Feelings Of Appetite Research Articles

Beyond Energy Expenditure: Exercise And Food Intake Regulation

Copyright: © 2012 Dalia EK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Despite the established role of physical activity and exercise in preventing weight gain, their impact on weight loss in the absence of energy restrictions was found to be modest. There is a growing body of evidence supporting a beneficial role of exercise in energy balance and body composition. The influence of exercise on energy balance occurs not only through its modulation of energy expenditure, but also through its impact on energy intake. Various studies have explored the association between acute and chronic bouts of exercise, appetite feelings and energy intake; however, findings are controversial. Originally, it has been suggested that the relative inefficacy of exercise on weight loss originates from the partial compensation for exerciseinduced energy deficit by an increased food intake [1]. However, one research has found that only 19% of intervention studies reported an increase in energy intake after exercise, whereas 65% showed no effect and 16% showed a decrease in food intake. Indeed, most studies showed no impact of acute exercise on appetite [2,3] and/or subsequent energy intake usually assessed through an ad libitum buffet meal [1,4]. Some have even reported reductions of hunger sensations without concomitant decreases in food intake mainly following high intensity vigorous exercise [3,5].

Frequency of Reporting and Predictive Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Advanced Cancer

AimsThe prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer has been reported to be on average 25% and to significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Despite high prevalence rates, these disorders remain underdiagnosed and undertreated. The purpose of our study was to examine the self-report rates of anxiety and depression with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and to assess the predictive factors for these reports in cancer patients with metastatic disease. Materials and methodsConsecutive patients who attended the Rapid Response Radiotherapy Program (RRRP) completed the ESAS as well as baseline demographic information. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors that significantly predicted anxiety and/or depression. Pearson χ2 was used to test goodness-of-fit for categorical variables and established whether or not an observed frequency distribution differed from a predicted frequency distribution. A univariate analysis was conducted first and those variables with a P value<0.100 were included in a multivariate analysis. A score test was used to test the proportional odds assumption. ResultsIn total, 1439 patients seen in the RRRP between January 1999 and October 2009 completed ESAS questionnaires. Fifty-five per cent of patients reported at least mild symptoms of depression and 65% reported at least mild anxiety. In the univariate analysis, patients who were female, who had a lower performance status score, or primary lung cancer were more likely to report depressed and anxious feelings. Primary prostate cancer patients were significantly less likely to report depression and anxiety. Patients referred for spinal cord compression were significantly less depressed. The multivariate models showed that younger patients were significantly more anxious than older patients and females reported more anxiety than males. Patients who reported higher feelings of nausea, tiredness, drowsiness, dyspnoea, and worse appetite and overall well-being on the ESAS tool were more likely to report feelings of depression. Patients who reported higher nausea, drowsiness, dyspnoea and worse overall well-being more often reported higher feelings of anxiety. ConclusionThe self-report rates of anxiety and depression were consistent with published prevalence rates. However, the explained variance based on factors included in the model remains low. Additional predictive factors should be examined in future studies in this population. The ESAS tool seems to be an efficient screening tool for anxiety and depression; however, future studies should examine its correlative properties with other known screening tools in the advanced cancer population. A prospective study should be conducted to assess the severity cut-off point in which the ESAS scores most frequently lead to a further diagnosis of an anxiety or depressive disorder in the advance cancer population.

Caffeinated Coffee Does Not Acutely Affect Energy Intake, Appetite, or Inflammation but Prevents Serum Cortisol Concentrations from Falling in Healthy Men1–4

Our aim in this crossover study was to investigate the acute effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption on appetite feelings, energy intake, and appetite-, inflammation-, stress-, and glucose metabolism-related markers. Sixteen healthy men (age range, 21–39 y; BMI range, 19.7–28.6 kg/m2) received in a random order on 3 separate occasions a standard breakfast snack with 200 mL of either caffeinated coffee (3 mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee, or water (control). Before intervention (-15 min) and at standard time points following breakfast consumption (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), participants recorded their appetite feelings and we collected blood samples for measurements of circulating glucose, insulin, cortisol, and appetite- and inflammation-related markers. At 180 min, participants consumed a meal ad libitum. The appetite-related ratings, the appetite plasma hormonal responses as well as the plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma and serum inflammatory marker responses did not show an overall intervention effect or a time x intervention interaction. Ad libitum energy intake did not differ among the 3 interventions. However, a significant intervention effect (P= 0.04) and a time x intervention interaction (P-interaction = 0.02) were found for serum cortisol; cortisol concentrations were significantly higher following the caffeinated coffee intervention, compared to control, at 60 min and thereafter. In conclusion, the usually consumed amount of caffeinated coffee does not have short-term effects on appetite, energy intake, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory markers, but it increases circulating cortisol concentrations in healthy men.

