Application Of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

EDTA-enhanced Cr detoxification and its potential toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent used worldwide for the phytoextraction of heavy metals using hyperaccumulating plants as well as in household and industrial purposes and persists in cultivated land for a long time without any known impact on nonhyperaccumulating plants. In this study, the effects of EDTA in the presence and absence of chromium on the hydroponic solution were evaluated at the cellular and molecular levels in nonhyperaccumulating rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). EDTA application enhanced phytochelatin (PC) and metallothionein (MT) synthesis, which was confirmed by the upregulation of phytochelatin and metallothionein genes in rice roots. However, a lower quantity of EDTA (25 µM) along with chromium enhanced chromium uptake (22.5%) in the root but inhibited its translocation to the shoot, indicating vacuolar sequestration of excessive chromium in the root. Conversely, in the absence of chromium, the H2O2 concentration was found to be increased, which significantly enhanced electrolyte leakage (98.5%) and lipid peroxidation (33.3%) compared with control plants. Our data indicate that excessive PCs and MTs without vacuolar sequestration enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The findings of this investigation show that enhanced PCs and MTs owing to EDTA sequester excessive chromium in root vacuoles but, in the absence of sequestration due to a lack of chromium, enhance reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in toxicity. The outcomes of this investigation will open a new avenue of research in phytoextraction or phytoremediation activities.

The effect of the exogenous application of EDTA and maleic acid on tolerance, phenolic compounds, and cadmium phytoremediation by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to Cd stress

The effects of Cd application alone or along with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and maleic acid (MA) were explored in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus.L.). Okra plants were planted in hydroponic conditions and in the 4-leaf stage, they were exposed to cadmium nitrate at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mg/L) and/or EDTA and MA at two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mM) and the combined application of different Cd concentrations with EDTA and MA for one month. The results showed a decrease in shoot and root dry weight and length and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), cell death, Cd accumulation, anthocyanins, and phenol and total flavonoid contents in the Cd-treated plants. The application of EDTA and MA alleviated the detrimental impacts of Cd on the okra plants by the improved management of translocation, compartmentation, and tolerance index. HPLC method revealed that rosmaric and coumaric acids were the most abundant phenolic compounds among the studied compounds. The variations of the phenolic compounds in the Cd-treated plants versus the control showed that the greatest increase was in chlorogenic acid (101.91%) and the greatest decline in coumaric acid (60.90%). The highest increase and decrease in the plants exposed to Cd with EDTA or MA versus the plants only exposed to Cd were related to coumaric acid (106.60%) and chlorogenic acid (43.45%) related to the treatment of 100 mg/L Cd +1 mM MA, respectively. In conclusion, okra has good potential for the phytoremediation of Cd and the EDTA and MA increased the phytoextraction efficiency.

Effect of final irrigation protocols on the fracture resistance of roots with varying dentine thickness.

This study evaluated the effects of 9% etidronic acid (HEBP) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) used either with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) or passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on the fracture resistance of roots with different dentine thickness. The root canals of 120 extracted teeth were widened, leaving dentinal walls with different thicknesses of either 0.75mm, 1.50mm, or 2.25mm with 40 teeth in each group. Within each of these groups, four subgroups (n=10) were formed according to the final irrigation regimens applied: 2.5% NaOCl-17% EDTA with CSI; 2.5% NaOCl-17% EDTA with PUI; 2.5% NaOCl+9% HEBP with CSI; 2.5% NaOCl+9% HEBP with PUI. The irrigated root canals were obturated with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha cones. A compressive vertical loading was applied to the samples and the force at fracture was recorded. Data were statistically analysed using a multiple linear regression analysis. The most influencing factor for the fracture strength of roots was the remaining dentine thickness, followed by the irrigation method, and then the irrigation solution. The samples irrigated using PUI were statistically significantly more resistant to fracture than those using CSI (mean difference=116.3N; 95% CI=[53.9, 178.6] N). The application of HEBP was associated with higher resistance to fracture than the application of EDTA (mean difference=71.0N; 95% CI=[8.6, 133.3] N).

