Application Of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Growth and cadmium and nickel uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) in a cadmium and nickel co‑contaminated soil and phytoremediation efficiency using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

Background: Anthropogenic activities release cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and other heavy metals into soil. Zea mays can clean up contaminated soils, but little is known about how Cd and Ni co-contamination stress affects ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-based phytoextraction and phytoremediation, hence this study was conducted. Methods: The experiment involved nine treatment levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 Cd and 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg kg-1 Ni), grouped into three categories: CT as the control group, P as Cd + Ni only, and CAP as Cd + Ni + EDTA (n=3). The treatments used (CH3COO)2Cd•2H2O and NiSO4 as the source of Cd and Ni, respectively, and EDTA was applied at two rates (0 and 0.5 g/kg). After the experimental period, measurements were taken for shoot length, biomass, and metal concentrations in both the roots and shoots using established procedures. Results: The concentrations of metals in plants' roots and shoots increased as the concentrations in soil increased, but shoot length, biomass, bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) values decreased with increasing soil metal content. The application of EDTA increased metal uptake but led to greater root and shoot biomass loss. Generally, TF values for Cd and Ni were less than 1 but most of the BCF values were greater than 1. Conclusions: The study found that phytostabilization is the main mechanism for phytoremediation of Cd-Ni-co-contaminated soils with Zea mays, with EDTA addition enhancing metal accumulation and reducing biomass yield.

Synthesis and application of EDTA grafed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene composite for the electrochemical detection of lead(II)

ABSTRACTThe rapid and sensitive detection of heavy metal ion concentrations in water holds significant importance for water resource quality control and protection. In this study, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor utilising a composite material consisting of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) grafted metal-organic frameworks (MOFs NH2-UiO-66) and graphene to detect Pb2+ in water. The NH2-UiO-66 material exhibited a large specific surface area and porous structure, which was advantageous for the pre-enrichment of the heavy meatal ions. EDTA contained abundant – COOH groups, enabling it to chelate metal ions and increase the reaction sites of redox reactions. The introduction of graphene improved the conductivity of the composite, facilitating electron transfer and enhancing the sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor. Under optimal conditions, the linear range for Pb2+ detection was 0.1 μM–50 μM, and the limit of detection was achieved at 0.052 μM. Furthermore, simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was successfully accomplished. The fabricated sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability.

Pattern of Lead Accumulation in Two Vegetable Plants Due to EDTA Treatment

Phytoextraction and phytostabilization are the most consistent patterns or mechanisms of action of phytoremediation. One of the elements influencing the mechanism of action of heavy metal absorption by plant species is Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pattern of phytoremediation in water spinach and spinach due to the addition of EDTA in the soil. The treatments tested by factor 1 were water spinach (T1) and spinach (T2), and factor 2 was the concentration of EDTA consisting of 3 levels, 0, 3, and 6 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times on five sample plants. Furthermore, growth evaluation was carried out in the first six days after planting and conducted every 3 days. It was carried out on variables such as changes in plant height, leaves area, total root length, Pb content in the soil, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, shoot, seeds, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that water spinach and spinach had different mechanisms of action due to the application of EDTA in Pb-contaminated media. Furthermore, water spinach and spinach have a mechanism of phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. Therefore, spinach is safer than water spinach when grown in Pb-polluted land.

Effective citric acid and EDTA treatments in cadmium stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings by regulating specific gene expression

Soil contamination with toxic environmental pollutants [such as cadmium (Cd)] is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy. To improve the growth and yield of a plant, various chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA), can be applied to the soil; such application not only increases plant uptake of metals from the soil but also promotes plant absorption of micronutrient fertilizers from the medium. For this purpose, we have conducted a pot experiment using the exogenous application of CA (2.5 mM) and EDTA (2.5 mM) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings grown under the varying levels of Cd (0, 50 and 100 µM) in the soil. M]. Our results depicted that Cd addition to the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and mineral uptake by C. annuum when compared to the plants grown without the addition of Cd. However, Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in C. annuum, and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage to the membrane-bound organelles. The results showed that the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and their specific gene expression and also the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin, initially increased with an increase in the Cd concentration in the soil. The results also revealed that the levels of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cd levels, but the accumulation of the metal in the roots and shoots of C. annuum, was found to be increased. The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of EDTA and CA, which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes and their gene expression, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in C. annuum by decreasing Cd toxicity. Here, we conclude that the application of EDTA and CA under the exposure to Cd stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange characteristics; regulated antioxidant defense system and essential nutrient uptake; and balanced organic acid exudation pattern in C. annuum.