Gender effect on exercise-induced energy intake modification among obese adolescents

This study examined gender differences in terms of energy intake and appetite feelings after an acute bout of physical exercise among obese adolescents. Seven obese girls and seven obese boys were asked to complete a sedentary and an exercise session in random order, where their food consumption and appetite sensations were assessed. Both boys and girls showed a significant reduction of energy intake on the exercise day without any modification of their appetite readings and no gender differences in food consumption and appetite responses to an acute exercise were noted.

The effect of different doses of caffeinated coffee on energy intake and appetite feelings of healthy male and female volunteers

The effect of different doses of caffeinated coffee on energy intake and appetite feelings of healthy male and female volunteers

Coffee Mannooligosaccharides, Consumed As Part of a Free-Living, Weight-Maintaining Diet, Increase the Proportional Reduction in Body Volume in Overweight Men1–3

Clinical studies have shown that the consumption of coffee mannooligosaccharides (MOS) decreases body fat, suggesting that MOS consumption may be useful for weight management. This study was undertaken to determine whether consumption of coffee MOS improves body composition when consumed as part of a weight-maintaining diet. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 54 men and women, age 19–65 y and with BMI of 27–33 kg/m2, consumed study beverages twice daily, for 12 wk. Beverages were identical except for the presence (MOS group) or absence (placebo group) of MOS (4 g/d). Body composition was assessed at baseline and endpoint using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body weight, blood pressure, and assessments of feelings of appetite and satiety were taken weekly. Fifty men and women completed both baseline and endpoint MRI scans. There was a significant beverage x time interaction on total body volume (P = 0.026), total adipose tissue (TAT) (P = 0.046), and total subcutaneous adipose tissue (P = 0.032) in men but not women. Men consuming the MOS beverage had a greater percent change in total body volume (P = 0.043) and tended to have greater percent changes in subcutaneous (P = 0.069) and TAT (P = 0.098) compared with the placebo group. Consumption of a MOS-containing beverage, as part of a free-living weight-maintaining diet, leads to reductions in total body volume, relative to placebo, in men. More research is needed to further investigate the mechanism by which MOS may act to improve body composition and to elucidate the influence of gender.

A training session to rate appetite feelings increases the robustness of methodology

A training session to rate appetite feelings increases the robustness of methodology

Impact of restraint and disinhibition on PYY plasma levels and subjective feelings of appetite

The impact of eating behaviours on circulating levels of appetite-regulating hormones remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the role of restraint and disinhibition on fasting/postprandial peptide YY (PYY) plasma levels and subjective feelings of appetite in normal-weight individuals and to determine whether the effect was energy load dependent. 33 participants (12 men) were classified as restrained/unrestrained and low/high in disinhibition based on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-18R and Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. The impact of restraint/disinhibition on PYY plasma levels and feelings of appetite was measured, after a 500kcal and 1000kcal breakfast, using a randomised crossover design. Restraint did not impact on either fasting or postprandial PYY plasma levels, but participants with high disinhibition had a tendency towards a blunted postprandial PYY response. Moreover, restrained eaters reported lower ratings of prospective food consumption postprandially, and a tendency towards higher fullness/lower hunger. In conclusion, circulating PYY is unaffected by restrained eating behaviour, despite being associated with increased fullness and reduced hunger in the fed state. High levels of disinhibition tend to be associated with a blunted PYY response and this may contribute towards the susceptibility to overconsumption and increased risk of weight gain characteristic of this trait.