The Potentiality of Crassocephalum crepidioides for Phytoremediation of Cd Contaminated Soil under the Application of EDTA

Aiming to identify measures to improve the cadmium (Cd) extraction efficiency of Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cd contaminated soil, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate plant growth and Cd accumulation in Crassocephalum crepidioides enhanced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) application. The results revealed that plant growth was inhibited and biomass decreased while treated with EDTA. The application of EDTA activated Cd in soil, thus increasing the Cd concentration of leaf, stem and root of Crassocephalum crepidioides by 10%∼91%, 13%∼98%, 20∼93%, respectively. According to the Cd extraction amount by the plant, potential phytoremediation capability of Crassocephalum crepidioides in Cd contaminated soils would be enhanced effectively with application of 4 mmol⋅kg−1 EDTA, however, the environmental risks should be considered synthetically when using. This study can provide a basis for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil.

Cadmium uptake and transfer by Sedum plumbizincicola using EDTA, tea saponin, and citric acid as activators

Sedum plumbizincicola (S. plumbizincicola) is known as a sufficient plant for phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) polluted soils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), tea saponin (TS), and citric acid (CA) on Cd uptake and translocation by S. plumbizincicola. To do so, using a pot experiment, we set four concentration levels of activators (1, 3, 5, and 10 mmol L−1) and a control (CK). Results showed that none of the applied activators had significant impact on soil pH. Except for CA-10, the concentration of available Cd in Cd polluted soils increased by 65.8–72.9% compared with CK. The EDTA-1, CA-1, and TS-5 treatments caused significant increases of 52.3, 67.2, and 38.4%, respectively, in the biomass of aerial parts of S. plumbizincicola (p < 0.05) compared with CK. Except for CA-3, activators increased Cd accumulation in the aerial parts of plants by 47–124% compared with CK. Of all activators, EDTA-3 caused the highest Cd accumulation of 6.64 g pot−1 in the aerial plant tissues followed by CA-10 (6.25 g pot−1) and TS-1 (5.48 g pot−1). Finally, our results suggested that the application of S. plumbizincicola together with different activators sufficiently reduced soil total Cd by 4.64–48.4% compared with CK. These findings suggest that appropriate application of EDTA, TS, and CA can promote phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soils by hyper-accumulators. In particular, the combined use of EDTA and S. plumbizincicola is an affordable and promising strategy for remediation of Cd contaminated soil. Novelty statement: Sedum plumbizincicola (S. plumbizincicola) is a well-known hyper-accumulator plant for remediation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) contaminated soils. In addition, low molecular rganic acids and macromolecular chelating agents can improve the solubility and leaching of soil heavy metals. In the present work, we examined the combined effects of three activators (EDTA, tea saponin, and citric acid) with S. plumbizincicola to remediate a Cd contaminated soil in Anhui Province, East China. Our results indicated the effectiveness of these activators to increase soil available Cd, as well as improving the biomass of S. plumbizincicola and its Cd uptake. We believe that this study provides an efficient approach to increase the uptake of Cd by S. plumbizincicola, restoring Cd contaminated soils. Nevertheless, excessive activators may have adverse effects on soil aggregates and soil microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to control the amount of chelating agents and subsequently the deterioration of soil quality.

Foliar Application of Zn Phosphite and Zn EDTA in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill): In Vivo Investigations of Transport, Chemical Speciation, and Leaf Surface Changes

Due to a zinc-deficient diet, about 800,000 children die each year worldwide. This aspect is amended by exploiting foliar fertilization, a useful alternative to improve crop yield and nutritional quality of food crops. The aim of this study was then to investigate the leaf uptake and transport of zinc by soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill). Plant leaves were treated with Zn phosphite and Zn ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) commercial formulations. X-ray spectroscopy (XRF and XANES) was exploited to trace nutrient movement in the petiolule and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the influence of leaf surface treatments. No radiation damage, in terms of elemental redistribution, was observed during the XRF and XANES measurements. As an alternative to radioisotopes, XRF allowed to detect the movement of Zn from both sources in the plant petiolule. Both fertilizers disintegrated leaf epicuticular wax crystals, yet accumulation of sediments in the vicinity of stomata was noted only for Zn phosphite. Absorption and redistribution of Zn were higher for plants that received Zn phosphite. Zinc supplied as Zn phosphite was transported in a form different from that of the pristine Zn phosphite, whereas Zn supplied as Zn EDTA was transported in its chelated form.

