Application Of Test Research Articles

Design and implementation of an AI-controlled spraying drone for agricultural applications using advanced image preprocessing techniques

PurposeNowadays, food problems are likely to arise because of the increasing global population and decreasing arable land. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the yield of agricultural products. Pesticides can be used to improve agricultural land products. This study aims to make the spraying of cherry trees more effective and efficient with the designed artificial intelligence (AI)-based agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).Design/methodology/approachTwo approaches have been adopted for the AI-based detection of cherry trees: In approach 1, YOLOv5, YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 models are trained with 70, 100 and 150 epochs. In Approach 2, a new method is proposed to improve the performance metrics obtained in Approach 1. Gaussian, wavelet transform (WT) and Histogram Equalization (HE) preprocessing techniques were applied to the generated data set in Approach 2. The best-performing models in Approach 1 and Approach 2 were used in the real-time test application with the developed agricultural UAV.FindingsIn Approach 1, the best F1 score was 98% in 100 epochs with the YOLOv5s model. In Approach 2, the best F1 score and mAP values were obtained as 98.6% and 98.9% in 150 epochs, with the YOLOv5m model with an improvement of 0.6% in the F1 score. In real-time tests, the AI-based spraying drone system detected and sprayed cherry trees with an accuracy of 66% in Approach 1 and 77% in Approach 2. It was revealed that the use of pesticides could be reduced by 53% and the energy consumption of the spraying system by 47%.Originality/valueAn original data set was created by designing an agricultural drone to detect and spray cherry trees using AI. YOLOv5, YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 models were used to detect and classify cherry trees. The results of the performance metrics of the models are compared. In Approach 2, a method including HE, Gaussian and WT is proposed, and the performance metrics are improved. The effect of the proposed method in a real-time experimental application is thoroughly analyzed.

Pengaruh Kesegaran Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) pada Kualitas Gula Cetak Merah

To maintain sugarcane freshness, it is crucial to process it promptly after harvest. This study aims to analyze the quality of molded brown sugar derived from raw materials with varying levels of freshness. The research adopts a non-factorial design involving three main treatments: the duration of stay on the first, second, and third days, with three replications. Parameters observed during the molded brown sugar production process include brix, pol, purity, and reducing sugar from raw juice; brix, pol, purity, and reducing sugar from clear juice; color, brix, moisture content, and reducing sugar of sugar. Data analysis is performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the application of Duncan's multiple range test. The purity value in raw juice data H1 with a value of 89.54 significantly differs from data H3 with a value of 73.83. Similarly, reducing sugar in raw juice H1 at 0.74 significantly differs from H3 at 0.93. The purity value in clear juice H1 at 88.34 significantly differs from H3 at 75.40. As for reducing sugar in clear juice, H1 at 0.81 is significantly smaller than H3 at 1.18. Regarding the difference between open-pan and close-pan cooking treatments, it is concluded that the cooking system producing the best molded brown sugar is the close-pan system, evident in both color results and the reduced sugar content of molded brown sugar. The best color for molded brown sugar is found in treatment H1 (day 1) with the close-pan system at 551.40. The lowest reducing sugar content is observed in treatment H1 (day 1) with the close-pan system at 0.94.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Towards accuracy and accessibility

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a serious dementia afflicting aging population and is characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. AD substantially impairs the life quality of the victims and poses a heavy burden on the society at large. The number of people with dementia due to AD, prodromal AD, and preclinical AD is estimated to stand at roughly 3.2, 69, and 315 million worldwide, respectively. Current clinical diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and clinical research demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers had excellent diagnostic performance. However, the application of CSF biomarker tests and PET are restricted by the invasiveness and high cost. The presence of clinical symptoms means that AD pathology has been progressing for many years, and only a few drugs have been approved for the traetemnt of AD. Therefore, early diagnosis is extremely important for controlling the outcomes caused by AD. In this review, we provided an overview of developing clinical diagnostic criteria, diagnostic strategies under clinical research, developing blood based-biomarker assays, and promising nanotechnologically-based assays.