Postexercise appetite and hunger do not alter in parallel

It is generally recognized that moderate exercise induces to increase appetite/hunger in parallel. However, it is not still clear the effect of exercise intensity on these relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine as to whether the exercise‐induced alternation of appetite/huger depend on exercise intensity. 12 healthy young male subjects performed cycling exercise at constant work rate (% of VO2max) of 30 % for 20 min (L‐ex), 50 % for 14 min (M‐ex), or 70 % for 8 min (H‐ex), in random order. The total amounts of three works were matched. The subjects were asked the feeling of appetite and hunger at prior‐ and post‐exercise (at 1 and 20‐min) using visual analog scale. The salivary flow and its alpha‐amylase activity were also measured. In H‐ex, appetite and hunger were suppressed immediately after exercise and returned to prior‐level at 20‐min. In L‐ex, both were unaffected by exercise and increased at 20 min. In M‐ex, however, the appetite for 20 min after exercise was close to those in L‐ex, while the hunger did show a similar change to those in not L‐ex, but H‐ex. Salivary flow significantly decreased after exercise in H‐ex. The results indicate that, for the intensity of prior‐exercise, there seem to be two different affected thresholds to appetite and hunger during the following short‐term recovery; i.e., below M‐ex for hunger, but above M‐ex for appetite. (Support: JSPS‐KAKENHI, 21500689 to AM)

The Effects of Exercise-Induced Weight Loss on Appetite-Related Peptides and Motivation to Eat

Context: The magnitude of exercise-induced weight loss depends on the extent of compensatory responses. An increase in energy intake is likely to result from changes in the appetite control system toward an orexigenic environment; however, few studies have measured how exercise impacts on both orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. ---------- Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of medium-term exercise on fasting/postprandial levels of appetite-related hormones and subjective appetite sensations in overweight/obese individuals. ---------- Design and Setting: We conducted a longitudinal study in a university research center. ---------- Participants and Intervention: Twenty-two sedentary overweight/obese individuals (age, 36.9 ± 8.3 yr; body mass index, 31.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) took part in a 12-wk supervised exercise programme (five times per week, 75% maximal heart rate) and were requested not to change their food intake during the study. ---------- Main Outcome Measures: We measured changes in body weight and fasting/postprandial plasma levels of glucose, insulin, total ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (AG), peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and feelings of appetite. ---------- Results: Exercise resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and fasting insulin and an increase in AG plasma levels and fasting hunger sensations. A significant reduction in postprandial insulin plasma levels and a tendency toward an increase in the delayed release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (90–180 min) were also observed after exercise, as well as a significant increase (127%) in the suppression of AG postprandially. ---------- Conclusions: Exercise-induced weight loss is associated with physiological and biopsychological changes toward an increased drive to eat in the fasting state. However, this seems to be balanced by an improved satiety response to a meal and improved sensitivity of the appetite control system.

A training session to rate appetite feelings increases the robustness of methodology

A training session to rate appetite feelings increases the robustness of methodology

Acute Effects of A Liquid Dietary Supplement, TAIslimTM Containing A Combination of Indigestible Soluble Dietary Fiber, Phenylalanine, N‐Acetyl‐Tyrosine, Caffeine, Tea Polyphenols and Lycium barbarum on Resting Metabolic Rate: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study

TAIslim is a blend of soluble indigestible fiber, phenylalanine, N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine, caffeine, standardized tea polyphenols and Lycium barbarum; some of which are known to improve energy balance. The objective of this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study was to determine whether consumption of TAIslim (120 ml/d) for 14 d would have an impact on resting metabolic rate (RMR), anthropometric parameters and subjective feelings of appetite and gastrointestinal conditions. Measurements were taken at baseline and endpoint. A total of 32 healthy adults (age=33.2 y, BMI=27.8 kg/m2) were enrolled. A nutritional beverage (360 kcal) was provided at the completion of the 1st RMR measurement. RMR in a group consuming TAIslim (n=11), a half dose of TAIslim (n=9) and placebo (n=12) was increased by 255, 200 and 150 kcal, about 14%, 11% and 8% of baseline (1,823 kcal), respectively. TAIslim increased RMR to a greater extent than placebo (P &lt; 0.05). Waist circumference and feeling of appetite tended to decrease in the TAIslim group whereas there was no significant difference in the other groups. Other anthropometric parameters and gastrointestinal conditions were not different between groups or between pre‐ and post‐intervention for either group. These results suggest that TAIslim may affect waist circumference by enhancing energy expenditure. A longer term study may clarify potential of body weight control.