LPCGF and EDTA conditioning of the root surface promotes the adhesion, growth, migration and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells.

Liquid-phase concentrated growth factor (LPCGF), a new-generation platelet concentrate, may potently stimulate human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. This study assessed the effectiveness of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and/or LPCGF on periodontally diseased root surfaces through their effects on PDL cells. Dentin blocks prepared from periodontal teeth were divided into four groups and treated as follows: group I, scaling and root planning (SRP); group II, SRP + EDTA; group III, SRP + LPCGF; and group IV, SRP+EDTA + LPCGF. PDL cells were cultured on dentin blocks, and LPCGF-induced biological effects were evaluated by migration and cell adhesion/proliferation assays. Furthermore, PDL cell differentiation was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Significantly more adherent cells were observed in the EDTA, LPCGF and combination treatment groups than in the control group. Root conditioning with EDTA and/or LPCGF enhanced cell proliferation and migration more than SRP did. Compared with the control group, the combined treatment group exhibited significant upregulation of cell differentiation-related genes. Electron microscopy of the tooth surface revealed removal of the smear layer and exposed dentin holes in the EDTA-treated group but not in the control group. EDTA and LPCGF application to periodontitis-affected root surfaces forms a surface suitable for cell attachment, growth, migration and differentiation. Thus, LPCGF is promising in clinical periodontics applications. Further studies to support these results are necessary.

Modulating effect of EDTA and SDS on growth, biochemical parameters and antioxidant defense system of Dahlia variabilis grown under cadmium and lead-induced stress

The present study investigated the influence of inorganic amendments viz., SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in enhancing metal tolerance in plants. Seedlings of an important ornamental plant, Dahlia variabilis Cav. were grown under cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) stress. 30-days old seedlings were transferred to pots containing sterilized sand and supplemented with Hoagland’s medium. After 15 days of transplanting, four treatments (0, 10, 25, and 100 mg kg-1) of Cd and four treatments of Pb (0, 100, 500 and 5000 mg kg-1) were used with or without application of 2.0 mM SDS and 2.5 mM EDTA, separately and in combination. Seedlings were further grown for 60 days in culture media. Results revealed that both Cd and Pb significantly reduced plant growth, pigment content, and relative water content. Antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) along with protein and total soluble sugar contents showed a declining trend with an increase in Cd and Pb concentrations applied. The Cd and Pb treatment enhanced the production rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as depicted by the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in leaf. Inorganic amendments viz., EDTA+SDS applied either alone or in combination significantly alleviated Cd and Pb-induced toxic effects. However, a combination of EDTA+SDS showed significant results than used separately. These results revealed that the application of inorganic amendments in combination can enhance the phytoextraction capacity of the species studied. However, the effects of various amendments vary with the nature of the inorganic compound. The study suggests that the application of EDTA and SDS could be a useful strategy for enhancing the phytoextraction capability of Dahlia variabilis to remove Cd and Pb from contaminated soils.