Highly emissive pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline based narrow band fluorescent sensors for detection of nitroaromatics and their application in spot paper test

In the modern day, explosive detection is essential to public safety, and fluorescent small molecules have gained popularity for their quick and accurate detection. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based conjugated small organic fluorophores (PQ-Ph-OH, PQ-Ph-NMe, PQ-Ph-OMe, PQ-Ph-Me, and PQ-Ph-CN) as fluorescence-based sensors for explosive molecules. The sensor molecules were synthesized in good to excellent yields using a dehomologative functionalization strategy. They exhibited excellent photophysical characteristics, which was tunable based on the substituent on the phenyl linker at position 3. DFT studies showed that the pyrroloquinoxaline moiety could act as an on-demand electron donor or acceptor, depending on the phenyl substituent. The molecules also exhibited solid state emission due to twisted geometry around the CC single bond between the heterocyclic scaffold and the phenyl derivative. This resulted in low band intense emission for the synthesized molecules. In the presence of electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives, all the fluorophores showed excellent fluorescence quenching. Detection limits in the range of 10−4 M were obtained for all the fluorophores. Stern-Volmer plots show high values of binding constants, indicating good interaction between the fluorophores and the explosive molecules. The mechanism of sensing was confirmed by UV-PL spectral overlap and fluorescence lifetime measurements, which suggest a static quenching based on the formation of a ground state complex. Owing to solid state emissions in some of the derivatives, the synthesized molecules were applied to paper strips for spot detection of explosive molecules.

Molecularly defined sinonasal malignancies: an overview with focus on the current WHO classification and recently described provisional entities.

Classification of tumors of the head and neck has evolved in recent decades including a widespread application of molecular testing in tumors of the sinonasal tract, salivary glands, and soft tissues with a predilection for the head and neck. The availability of new molecular techniques has allowed for the definition of multiple novel tumor types unique to head and neck sites. Moreover, an expanding spectrum of immunohistochemical markers specific to genetic alterations facilitates rapid identification of diagnostic molecular abnormalities. As such, it is currently possible for head and neck pathologists to benefit from a molecularly defined tumor classification while making diagnoses that are still based largely on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This review covers the principal molecular alterations in sinonasal malignancies, such as alterations in DEK, AFF2, NUTM1, IDH1-2, and SWI/SNF genes in particular, that are important from a practical standpoint for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to treatment.

Nondestructive material characterization and component identification in sheet metal processing with electromagnetic methods

Electromagnetic methods for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) are presented, with which sheet metal components can be identified and their material properties can be characterized. The latter is possible with 3MA, the Micromagnetic Multiparametric Microstructure and stress Analyser. This is a combination of several micromagnetic NDE methods that make it possible to analyse the microstructure in a ferromagnetic material and to determine quantitative values of the mechanical material properties or the stress state. In the case of cold forming, the 3MA application for pre-process testing of sheet metal is discussed. Based on the 3MA information, the formability of the sheets can be predicted. To apply 3MA in-line, the influence of the relative speed and the relative distance between the 3MA probe head and the sheet was investigated. In a second study, a spatially resolved eddy current (EC) method was used to create an image of the intrinsic material microstructure of a component for its identification and traceability. It turned out, that these intrinsic fingerprint images can still be recognized even after subsequent plastic deformation or coating of the surface. This enabled the development of a marker-free traceability method for sheet metal processing. It is based on a low-cost array sensor and a specimen identification using robust and partly redundant features of the fingerprint images processed by machine learning (ML).

Cauchy's Criterion for Non-negative Hyperbolic Series

Hyperbolic number plane constitutes a significant area of algebraic research, with their properties finding wide-ranging applications across various fields. Meanwhile, Cauchy's criterion, as an effective tool for determining series convergence, has also been extensively utilized in the study of hyperbolic numbers within mathematical analysis and practical problem-solving, offering valuable insights and practical applications. The paper conducted an in-depth exploration of the non-negative hyperbolic plane, applying the Comparison test and further investigating the Cauchy's criterion on the non-negative hyperbolic plane. Through the application of the comparison test, the paper have arrived at an important conclusion: when considering two numbers, and , in the non-negative hyperbolic complex plane, and , the convergence of implies the convergence of , and divergence of implies the divergence of . Furthermore, through a detailed analysis of Cauchy’s criterion, the paper also discovered a key finding: when a certain number r in the non-negative hyperbolic plane satisfies , if , the corresponding infinite series converges, whereas if , the series diverges. The paper not only pushes the frontiers of mathematical theory but also unlocks fresh avenues for interdisciplinary exploration. By delving into uncharted territories, it expands our understanding of mathematical principles and their applicability across diverse fields. Moreover, it fortifies mathematics' central role in addressing real-world challenges, providing essential tools and insights. As a cornerstone for future research, this work paves the way for innovative mathematical investigations and their practical applications, fostering a deeper symbiosis between theory and the real world.

Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis in the Preclinical Stage: Normal Aging or Dementia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) progressively impairs the memory and thinking skills of patients, resulting in a significant global economic and social burden each year. However, diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder can be challenging, particularly in the early stages of developing cognitive decline. Current clinical techniques are expensive, laborious, and invasive, which hinders comprehensive studies on Alzheimer's biomarkers and the development of efficient devices for Point-of-Care testing (POCT) applications. To address these limitations, researchers have been investigating various biosensing techniques. Unfortunately, these methods have not been commercialized due to several drawbacks, such as low efficiency, reproducibility, and the lack of accurate identification of AD markers. In this review, we present diverse promising hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease identified in various biofluids and body behaviors. Additionally, we thoroughly discuss different biosensing mechanisms and the associated challenges in disease diagnosis. In each context, we highlight the potential of realizing new biosensors to study various features of the disease, facilitating its early diagnosis in POCT. This comprehensive study, focusing on recent efforts for different aspects of the disease and representing promising opportunities, aims to conduct the future trend toward developing a new generation of compact multipurpose devices that can address the challenges in the early detection of AD.

A Survey on Testbench‐Based Vehicle‐in‐the‐Loop Simulation Testing for Autonomous Vehicles: Architecture, Principle, and Equipment

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) must be thoroughly tested to ensure safety and reliability before marketing. Simulation‐based testing has gained widespread recognition as the essential approach for AV testing by providing sufficient testing scenarios in the virtual environment. Vehicle‐in‐the‐loop (VIL) simulation has the ability to perform comprehensive tests and validations for the AVs’ overall behaviors while keeping significant testing accuracy and efficiency through the combination of the virtual scenarios and the physical AV. This article provides an overview of representative studies on testbench‐based VIL simulation testing for AVs, mainly focusing on utilizing testbenches to simulate realistic road conditions, and using physical signal stimulation methods and related equipment to generate sensors’ physical signals. This article first summarizes current AV testing studies, identifying existing issues and flaws of the state‐of‐the‐art methods and tools. Afterward, the testbench‐based VIL is addressed around architecture, principles, advantages, and characteristics. Then, the road condition simulation and the sensor physical signal generation in VIL are discussed in depth from structure, principle, and corresponding advanced equipment. Finally, research gaps between cutting‐edge technologies and AV testing applications in industrialization are identified to facilitate future research in this direction.

A comprehensive Exdia TRF-LFIA for simultaneous quantification of GFAP and NT-proBNP in distinguishing ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

The goal of this study is to create a highly sensitive time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay (TRF-LFIA) capable of concurrently measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP). This assay is designed as a diagnostic tool and aims to provide an algorithm for stroke management, specifically for distinguishing between Ischemic stroke (IS) and Hemorrhagic stroke (HS). However, LFIA to quantify simultaneous serum NT-proBNP and GFAP are not yet available.We have developed and validated a novel TRF-LFIA for the simultaneous quantitative detection of NT-proBNP and GFAP. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the immunoassay were significantly improved by employing specific monoclonal antibodies linked to europium nanoparticles (EuNPs) that specifically target NT-proBNP and GFAP. The detection area on the nitrocellulose membrane featured sandwich-style complexes containing two test lines for NT-proBNP and GFAP, and one Control line. The fluorescence intensity of these test lines and control line was measured using an in-house developed Exdia TRF-Plus analyzer. As proof-of-concept, we enrolled patients suspected of having a stroke who were admitted within a specific time frame (6 h). A small amount of clinical specimen (serum) was used.To optimize the LFIA, an EuNPs conjugated antibodies were investigated to improve the detection sensitivity and decrease the background signal as well shorten the detection time. The Exdia TRF-LFIA cartridge offers a wide linear dynamic detection range, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity. The limit of detection was determined to be 98 pg/mL for NT-proBNP and 68 pg/mL for GFAP, with minimal cross-reactivity. There were 200 clinical human serum samples that were used to evaluate this platform with high correlation. By combining the results of NT-proBNP and GFAP, we formulated an algorithm for the clinical assessment of Ischemic Stroke (IS) and Hemorrhagic Stroke (HS). According to our proposed algorithm, the combination of GFAP and NT-proBNP emerged as the most effective biomarker combination for distinguishing between IS and HS.Exdia TRF-LFIA shows great potential as a supplemental method for in vitro diagnostics in the laboratory or in other point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. Its development substantially decreases the diagnosis time for IS and HS. The proposed algorithm not only minimizes treatment delays but also lowers medical costs for patients.