Valoración de las sensaciones de apetito, hambre y saciedad mediante la utilización de sustitutivos de comidas (barritas). Ensayo aleatorizado, abierto y cruzado

Introduction There is a clear lack of information regarding the relation between the consumption of meal substitutes and the regulation of the satiation and hunger mechanisms. Objective To examine five aspects related with the appetite, hunger and satiation after eating meal substitute bars or a normocaloric meal established by a Dietician-Nutritionist using a validated visual scale (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]). Methods A randomized, open crossed test lasting 6 days on 20 adults who are not elite athletes, who have no obesity, diabetes or other metabolic pathologies. A normocaloric diet was established for the volunteers, which they followed for the days the protocol lasted, and they were asked to do no sports during those days. On the third day, the meal was substituted by meal substitutes in one group (group A) and not in the other (group B), chosen at random, and aspects to do with the appetite, hunger and satiation were assessed in both groups. The assessment was carried out one hour before the meal and after it, plus three times more coinciding with the following three hours after the ingestion (i.e. a total of five times). From then on, the volunteers continued with the originally established diet for another two days, and, on the third day, the five aspects mentioned were assessed again, but this time by crossing the treatment groups, i.e. the group which was not given substitute bars the first time (group B) took them. Results In the Visual Analogue Scales analysed, no statistically significant differences were seen with regards to feelings of appetite, hunger and satiation in each of the treatment groups. Neither were statistically significant differences found with respect to the treatment groups and the value of the VAS scales in each of the times observed, except at the moment 0 (just after eating), for the assessment of the desire to eat something fatty, salty, sweet or tasty, where the substitutes seemed to curb this desire more efficiently. Conclusions The meal substitutes offered the same sensation of appetite, hunger and satiation as a balanced normocaloric meal, in spite of providing a considerably lower amount of calories and dietetic fibre. Just after a meal, the group which had eaten meal substitutes had less desire to eat something fatty, salty, sweet or tasty. More studies with a larger number of volunteers and which last longer are required to draw final conclusions.

Experimental study to investigate the effects of fibre and protein on appetite feelings and food intake in women

Experimental study to investigate the effects of fibre and protein on appetite feelings and food intake in women

Short-term sleep restriction does not increase spontaneous food intake in normal-weight men

Background: The role of sleep in body's energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity is presently widely discussed. Epidemiological data show a clear association between short sleep duration and increased body weight. Furthermore, a previous experimental study showed increased feelings of hunger and appetite after short-term sleep restriction. Here, we assessed the influence of short-term sleep restriction on food intake in healthy men. Methods: Fifteen healthy normal-weight men were studied on 2 conditions separated by at least six weeks: (i) after two consecutive nights of regular 8 hours of sleep, and (ii) after two nights of only 4 hours of sleep in the second half of the night, subjects had to stay in our laboratory under time deprivation conditions until the following evening. During the whole day participants were offered a large breakfast and snack buffet and could order warm dishes whenever they wanted. Symptom ratings were assessed every hour and food intake was monitored continuously. Results: After sleep restriction feelings of fatigue were increased throughout the day in comparison to the regular sleep condition (P=0.001 for ANOVA main effect 'sleep'). There were no differences in appetite and hunger ratings between the two conditions (P>0.62 for ANOVA main effect 'sleep'). Also, total energy intake did not differ between the sleep restriction and regular sleep condition (4013±268kcal vs. 4006±284kcal, P=0.98). Furthermore, we could not detect any differences in the intake of different macronutrient components between the two conditions. Conclusion: Our data show that in normal weight men short-term sleep restriction does not increase ad libitum total food intake in an experimental setting of time deprivation. This result contrasts previous findings of increased hunger and appetite after short term sleep restriction. However, our finding does not exclude that food intake is increased during longer periods of short sleep duration thereby promoting the development of obesity.