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on cadmium toxicity and accumulation in ryegrass

The effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on cadmium toxicity and accumulation in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied in a hydroponic experiment. The results show that in plants without Cd application, addition of EDTA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an exogenous NO donor) significantly reduced the plant height, root length, and root activity of ryegrass, and significantly increased the O2*- generation rate and H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the aboveground and underground parts of ryegrass. Cadmium stress significantly inhibited ryegrass growth. Addition of SNP or EDTA alleviated Cd toxicity, and addition of both had a better effect. Compared with Cd alone, the shoot height and root length in the Cd+EDTA+SNP treatment increased by 68.8 and 59.6 %, and plant fresh and dry masses by 62.6 and 60.0 %, respectively. Also, the superoxide dismutase activity in the shoots and roots increased by 32.5 and 67.6 %, the peroxidase activity by 49.8 and 67.6 %, the ascorbate peroxidase activity by 134 and 102 %, the MDA content decreased by 30.4 and 21.8 %, and the O2*- generation rate by 29.0 and 26.1 %, respectively. At the same time, Cd content in the shoots and roots increased significantly by 89.7 and 30.2 %, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that exogenous NO could enhance Cd tolerance of ryegrass, but addition of EDTA could promote plant Cd uptake. Combined application of NO and EDTA increased Cd accumulation in the aboveground parts of ryegrass. In this experiment, the treatment of 100 &#181;M CdCl2 + 0.25 mM EDTA + 50 &#956;M SNP showed the best effects in promoting Cd accumulation in ryegrass and enhancing its Cd tolerance.

Individual and combined application of EDTA and citric acid assisted phytoextraction of copper using jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) seedlings

Jute (Corchorus capsularis) can generate substantial biomass and has the ability to uptake large amounts of heavy metals from metal-contaminated soil. However, a low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil or other media and insufficient movement of heavy metals in the above-ground parts of the plant limit phytoextraction efficiency. The application of chelators, such as citric acid (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA), increases metal uptake by plants. In addition to improving the phytoextraction potential of a plant, chelator application can improve plant growth, chlorophyll contents, and gas exchange attributes while alleviating oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidative defence system. This article discusses the individual and combinatorial effects of CA and EDTA on copper (Cu) uptake and its translocation to harvestable parts of C. capsularis. The effects on plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll contents, gaseous exchange attributes, oxidative stress, antioxidative enzyme and cellular organelles (transmission electron microscopy study) were investigated using 3 mM of EDTA and 3 mM of CA in Hoagland nutrient solution under a Cu level of 80 μML−1. All plants were able to grow for 28 days in the nutrient solution in a growth chamber (Philips 20W TLD, China) under conditions of 12 h natural light per day. The results revealed that, relative to the control treatment (no chelator application), the individual and combinatorial application of CA and EDTA increased the phytoextraction potential of C. capsularis by increasing Cu uptake in roots, stems and leaves. Furthermore, both chelators improved plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes and ultra-structure of chloroplast while ameliorating oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidative defence system. Analyses of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) revealed that C. capsularis has potential to perform the phytoextraction of Cu, and the values of BAF and TF in Cu-stressed plants significantly increased under chelator application. EDTA was more effective than CA in increasing phytoextraction potential and improved growth and development in C. capsularis. The results of this study suggest that the co-application of these chelators represents an efficient strategy for improving the phytoextraction of Cu by jute grown in Cu-contaminated soil.

Cadmium Accumulation Potential of Brassica Species Grown in Metal Spiked Loamy Sand Soil

ABSTRACT Phytoremediation is an emerging green technology for the management of contaminated soils. Plants that are hyper accumulators are used for in situ removal, degradation or decontamination of pollutant elements. The tolerance of heavy metals is the plant characteristic required for hyper accumulation. Different chelating agents such as Ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) facilitate metal uptake by plants growing in contaminated soil. In the present study, a screen house experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of three Brassica species viz. B. juncea L., B. campestris L. and B. napus L. for the removal of cadmium (Cd) from soils. The experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil in 216 pots with Cd applied @ 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg−1 soil and EDTA applied @ 0, 1, and 2 g kg−1 soil for 45 days. It was observed that, dry weight yield of shoot in all the three species decreased significantly with combined application of Cd and EDTA. Cd concentration was higher in case of B. campestris followed by B. napus and B. juncea, respectively. Among three species, B. juncea showed highest Cd uptake due to high biomass yield, whereas B. napus showed the lowest Cd uptake.

