factors and experimental conditions on self-heating efficiency in both noninteracting and interacting systems, with a particular focus on the dipolar interaction effect. The study successfully reconciles conflicting findings on the interaction effects in the agglomeration and less agglomerated arrangements for MFH applications. The results suggest that effective control of dipolar interactions can be achieved by encapsulating Chitosan/Dextran in the synthesized MNPs. The lower dipolar interactions successfully tune the self-heating efficiency and hold promise as potential candidates for MFH applications.

Fe3O4/CoFe2O4 core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced magnetic properties for hyperthermia application

Fe3O4/CoFe2O4 core/shell nanoparticles with varying shell thickness were fabricated by seed-mediated growth via thermal decomposition method. Ligand exchange process using poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO) was performed to prepare the aqueous magnetic fluids from the as-synthesised nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Quantum Design PPMS VersaLab were utilised to characterise morphological and magnetic properties of the sample. XRD results showed that all the particles were single phase with spinel structure and the average crystallite size in the range of 11–17 nm. All particles were spherical in TEM images with similar size compared to results calculated from XRD. Magnetic measurements were performed at different temperatures (50 − 300 K) at 30 kOe. The result showed that the saturation magnetisation (M s) and coercivity (H C) were significantly increased with the formation of hard magnetic shell with varying thickness. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis presented a narrow distribution and zeta potential of −16 to −35 mV, indicating a good stability of the ferrofluids. The cytotoxicity of the FOC3/PMAO ferrofluid, which has the highest SAR value of 372.02 W g−1, was tested on Hep-G2 cell line at different concentrations from 10 to 100 μg ml−1. Less than 30% of the cell was inhibited, indicating that the FOC3/PMAO particles have low toxicity at these tested concentrations. Thus, these as-synthesised core/shell nanoparticles with uniform particle size, high saturation magnetisation, good stability and five-time increased specific absorption rate (SAR) compared to the Fe3O4 core nanoparticles are very promising in hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications.

Ca2+ Overload Decreased Cellular Viability in Magnetic Hyperthermia without a Macroscopic Temperature Rise.

Magnetic hyperthermia is a crucial medical engineering technique for treating diseases, which usually uses alternating magnetic fields (AMF) to interplay with magnetic substances to generate heat. Recently, it has been found that in some cases, there is no detectable temperature increment after applying an AMF, which caused corresponding effects surprisingly. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of Ca2+ overload in the magnetic hyperthermia effect without a perceptible temperature rise. A cellular system expressing the fusion proteins TRPV1 and ferritin was prepared. The application of an AMF (518 kHz, 16 kA/m) could induce the fusion protein to release a large amount of iron ions, which then participates in the production of massive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS). Both ROS and its induced lipid oxidation enticed the opening of ion channels, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload, which further led to decreased cellular viability. Taken together, Ca2+ overload triggered by elevated ROS and the induced oxidation of lipids contributes to the magnetic hyperthermia effect without a perceptible temperature rise. These findings would be beneficial for expanding the application of temperature-free magnetic hyperthermia, such as in cellular and neural regulation, design of new cancer treatment methods.

Synthesis and characterization of monophasic MnFe2O4 nanoparticles for potential application in magnetic hyperthermia

Nanostructured materials are being used in a wide range of technological applications. In biomedical applications, magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is a therapeutic modality for the treatment of solid tumors. The materials needed for MH face challenges such as size homogeneity, reasonable temperature increase and biocompatibility. In this work, MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Nps) were synthesized by a simple method using the bio-polymer chitosan. Samples with several particles sizes were obtained by treatments at the temperatures of 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C. The particle sizes ranged from 7.8 to 13.3 nm. At 300 K, the saturation magnetization of the Nps varied from 16.2 to 35.8 emu/g. The Mössbauer spectra at low temperatures showed the presence of monophasic MnFe2O4. For all samples, the Mössbauer results at 300 K suggest that the samples are in the superparamagnetic regime. The measurements to obtain the Specific Loss Power (SLP) were conducted at a frequency of 74 kHz and AC field amplitude of 247 Oe. The sample thermally treated at 600 °C and the dispersion prepared with a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL showed the highest SLP of 129.1 W/g.

Development of polymeric nanoparticles associated with SPION and curcumin: a versatile magnetic and fluorescent platform for Life Science applications

Magnetic nanoparticles are prominent in biomedical applications due to their adjustable properties through surface functionalization and inherent magnetism. In the present manuscript, multifunctional nanoparticles were synthesized by combining polymer with a fluorophore and magnetic nanoparticles, resulting in a magnetic and fluorescent nanomaterial. A miniemulsion polymerization technique was employed, using the comonomers methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and natural turmeric extract (curcumin). Physicochemical characterizations revealed efficient encapsulation of SPIONs within the polymer matrices while maintaining superparamagnetic behavior. The nanosystems exhibited ILP values consistent with those commonly used for magnetic hyperthermia applications, ranging from 0.13 – 0.32 nHm2 kg−1. Additionally, a high fluorescence intensity in the blue/green region was observed, alongside no cell toxicity and substantial internalization in human osteosarcoma cells (OSAS2). Given their intrinsic magnetic and fluorescent properties exhibited, the nanosystems can be considered potential candidates for cell tracking and as a platform in nanotheranostics (MRI, magnetic hyperthermia, and photodynamic therapy).

Magnetic membranes based on PVA-SPION for hyperthermia and dielectric applications

Magnetodielectric membranes were spun by electrospinning ferrofluids containing Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPION) in a carrier liquid of Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) for various loadings of iron oxide. These membranes were characterised using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM),Vibrational Sample Magnetometry (VSM),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) and found to be of good quality having adequate magnetic and dielectric properties. The iron oxide particles were found to be ∼9 nm in size and superparamagnetic in nature. The addition of iron oxide led to a systematic increase in both magnetic and dielectric properties. A maximum saturation magnetization of ∼6.3 emu g−1 and a dielectric constant of ∼50 was obtained for a loading of 40 percentage of Iron oxide. A dielectric transducer was fabricated using the membranes. These membranes also exhibited magnetic hyperthermia as evidenced by magnetic hyperthermia measurements. They are found to be potential candidates for hyperthermia applications as wearables. The method of employing a ferrofluid can be adopted for spinning membranes based on other than PVA/SPION. If the loading is optimised these membranes can be employed as Magnetodielectric transducers.