The antifungal potential of the chelating agent EDTA against postharvest plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes gray mold, a major postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables. Chemical fungicides remain the main solution to control Botrytis disease, but concerns have raised about their safety to environment and human health, and there is an increasing need for development of more effective and less toxic treatments. In this study the divalent cation chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) exhibited marked antifungal activity against B. cinerea, including inhibition of spore germination, mycelial growth, infection cushion formation, stimulation of cell death, and impairment of fungal virulence. These adverse effects of EDTA could be reversed by the addition of calcium ion, implying that metal ion chelation is involved in the fungicidal mechanism. Bean leaf and tomato fruit protection assay indicated that EDTA treatment led to a significant reduction of infection by B. cinerea. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of EDTA was significantly enhanced when used in combination with fenhexamid. These findings suggest that EDTA could be a promising tool to control B. cinerea, and application of EDTA may reduce the use of conventional chemical fungicides.

Foliar Application of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Improves the Growth and Yield of Brown Mustard (Brassica juncea) by Modulating Photosynthetic Pigments, Antioxidant Defense, and Osmolyte Production under Lead (Pb) Stress.

Lead (Pb) toxicity imposes several morphological and biochemical changes in plants grown in Pb-contaminated soils. Application of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in mitigating heavy metal stress has already been studied. However, the role of EDTA in mitigating heavy metal stress, especially in oilseed crops, is less known. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the potential effect of foliar application of 2.5 mM EDTA on two different varieties of Brassica juncea L., i.e., Faisal (V1) and Rohi (V2), with and without 0.5 mM Lead acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2] treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that Pb stress was harmful to the plant. It caused a considerable decrease in the overall biomass (56.2%), shoot and root length (21%), yield attributes (20.16%), chlorophyll content (35.3%), total soluble proteins (12.9%), and calcium (61.7%) and potassium (40.9%) content of the plants as compared to the control plants. However, the foliar application of EDTA alleviated the adverse effects of Pb in both varieties. EDTA application improved the morphological attributes (67%), yield (29%), and photosynthetic pigments (80%). Positive variations in the antioxidant activity, ROS, and contents of total free amino acid, anthocyanin, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, even under Pb stress, were prominent. EDTA application further improved their presence in the brown mustard verifying it as a more stress-resistant plant. It was deduced that the application of EDTA had significantly redeemed the adverse effects of Pb, leaving room for further experimentation to avoid Pb toxification in the mustard oil and the food chain.

Effects of malic acid and EDTA on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to cadmium stress

Environmental stresses, including heavy metal pollution, are increasing at a growing rate and influencing arable lands. Chelators play an essential role in several biochemical pathways in the cells of plants treated with heavy metals. This research evaluated the modifying effect of malic acid (MA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the physiological and biochemical parameters of okra plants exposed to Cd stress in which the okra plants were cultivated in hydroponic conditions. At the 4-leaf stage, they were applied with the treatments of cadmium nitrate at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mg/L), EDTA and MA at two levels (0.5 and 1 mM), and Cd + EDTA + MA at different rates for one month. The harvested plants were subjected to the measurement of the physico-biochemical factors. The results revealed that the application of Cd alone reduced leaf area (up to 21.57 %), and dissolved sugars (up to 40.51 % in the shoot and 45.19 % in the root) and increased MDA (up to 66.37 % and 76.43 % in the shoot and root, respectively), H2O2 (up to 67.14 % and 53.28 % in the shoot and root, respectively), proline (up to 52.04 % and 40.93 % in the shoot and root, respectively), and dissolved proteins (up to 14.59 % and 21.90 % in the shoot and root, respectively) contents in both shoots and roots whereas the application of MA and EDTA to the Cd-treated plants increased their leaf area and dissolved sugars and reduced MDA, H2O2, proline, and dissolved proteins content. The antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were significantly higher in the plants treated with MA, EDTA, and Cd, but the application of MA and EDTA to the Cd-treated plants reduced the activity of all these antioxidant enzymes versus the plants only treated with Cd. MA and EDTA are likely to prevent the accumulation of Cd in the cytosol by binding to it and transferring it into vacuoles, thereby mitigating Cd toxicity in the okra plants.