Analysis and Optimization of a Regenerative Snubber for a GaN-Based USB-PD Flyback Converters

This paper presents a high-efficiency GaN-based 65 W Quasi-Resonant (QR) Flyback converter. The converter is characterized by a wide input voltage range and a variable output voltage, and it is designed as a Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for high power density USP-Power Delivery (USB-PD) applications. To increase the efficiency and power density, a regenerative snubber clamp solution has been used to limit the excursion of the drain voltage during the power switch turn-off. The activity involved the modeling of the converter, the sizing of the regenerative snubber, and the design of the flyback transformer. Furthermore, a dedicated test application board was used to verify the effectiveness of the solution. The results were compared with those obtained using a flyback converter with an RCD snubber.

Development of a Smartphone-linked Optical Biosensing System for Point-of-care Testing Applications

Development of a Smartphone-linked Optical Biosensing System for Point-of-care Testing Applications

Using equivalence tests in higher tier studies of honey bees under the revised EFSA Bee Guidance-How?

The proposed use of equivalence tests instead of difference tests in the revised guidance on the risk assessment of plant protection products for bees is a reasonable approach given an adverse effect was observed in the lower tier studies, using the hypothesis that there is a risk as the null hypothesis places the burden to prove the opposite on the other side. However, some uncertainties regarding the application of equivalence tests in field studies are discussed in the present study. Here, we compare equivalence and difference testing methods using a control dataset of a honey bee field effect study conducted in northern Germany in 2014. Half of the 48 colonies were assigned to a hypothetical test item group, and the colony strength data were analyzed using t-tests, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), and the corresponding equivalence tests. The data reflected the natural variability of honey bee colonies, with initially approximately 12 000 adult bees. Although the t-test and GLMM confirmed that 24 + 24 colonies are sufficient to show "no adverse effect," the equivalence tests of the t-test and GLMM were not able to reject the null hypothesis and classified at least some of the assessments as "high risk," indicating a power that was too low. Based on this, different operating options to reduce the variability are discussed. One possible option, which may provide a more realistic application of equivalence to avoid false high risk, is to consider the lower confidence interval of the control as a baseline and use GLMMs. With this option, we demonstrate a relatively acceptable probability to prove that no high risk for initially similar groups can be achieved. Further studies with different numbers of colonies are still needed to develop and validate the suggested approach. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-8. © 2024 SETAC.

Kairos study protocol: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of school timing and its effects on health, well-being and students' performance.

Recent evidence from chronobiology, chssronomedicine and chronopsychology shows that the organisation of social time (e.g., school schedules) generally does not respect biological time. This raises concerns about the impact of the constant mismatch between students' social and internal body clocks on their health, well-being and academic performance. The present paper describes a protocol used to investigate the problem of (de) synchronisation of biological times (chronotypes) in childhood and youth in relation to school times. It studies the effects of student chronotype vs. school schedule matches/mismatches on health behaviours (e.g., how many hours students sleep, when they sleep, eat, do physical activity, spend time outdoors in daylight) and learning (verbal expression, spatial structuring, operations) and whether alert-fatigue levels mediate this effect alignments/misalignments on learning (verbal expression, spatial structuring, operations) and their mediation by alert-fatigue levels. The novelty of our protocol lies in its multidisciplinary and mixed methodology approach to a relevant and complex issue. It draws on up-to-date knowledge from the areas of biology, medicine, psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The methods employed include a varied repertoire of techniques from hormonal analysis (cortisol and melatonin), continuous activity and light monitoring, self-registration of food intake, sleep timings, exercise and exposure to screens, alongside with systematic application of cognitive performance tests (e.g., memory, reasoning, calculation, attention) and self-reported well-being. This comprehensive and interdisciplinary protocol should support evidence-based education policy measures related to school time organisation. Appropriate and healthier school timetables will contribute to social change, healthier students and with more efficient learning. The results of studies using a similar methodology in other countries would ensure replication and comparability of results and contribute to knowledge to support policy making.