Chemical reagent-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals by Bryophyllum laetivirens from garden soil made of sludge

Making municipal sludge into garden soil is a challenging issue in land using due to the high content of heavy metals, however phytoremediation can reduce the heavy metal pollution in the soil. Three artificial regulators were used in combination to improve phytoremediation of heavy metals by Bryophyllum laetivirens from municipal sludge made garden (MSMG) soil. Results showed that B. laetivirens grew well in MSMG soil and bioaccumulated Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ni by 2.16–11.0 times higher than those grew in local common garden soil. The application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and microbial liquid (BL) promoted the bioaccumulation of heavy metals of plants in MSMG soil, with 2.1–6.8 times than the control group. The optimum dose for the phytoremediation of B. laetivirens was the combining treatment of 3 mmol kg−1 EDTA, 10−10 M IAA, and 5 ml kg−1 BL, which has been successfully applied in MSMG soil. EDTA treatment is more direct and effective in facilitating HM uptake of root, while the other two treatments play important roles in promoting the transport of HMs in plants.

Evaluation of Cell-detaching Effect of EDTA in Combination with Oxaliplatin for a Possible Application in HIPEC After Cytoreductive Surgery: A Preliminary in-vitro Study.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a commonly used compound in laboratory medicine, is known for its membrane-destabilization capacity and cell-detaching effect. This preliminary study aims to assess the potential of EDTA in removing residual tumor cell clusters. Using an in-vitro model, this effect is then compared to the cytotoxic effect of oxaliplatin which is routinely administered during HIPEC procedures. The overall cell toxicity and cell detaching effects of EDTA are compared to those of Oxaliplatin and the additive effect is quantified. HT-29 (ATCC® HTB-38™) cells were treated with A) EDTA only B) Oxaliplatin only and C) both agents using an in-vitro model. Cytotoxicity and cell detachment following EDTA application were measured via colorimetric MTS assay. Additionally, detached cell groups were visualized using light microscopy and further analyzed by means of electron microscopy. When solely applied, EDTA does not exhibit any cell toxicity nor does it add any toxicity to oxaliplatin. However, EDTA enhances the detachment of adherent colon carcinoma cells by removing up to 65% (p<0.05) of the total initial cell amount. In comparison, the sole application of highly concentrated oxaliplatin induced cell mortality by up to 66% (p<0.05). While detached cells showed no mortality after EDTA treatment, cell clusters exhibited a decreased amount of extracellular and adhesive matrix in-between cells. When combined, Oxaliplatin and EDTA display a significant additive effect with only 30% (mean p <0.01) of residual vitality detected in the initial well. EDTA and Oxaliplatin remove up to 81% (p <0.01) of adhesive HT-29 cells from the surface either by cytotoxic effects or cell detachment. Our data support EDTA's potential to remove microscopical tumor cell clusters from the peritoneum and possibly act as a supplementary agent in HIPEC procedures with chemotherapy. While adding EDTA to HIPEC procedures may significantly decrease the risk of PM recurrence, further in-vivo and clinical trials are required to evaluate this effect.

Effect of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] on Phytoremediation Potential and Biochemical Response of Hybrid Napier Grass with and without EDTA Application.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contamination has become an emergent concern in China. Previous field investigations have found that hybrid Napier grass is widely distributed in Cr(VI) contaminated areas. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential and biochemical response of hybrid Napier grass (Pennisetum americanus L. × Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) grown in soil contaminated with Cr(VI) (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg kg−1) with and without Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) (4 mM) application. The results indicated that root length, shoot height, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll, and photosystem II (PSII) parameters viz.; apparent electron transport rate (ETR), effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSⅡ), maximal PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (qN) decreased with the increasing Cr(VI) concentration. EDTA application further aggravated reduction of dry biomass and photosystem II. The concentration and the accumulation of Cr in shoot and root, and both the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and transfer factor (TF) increased with increasing Cr(VI) concentrations and further enhanced with EDTA application. Though the Cr(VI) and Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) stress reduced tolerance, but, even at highest Cr(VI) concentration, plant could exhibited strong resistance, as evidenced by increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities. Hybrid Napier grass, due to its BAF > 1 and a TF < 1, would be applicable for Cr phytostabilization. Moreover, limiting metal transport to aerial parts of plant would prevent animal’s ingestion, restrict soil mobility, and consequently reduce transmission across the food chain.