Evaluating the Utilization of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid as a Treatment Supplement for Gliomas.

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the nervous system, accounting for approximately 81% of brain tumors. The primary treatment for these primary brain tumors, especially those of high grade, is surgical resection with subsequent therapy such as targeted radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or supportive care. In an effort to devise nuanced ways to treat gliomas, studies have examined various chemical agents to expand therapeutic avenues for gliomas. In this study, we investigate the applications of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the investigation and treatment of gliomas. Searches were conducted on PubMed to find studies about the use of EDTA in the treatment of glioma. We identified 36 studies that had the information needed for analysis. We collected information on the dosage of EDTA, the agent that EDTA was complexed with, the route of administration, the outcome of the EDTA usage, and the type of glioma cells that were involved. In addition, a one-way analysis of variance was performed to identify any relationships between the effect of cell type, study purpose, and year published on dosage. We identified 36 articles that met our inclusion criteria. In-vitro studies utilized EDTA in various complexes to evaluate cellular viability, including proliferation and toxicity, intracellular enzyme kinetics, and intercellular interactions such as chelation and cellular aggregation. In-vivo studies predominantly utilized the versatile nature of EDTA as a tracer for imaging studies involved in diagnostics and identifying recurrent tumor growth and localization in human patients. Our statistical analysis failed to identify any significant relationships between cell type, study purpose, and publication year on EDTA dosage. We identified a variety of uses for EDTA in the investigation hopefully providing physicians with information regarding the context and applications of EDTA to assist in exploring new treatment options for glioma patients.

Enhancement of Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Helainthus annus L. with Application of EDTA and IAA.

The aim of the current study was to assess the cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation potential of Halianthus annus L. that was exposed to 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg of cadmium for 15, 30, and 60 days with application of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the soil and IAA (indole acetic acid) as a foliar spray. The results indicated that the concentration, duration of exposure, and amount of Cd affect the phytoremediation potential. The maximum Cd was observed at 60 days (32.05, 16.86, and 10.63%) of Cd application, compared to 15 (2.04, 0.60, and 1.17%) or 30 days (8.41, 3.93, and 4.20%, respectively), in a dose-dependent manner. The application of EDTA in the soil and foliar IAA enhanced the Cd accumulation in the plants at 15, 30, and 60 days of exposure, with maximum accumulation at 60 days. Exposed plants with foliar IAA application showed 64.82%, 33.77%, and 25.84% absorption at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Apart from higher absorption, the cadmium translocation to the edible part of the plants ceased, i.e., the seeds had 0% accumulation. The interesting fact was recorded that efficient phytoremediation was recorded at 15 days of exposure, whereas maximum phytoremediation was recorded at 60 days of exposure. To minimize the stress, the host also produced stress-related metabolites (i.e., flavonoids, phenolics, proline, and sugar) and antioxidants (i.e., catalases and ascorbate peroxidases). From the current evidence, it could be assumed that the use of EDTA and IAA, along with hyperaccumulating plants, could be a possible green method to remediate Cd-contaminated soil efficiently in a short period of time.

Contamination of Dentin with Hemostatic Agents - Is EDTA a Valuable Decontaminant before Using a Self-etch Universal Adhesive?