Development of an advanced liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry measurement system for simultaneous sphingolipid analysis

Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches offer valuable tools for the detection and quantification of various lipid species, including sphingolipids. The present study aimed to develop a new method to simultaneously detect various sphingolipid species that applies to diverse biological samples. We developed and validated a measurement system by employing a single-column liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system utilizing a normal-phase separation mode with positive ionization. The measurement system provided precision with a coefficient of variant below 20% for sphingolipids in all types of samples, and we observed good linearity in diluted serum samples. This system can measure the following sphingolipids: sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), sphingosine (Sph), dihydroS1P (dhS1P), dihydroSph (dhSph), ceramide 1-phosphate (Cer1P), hexosylceramide (HexCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), dh-ceramide, deoxy-ceramide, deoxy-dh-ceramide, and sphingomyelin (SM). By measuring these sphingolipids in cell lysates where S1P lyase expression level was modulated, we could observe significant and dynamic modulations of sphingolipids in a comprehensive manner. Our newly established and validated measurement system can simultaneously measure many kinds of sphingolipids in biological samples. It holds great promise as a valuable tool for laboratory testing applications to detect overall modulations of sphingolipids, which have been proposed to be involved in pathogenesis processes in a series of elegant basic research studies.

Long read sequencing on its way to the routine diagnostics of genetic diseases.

The clinical application of technological progress in the identification of DNA alterations has always led to improvements of diagnostic yields in genetic medicine. At chromosome side, from cytogenetic techniques evaluating number and gross structural defects to genomic microarrays detecting cryptic copy number variants, and at molecular level, from Sanger method studying the nucleotide sequence of single genes to the high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, resolution and sensitivity progressively increased expanding considerably the range of detectable DNA anomalies and alongside of Mendelian disorders with known genetic causes. However, particular genomic regions (i.e., repetitive and GC-rich sequences) are inefficiently analyzed by standard genetic tests, still relying on laborious, time-consuming and low-sensitive approaches (i.e., southern-blot for repeat expansion or long-PCR for genes with highly homologous pseudogenes), accounting for at least part of the patients with undiagnosed genetic disorders. Third generation sequencing, generating long reads with improved mappability, is more suitable for the detection of structural alterations and defects in hardly accessible genomic regions. Although recently implemented and not yet clinically available, long read sequencing (LRS) technologies have already shown their potential in genetic medicine research that might greatly impact on diagnostic yield and reporting times, through their translation to clinical settings. The main investigated LRS application concerns the identification of structural variants and repeat expansions, probably because techniques for their detection have not evolved as rapidly as those dedicated to single nucleotide variants (SNV) identification: gold standard analyses are karyotyping and microarrays for balanced and unbalanced chromosome rearrangements, respectively, and southern blot and repeat-primed PCR for the amplification and sizing of expanded alleles, impaired by limited resolution and sensitivity that have not been significantly improved by the advent of NGS. Nevertheless, more recently, with the increased accuracy provided by the latest product releases, LRS has been tested also for SNV detection, especially in genes with highly homologous pseudogenes and for haplotype reconstruction to assess the parental origin of alleles with de novo pathogenic variants. We provide a review of relevant recent scientific papers exploring LRS potential in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and its potential future applications in routine genetic testing.