Effects of EDTA and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth and heavy metal uptake of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for decontaminating heavy-metal-contaminated soil. However, the practical use of phytoremediation is constrained by the low biomass of plants and low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and EDTA in combination with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Burkholderia sp. D54 or Burkholderia sp. D416) on the growth and metal uptake of the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. According to the results, EDTA application decreased shoot and root biomass by 50% and 43%, respectively. The soil respiration and Cd, Pb, Zn uptake were depressed, while the photosynthetic rate, glutathione and phytochelatin (PC) contents were increased by EDTA application. Interestingly, Burkholderia sp. D54 and Burkholderia sp. D416 inoculation significantly relieved the inhibitory effects of EDTA on plant growth and soil respiration. Compared with the control, EDTA + D416 treatment increased the Cd concentration in shoots and decreased the Pb concentration in shoots and roots, but did not change the Zn concentration in S. alfredii plants. Furthermore, EDTA, EDTA + D54 and EDTA + D416 application increased the cysteine and PC contents in S. alfredii (p < 0.05); among all tested PCs, the most abundant species was PC2, and compared with the control, the PC2 content was increased by 371.0%, 1158.6% and 815.6%, respectively. These results will provide some insights into the practical use of EDTA and PGPR in the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by S. alfredii.

Effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on EDTA-assisted phytostabilization of heavy metals in a contaminated calcareous soil.

The objective of this research was to determine the combined effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the phytostabilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn by corn and chemical fractionation of these elements in soil. Three heavy metal-resistant bacteria (P18, P15, and P19) were selected. All strains, belonging to the fluorescent pseudomonads, exhibited plant growth-promoting properties, including phosphorus solubilization and production of siderophore, indole acetic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase. Applying EDTA individually or in combination with bacterial strains (P18 and P15) significantly increased shoot biomass. The highest dry shoot biomass was recorded in the combined treatment of EDTA and P15-inoculated pots. Application of EDTA in PGPR-inoculated pots increased concentrations of heavy metals in corn shoots and roots compared to the control. The highest concentration of Zn in corn root and shoot was observed in P15 + EDTA treatment, which were 2.0-fold and 1.3-fold higher than those in the untreated soil. Results of chemical speciation showed that the co-application of EDTA and fluorescent pseudomonads strains increased the bioavailability of Zn, Pb, and Cd by their redistribution from less soluble fractions to water-soluble forms. It was concluded that bacterial inoculation could improve the efficiency of EDTA in phytostabilization of heavy metals from multi-metal contaminated soils.

The effect of Cu-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and EDTA on phytoremediation efficiency of plants in a Cu-contaminated soil.

Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils is essential for safe agricultural or urban land use, and phytoremediation is among the most effective methods. The success of phytoremediation relies on the size of the plant biomass and bioavailability of the metal for plant uptake. This research was carried out to determine the effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ligand and Cu-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on phytoremediation efficiency of selected plants as well as fractionation and bioavailability of copper (Cu) in a contaminated soil. The test conditions included three plant species (maize: Zea mays L., sunflower: Helianthus annuus L., and pumpkin: Cucurbita pepo L.) and six treatments, comprising two PGPR strains (Pseudomonas cedrina K4 and Stenotrophomonas sp. A22), two PGPR strains with EDTA, EDTA, and control (without PGPR and EDTA). The combination of EDTA and PGPR enhanced the Cu concentration in both shoot and root tissues and increased the plant biomass. The Cu specific uptake was at a maximum level in the shoots of pumpkin plants when treated with the PGPR strain K4 + EDTA (202μgpot-1), and the minimum amount of Cu was recorded for sunflower with no PGPR or EDTA addition (29.6μgpot-1). The result of the PGPR-EDTA treatments showed that the combined application of EDTA and PGPR increased the shoot Cu-specific uptake approximately fourfold in pumpkin. Pumpkin with the highest shoot Cu specific uptake and maize with the highest root Cu specific uptake were the most effective plants in phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. The effectiveness of different PGPR-EDTA treatments in increasing Cu specific uptake by crop plants was assessed by measuring the amount of Cu extracted from the rhizosphere soil adhering to the roots of crop species, by the use of the single extractants Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), H2O, NH4NO3, and NH4OAc. PGPR-EDTA treatments increased the amount of water-extractable Cu from rhizosphere soils more than ten times that of the control. The combined application of the EDTA and PGPR reduced the carbonated Fe and Mn oxide-bound Cu in the contaminated soil, and increased the soluble and exchangeable concentration of Cu. Pumpkin, with high shoot biomass and the highest shoot Cu specific uptake was found to be the most effective field crop in phytoextraction of Cu from the contaminated soil. The results of this pot study demonstrated that the EDTA+PGPR treatment could play an important role in increasing the Cu bioavailability and specific uptake by plants, and thus increasing the phytoremediation efficiency of plants in Cu-contaminated areas.

Calcium loss on root canal dentin after Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) application with different varians

Objective: This study aimed to compare calcium loss on root canal dentin before and after EDTA application with different varians and concentration with or without surfactant.Material and Methods: Samples are mandibular premolar teeth single root canal, which is divided into 4 groups: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) gel, cream, solution and negative control. They are decoronated in Cemento-Enamel Junction (CEJ), then prepared with Crown Down Pressureless (CDP) technique and separated bucolingual direction. One side was applied in EDTA according their respective groups and the other side was set as sample before application. Samples before and after application of each group are destructed then subsequently measured for their Ca2+’s amount using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey Post Hoc test.Results: This showed significant differences between Ca2+ amount in root canal dentin before and after application either on EDTA gel, cream, or solution as well as on negative control group (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: Application of EDTA solution causes the highest calcium loss compared to EDTA gel and cream.

EDTA-Assisted Metal Uptake in Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica oleracea L.: Assessment of Toxicity and Food Safety.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on phytoextraction potential of radish and cabbage. Plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, proline and phenolics were significantly affected by the accumulation of heavy metals (HM). The metal uptake potential was increased significantly by the application of EDTA. Target hazard quotient (THQ) associated with exposure of these contaminants to food chain was calculated. Agronomic interventions to increase mineral levels in crops often increases the leaf concentrations only, the mineral concentration in edible portions are not increased at desired level due to low mobility of Zn in phloem. Since the leaves of both these crops are edible and a component of staple vegetarian diet, biofortification through Zn present in soil and its solubilization and mobilization through chelators can be implemented. However in no such instance these crops should be consumed when grown on Pb contaminated soil due to associated hazards.

Cadmium phytoextraction from contaminated paddy soil as influenced by EDTA and Si fertilizer.

The efficiency of heavy metal (HM) phytoextraction from contaminated soil directly depends on the pollutant bioavailability, which can be increased by some soil amendments. In field test, the impacts of soil-applied ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and amorphous silicon dioxide (ASD) and foliar-applied monosilicic acid (MS) on cadmium (Cd) uptake by rice plants from contaminated paddy soil were investigated. Without EDTA, the solid or liquid Si materials reduced the Cd accumulation in the aboveground part of rice by 26 to 52%. If EDTA was applied, the Cd accumulation by plants was increased by 60 to 92%; however, the biomass was reduced by 16 to 35%. The combined application of Si-rich materials and EDTA provided enhanced plant tolerance to a negative influence of EDTA, while kept high Cd content in the rice stems and leaves. As a result, the Cd amounts extracted by the stems and leaves from the unit area of contaminated paddy soil were greater by 25 and 37% in comparison with those for only EDTA treatment.