To investigate the effects of dentin decontamination procedures with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after contamination with two hemostatic agents, ViscoStat (VS) and ViscoStat Clear (VSC), on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of two different universal adhesives, before and after thermocycling (TC). Dentin surfaces of 100 human caries-free molars were either contaminated with one of the hemostatic agents or contaminated and then decontaminated with EDTA before the universal adhesives Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU) or Prime & Bond Active (PBA) were applied in self-etch mode. Composite buildups were made and the teeth were sectioned into sticks (n = 90). Half of them immediately underwent the μTBS test, the other half after aging via TC. The data were statistically analyzed using Welch's ANOVA and the Games-Howell post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the groups (p < 0.001). When the dentin surface was contaminated with VSC, TC significantly reduced the mean bond strength, regardless of the universal adhesive. Decontamination with EDTA showed a significant decrease in bond strength after VS contamination and SBU application. The fracture analysis showed mainly adhesive fractures (78.8%) in all test groups. As EDTA application did not significantly increase the μTBS of either universal adhesive in self-etch mode in-vitro, it cannot be recommended as a decontaminant.

Effects of priming on germination and biochemical attributes of three maize lines under saline condition

It has been shown that the adverse effects of salinity can vary between different varieties of the same plant species. This study was conducted to determine the tolerability of three newly released lines of maize to saline conditions when primed with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salicylic acid (SA) each at 1.0 M concentration; seeds primed with distilled water were used as control. Concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 300 mM NaCl were tested. The experiment followed a 3x3x5 factorial arrangement of treatments with three replications. The results revealed significant interaction between maize lines and salinity where the germination percentage of line SWAN-LSR-Y was much more affected than the other lines at the salinity level of 50 mM, and its speed of germination was more affected than the others when passing from 150 to 300 mM NaCl. The seedling lengths (radicle and plumule) and seed vigor index were influenced by significant interaction between the primer and salinity, where EDTA enhanced better seedling growth than the other primers when the salinity did not exceed 150 mM. OMR-LSR-SY maize line did not show tolerability at this concentration. Similarly, EDTA and SA treated maize lines showed lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as a decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, most importantly in SWAN-LSR-Y and BR9928-OMR-SR-Y maize lines. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were enhanced in SWAN-LSR- Y and BR9928-OMR-SR-Y upon application of EDTA.

Efficiency of heterogeneous chelating agents on the phytoremediation potential and growth of Sasa argenteostriata (Regel) E.G. Camus on Pb-contaminated soil

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most effective chelating agents for enhancing lead (Pb) accumulation in various plant organs. However, it has a higher risk of causing secondary pollution than other chelating agents. To reduce such environmental risks and increase remediation efficiency, EDTA can be combined with degradable chelating agents for use in phytoremediation, but there are few reports on the combination of EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). This study evaluated the effects of combined EDTA and NTA application at different concentrations (900, 1200, or 1500 mg/kg) and with different methods (1 application or 3 applications) on dwarf bamboo (Sasa argenteostriata (Regel) E.G. Camus) growth and phytoremediation efficiency and on the soil environment in pot experiments with Pb-contaminated soil. Applying EDTA and NTA together resulted in lower soil water-soluble Pb concentrations than applying EDTA alone and therefore resulted in lower environmental risk. The increased availability of soil Pb produced a stress response in the dwarf bamboo plants, which increased their biomass significantly. Moreover, under the chelating treatments, the soil Pb availability increased, which promoted Pb translocation in plants. The Pb content in the aerial parts of the dwarf bamboo increased significantly in all treatments (translocation factors increased by 300~1500% compared with that in CK). The Pb content increase in the aerial parts caused high proline accumulation in dwarf bamboo leaves, to alleviate Pb toxicity. Maximum Pb accumulation was observed in the EN1500 treatment, which was significantly higher than that in the other treatments except the EN900 treatment. This study elucidates the choice of remediation techniques and the physiological characteristics of the plants used in such studies. In conclusion, the EN900 treatment resulted in the lowest environmental risk, greatest biomass production, and highest phytoremediation efficiency of all treatments, indicating that it has great potential for application in phytoremediation with dwarf bamboo in Pb-contaminated soil.