A novel method for evaluating solidification cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel using trapezoidal hot cracking test during laser welding

A novel evaluation method was developed for evaluating solidification cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel using trapezoidal hot cracking test laser welding. By changing different chemical compositions and welding speeds, the critical restraint width was named and regarded as a new index to evaluate cracking susceptibility. First of all, the average critical restraint width of SUS310S, 316 and 302 was measured as 22.97 mm, 18.17 mm and 17.38 mm during laser welding at a speed of 1.0 m/min, respectability. Single phase austenite under mode A appeared in 310S while the other could form austenite and a small amount of ferrite based on mode FA, therefore, the solidification cracking susceptibility was 310S > 316 > 302. Then, the critical restraint widths of SUS310S and 304 had a tendency of decrease with increasing welding speed from 0.5 m/min to 1.0 m/min during laser welding. The lower heat input could decrease primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings, causing a reduction in the segregation degree. In addition, the fine dendrite along grain boundary of weld center could contribute to form zigzag interface which would be beneficial to interrupt the continuous residual liquid film. Thus, the solidification cracking susceptibility tended to decrease with an increase in laser welding speed from 0.5 m/min to 1.0 m/min. Above all, the developed evaluation method could improve the applicability, feasibility and progressiveness of hot cracking test.

The application of vestibular tests in the diagnosis of Meniere’s disease – interpretation of results and practical implications in clinical practice

<br><b>Introduction:</b> Meniere’s disease is a condition characterized clinically by episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a sensation of fullness in the ear. The symptoms are caused by the endolymphatic hydrops. Despite numerous studies, the exact mechanism of its onset remains unknown. The current diagnostic criteria published by international societies are based on clinical symptoms. Due to the variable clinical presentation of the disease, there is a need to search for effective diagnostic tools.</br> <br><b>Material and methods:</b> The article discusses various methods assessing inner ear function in the diagnosis of Meniere’s disease, including video Head Impulse Test, videonystagmography with caloric tests, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, dynamic posturography, and electrocochleography. The results of aforementioned tests with patterns typical for Meniere’s disease are also presented.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> This article presents a comprehensive diagnostic review of Meniere’s disease using vestibular organ examination methods, emphasizing the importance of various research methods for an accurate understanding and diagnosis of this complex disease.</br>

Development of a distributed group control strategy for pumping well groups connected by multisource DC microgrids

Due to the alternating loads on pumping units and the integration of new energy sources, multisource DC microgrid pumping unit well groups experience increased fluctuations in voltage and power as well as superimposed peak and valley values. This work presents a distributed control strategy for pumping unit well groups on a multisource DC microgrid based on the weighted moving average algorithm. A centralized control program is implanted in the RTU of the single-well controller of each pumping unit, and communication with each well is realized via SCADA and multicast communication, resulting in a distributed well group system. The real-time power values of the pumping well group are calculated by grouping the power values, and each group is weighted using the total power fluctuation threshold of the well group as the control target. Then, a weighted moving average algorithm is used to predict the next power value and form a table of predicted real-time power spectra. According to the power values in the community power spectrum table, the inverter frequency is proportionally adjusted downwards to reach the power peak before deceleration; after the power peak is crossed, the frequency is increased in the same way to reach the power valley before acceleration. Finally, the peak and valley power values of the bus system level off and further learn to reach the set impulse; ultimately, a stable impulse is formed. In laboratory testing and field application in the Shengli Oilfield XIN-11 block, the group control software module effectively suppressed the active power peak and valley values and voltage fluctuations of the bus system, the active power fluctuation rate range decreased by more than 70%, and the DC bus voltage fluctuation range decreased by more than 80%; moreover, the active power decreased by approximately 6% without additional hardware costs.

How Joint Enterprise Liability Neutered the Criminal Cases Review Commission in England

In 2016 the English Supreme Court changed the law concerning joint enterprise liablity ub R v Jogee. The decision appeared to provide a remedy for secondary parties that had been convicted under the, albeit faithful application of the old law. The requirement, however, to demonstrate a substantial injustice following the subsequent case of Johnson significantly curtailed the number of appeals based on this change in the law. The substantial injustice test is applied by the English Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) prior to the application of the statutory real possibility test. Up until now, there has not been any research that examines the impact of this situation and the extent that it constricts any remedy for secondary parties convicted under joint enterprise liability. Using findings from the first study to explore this concept this work examines the limiting effect of the substantial injustice test on the CCRC, explores the application of the corrected law from Jogee, and shows the low number of applicants to the CCRC that identify as black British, despite existing research suggesting this demographic has the highest conviction rate for joint enterprise.