Effects of chelates (EDTA, EDDS, NTA) on phytoavailability of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) using ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).

This paper summarises a study of the application of the synthetic chelate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the natural chelates ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) uptake of the heavy metal(oid)s (HMs) (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from contaminated soils in mining sites. The study compares the effects of these chelates (EDTA, EDDS and NTA) on the phytoavailability of HMs (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) using ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) through the single addition and sequential addition methods. The results show that application of EDTA, EDDS and NTA significantly increases ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)'s shoot uptake of some HMs when compared with no EDTA, EDDS or NTA application, particularly through sequential chelate treatment (EDTA 0.5:1+0.5:1; NTA 0.5:1+0.5:1; EDDS 0.5:1+0.5:1). EDTA 0.5:1+0.5:1 was more effective at increasing the concentration of Pb in shoots than were the other chelates (EDDS and NTA) and controls. Moreover, the concentrations of Zn in the shoots of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Hich Village significantly increased with the application of split dose (0.5:1+0.5:1). The plants displayed symptoms of toxicity including yellow and necrotic leaves at the end of the experiment. The selected chelates (EDTA, EDDS and NTA) led to a significant decrease in plant biomass (yield) 28 days after transfer with a maximum decrease in EDTA treatment (0.5:1+0.5:1) soils. This decrease was 3.43-fold in Ha Thuong, 3-fold in Hich Village and 1.59-fold in Trai Cau, respectively, relative to the control. HM concentration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in pore water provided an explanation for why fresh weight was significantly reduced with application of chelates in sequential dose (EDTA 0.5:1+0.5:1 and NTA 0.5:1+0.5:1).

Tartaric acid soil-amendment increases phytoextraction potential through root to shoot transfer of lead in turnip

The phytoextraction potential of turnip and comparative effectiveness of three different organic ligands towards removal of lead (Pb) was investigated under field conditions. The 20 d old turnip seedlings were exposed to different Pb levels (0.0218, 2.42 and 4.83 mM Pb) spiked in the soil. After 10 d of Pb application, the soil was spiked with 2.4 mM concentration of different chelates viz. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA). The 60 d old plants were harvested for growth analyses and determination of photosynthetic pigments, while Pb-concentration in different plant parts was determined from 60 and 90 d old plants. Yield attributes were recorded at the harvesting stage (HS, 90 d old plants). No suppression (rather a stimulation) in the root and shoot growth was evident upon Pb exposure whereas, a reduction in the chlorophyll content occurred at 4.83 mM Pb level. Soil amendment with TA improved chlorophyll contents irrespective of Pb levels while the effect of CA and EDTA was differential. A reduction in the root length while an increase in its diameter was recorded particularly at 4.83 mM Pb stress in 90 d old plants. The turnip retained maximum Pb-fraction in the roots at early growth stages, while EDTA application further increased its retention in root at 4.83 mM Pb regime. Nonetheless, only TA amendment promoted the transfer of Pb to shoot (∼30%) irrespective of Pb regimes. At the HS, application of both TA and EDTA caused substantial uptake of Pb in the root while the maximum shoot Pb-fraction was recorded again due to TA application, particularly at 4.83 mM Pb level. Above all, TA was identified as the most effective chelate that mobilized Pb from root to shoot leading to better growth possibly due to dilution effect, and thus enhanced phytoextraction efficiency in turnip.

Effects of EDTA and aqueous plants extract on the developmental and stress tolerance attributes of Spinacia oleracea and Brassica rapa under sewage water regime

Sewage water is causing a potential threat to agriculture sector due to industrial effluents having heavy metals. Present investigation was carried to study the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or aqueous extracts of Hyacinth and Hedychium on soil quality and growth of spinach and turnip plants irrigated with sewage water (SW). Treatment of plants with SW resulted in an increment of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. However, EDTA or plant extracts further enhanced their activities. At both stages of development of the tested crops, a substantial increase was found in the content of proline and total phenols, indicating the strengthening of the antioxidant protection mechanism to boost the oxidative effects of SW stress. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) studies revealed considerable variation in the protein profile among the different treatments, with an expression of some unique proteins obvious with other treatments. SW treatments increased heavy metals (HM) content in soil and plants; however, EDTA or plant extracts greatly decreased the levels of HMs in both shoots and roots and soils. The present study results suggest that the application of EDTA or aqueous plant extracts can be a useful strategy for phytoextraction in areas irrigated with sewage water.

Applications of Nisin and EDTA in Food Packaging for Improving Fabricated Chitosan-Polylactate Plastic Film Performance and Fish Fillet Preservation

This study aimed to increase the antibacterial activity of chitosan-polylactic acid (PLA) composite film by adding nisin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). We evaluated the mechanical, physicochemical, and antibacterial properties of various PLA composite films, as well as the enhancement effect of PLA composite films with EDTA + nisin on the preservation of grouper fillets. Films of PLA alone, PLA plus chitosan (C5), PLA plus nisin + EDTA (EN2), and PLA plus chitosan plus nisin + EDTA (C5EN1 and C5EN2) were prepared. The addition of EDTA + nisin to the chitosan-PLA matrix significantly improved the antibacterial activity of the PLA composite film, with C5EN1 and C5EN2 films showing the highest antibacterial activity among the five films. Compared with the fish samples covered by C5, the counts of several microbial categories (i.e., mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, coliforms, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio) and total volatile basic nitrogen content in fish were significantly reduced in the samples covered by C5EN1. In addition, the counts of samples covered by C5EN1 or C5 were significantly lower compared to the uncovered and PLA film-covered samples.

The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the Smear Layer Removal: a Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Statement of the Problem: The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in smear layer removal compared to the currently accepted protocol is not well established.Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of PDT on smear layer removal from human root canal compared to combined use of irrigation solutions including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, straight roots from 48 extracted human maxillary incisors and canines were selected and decoronated. Instrumentation was completed with RaCe rotary system and normal saline irrigation between files. Then roots were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=16). Group 1 was the control group to confirm smear layer formation. In the group 2, the canals were irrigated with 2ml of 2.5% NaOCl solution for 10 minutes and 2ml of 17% EDTA solution for 1 minute. In the group 3, PDT with methylene blue and diode laser (625nm, 150mW, for 5minutes) was the final procedure for smear layer removal. All the specimens were sectioned into two halves, gold coated, and analyzed under SEM. The smear layer in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds, were evaluated and scored by two examiners independently. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test.Results: It was observed that the NaOCl+EDTA removed the smear layer significantly better than PDT in the coronal and apical thirds (p< 0.05) whereas PDT was unable to remove the smear layer in none of the root areas. At the apical thirds, there was no significant difference between NaOCl+EDTA and PDT (p< 0.05). Both procedures were unable to remove smear layer from radicular dentine of this area.Conclusion: According to the results of this in vitro study, the use of PDT alone is not recommended to remove smear layer. The combined application of NaOCl and EDTA is ineffective in removing smear layer of apical third, despite its efficacy on the coronal and middle regions.

Ornamental Plant Efficiency for Heavy Metals Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Amended with Organic Materials.

Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) by ornamental plants (OPs) from contaminated agriculture soils is a unique technique that can efficiently reduce the metal load in the food chain. Amaranthus tricolor L. has attractive characteristics acquiring a higher growth rate and large biomass when grown at heavy metal contaminated soils. Site-specific detailed information is not available on the use of A. tricolor plant in metal phytoremediation from the polluted sites. The study aimed to enhance the uptake of HMs (Pb, Zn, and Cu) via amending poultry litter extract (PLE), vinasse sugarcane (VSC), and humic acid (HA) as natural mobilized organic materials compared to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), as a common mobilized chemical agent by A. tricolor plant. The studied soils collected from Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar (Cairo Governorate), Arab El-Madabeg (Assiut Governorate), Egypt, and study have been conducted under pot condition. Our results revealed all organic materials in all studied soils, except EDTA in EL-Gabal El-Asfar soil, significantly increased the dry weight of the A. tricolor plant compared to the control treatment. The uptake of Pb and Zn significantly (p > 0.05) increased due to applying all organic materials to the studied soils. HA application caused the highest uptake as shown in Pb concentration by more than 5 times in Helwan soil and EDTA by 65% in El-Gabal El-Asfar soil while VSC increased it by 110% in El-Madabeg soil. Also, an increase in Zn concentration due to EDTA application was 58, 42, and 56% for Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar, and El-Madabeg soil, respectively. In all studied soils, the application of organic materials increased the remediation factor (RF) than the control. El-Madabeg soil treated with vinasse sugarcane gave the highest RF values; 6.40, 3.26, and 4.02% for Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively, than the control. Thus, we identified A. tricolor as a successful ornamental candidate that, along with organic mobilization amendments, most efficiently develop soil health, reduce metal toxicity, and recommend remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, long-term application of organic mobilization amendments and continued growth of A. tricolor under field conditions could be recommended for future directions to confirm the results.

EDTA-enhanced Cr detoxification and its potential toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent used worldwide for the phytoextraction of heavy metals using hyperaccumulating plants as well as in household and industrial purposes and persists in cultivated land for a long time without any known impact on nonhyperaccumulating plants. In this study, the effects of EDTA in the presence and absence of chromium on the hydroponic solution were evaluated at the cellular and molecular levels in nonhyperaccumulating rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). EDTA application enhanced phytochelatin (PC) and metallothionein (MT) synthesis, which was confirmed by the upregulation of phytochelatin and metallothionein genes in rice roots. However, a lower quantity of EDTA (25 µM) along with chromium enhanced chromium uptake (22.5%) in the root but inhibited its translocation to the shoot, indicating vacuolar sequestration of excessive chromium in the root. Conversely, in the absence of chromium, the H2O2 concentration was found to be increased, which significantly enhanced electrolyte leakage (98.5%) and lipid peroxidation (33.3%) compared with control plants. Our data indicate that excessive PCs and MTs without vacuolar sequestration enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The findings of this investigation show that enhanced PCs and MTs owing to EDTA sequester excessive chromium in root vacuoles but, in the absence of sequestration due to a lack of chromium, enhance reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in toxicity. The outcomes of this investigation will open a new avenue of research in phytoextraction or phytoremediation activities.

The effect of the exogenous application of EDTA and maleic acid on tolerance, phenolic compounds, and cadmium phytoremediation by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to Cd stress

The effects of Cd application alone or along with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and maleic acid (MA) were explored in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus.L.). Okra plants were planted in hydroponic conditions and in the 4-leaf stage, they were exposed to cadmium nitrate at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mg/L) and/or EDTA and MA at two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mM) and the combined application of different Cd concentrations with EDTA and MA for one month. The results showed a decrease in shoot and root dry weight and length and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), cell death, Cd accumulation, anthocyanins, and phenol and total flavonoid contents in the Cd-treated plants. The application of EDTA and MA alleviated the detrimental impacts of Cd on the okra plants by the improved management of translocation, compartmentation, and tolerance index. HPLC method revealed that rosmaric and coumaric acids were the most abundant phenolic compounds among the studied compounds. The variations of the phenolic compounds in the Cd-treated plants versus the control showed that the greatest increase was in chlorogenic acid (101.91%) and the greatest decline in coumaric acid (60.90%). The highest increase and decrease in the plants exposed to Cd with EDTA or MA versus the plants only exposed to Cd were related to coumaric acid (106.60%) and chlorogenic acid (43.45%) related to the treatment of 100 mg/L Cd +1 mM MA, respectively. In conclusion, okra has good potential for the phytoremediation of Cd and the EDTA and MA increased the phytoextraction efficiency.