Subjective feeling of appetite modulates brain activity: An fMRI study

Obesity and overweight are important risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and associated chronic diseases, and therefore, they have become serious global problems in the western and developed countries. But little is known about the neuroanatomical correlates of eating behavior and its influences on the central nervous processing in humans. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the cortical activation in 12 lean healthy humans during visual stimulation with food-related and nonfood pictures after a fasting period of at least 5 h. Compared to the nonfood pictures, the food stimuli elicited a significantly greater activity in the left orbitofrontal cortex and the insular/opercular cortex bilaterally with a stronger focus on the left side. Subjective ratings of appetite during the presentation of food-related stimuli modulated the activity in the insula bilaterally, the left operculum and the right putamen. These results provide further insights in the central nervous processing of food relevant stimuli in humans, specifically with respect to the subjective experience of appetite.

The pharmacology of human appetite expression.

The discovery of the adiposity signal leptin a decade ago revolutionised our understanding of the hypothalamic mechanisms underpinning the central control of ingestive behaviour. Subsequently, the structure and function of various hypothalamic peptide systems (Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Orexins, Melanocortins, Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulating Transcript (CART), Galanin/Galanin Like Peptides (GALP) and endocannabinoids) have been characterised in detail in rodent models. The therapeutic benefit of targeting these systems remains to be discovered. More is becoming known about the pharmacological potential of peripheral, meal-induced, episodic endogenous peptides. Hormones such as Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastrin Releasing Peptides (GRP), Glucagon-Like Peptide I (GLP-1) Enterostatin, Amylin, Peptide YY (PYY) and Ghrelin are released prior to, during and/or after a meal, controlling intake and subjective feelings of appetite (hunger and satiety). In addition, there is an expanding body of literature detailing the effects of a wide variety of drugs on human appetite and food intake. Some of these drugs act upon CNS monoamine systems such as Serotonin (5-HT). Dopamine (DA) and Noradrenaline (NA), have long been implicated in appetite regulation. Detailed examination of both the effect of agonising endogenous gut peptide systems and the effect of various monoaminergic drugs on the expression of human appetite can provide a greater understanding of mechanisms underpinning normal appetite regulation. However, such an understanding must be based on knowledge of the effect of the treatment on meal size, eating rate, meal pattern, food choice and the subjective experience of appetite flux (hunger and satiety), and notjust food intake.

Comparison of high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods in a meal or snack on short-term fat and energy intakes in obese women

The present study aimed to compare the action of high-fat and high-carbohydrate (CHO) foods on meal size (satiation) and post-meal satiety in obese women. A within-subjects design was used; each participant received all four nutritional challenges. Fifteen healthy obese women (age 21-56 years, BMI 35-48 kg/m2) participated; thirteen completed all four test days. On two test days, participants were exposed to a nutritional challenge comprising an ad libitum high-fat or high-CHO lunch. On the other two test days they were exposed to a challenge comprising an ad libitum sweet high-fat or high-CHO mid-afternoon snack. Energy and macronutrient intakes were measured at each eating episode. Visual analogue rating scales were completed periodically to record subjective feelings of appetite. When offered a high-CHO selection of foods at lunch and mid-afternoon participants consumed less energy than when offered a high-fat selection. However, post-meal satiety was similar. Total test-day energy intake was significantly higher when high-fat foods were consumed at lunch, but not as a snack. Consumption of high-fat foods at a lunch and snack increased the amount of fat consumed over the whole test day. In conclusion, energy intake of an eating episode was influenced by nutrient composition in this group of obese women. Consumption of high-fat foods at lunch or as a snack led to overconsumption relative to high-CHO foods. However, high-fat foods at meals may have greater potential to influence daily intake than at snacks, probably because meals are larger eating episodes and therefore give greater opportunity to overconsume.

Social and physiological factors affecting food intake in elderly subjects: an experimental comparative study

The decline in average food intake in elderly people is attributed to both physiological and social factors. These factors are usually studied in isolation. The present study concerns an experiment in which the effect of social setting on food intake is compared with the effect of physiological challenges on food intake in 24 elderly subjects (6 men and 18 women, age: 75± 4.9 years, BMI=26.6±3.5 kg/m 2). Physiological effects were assessed using a preload-test-meal design with a no load, 0 kJ; and 4 preload conditions: low carbohydrate/low fat, low energy, 0.4 MJ; high fat, low carbohydrate, medium energy, 1.1 MJ; high carbohydrate, low fat, medium energy 1.1 MJ; high fat, high carbohydrate, high energy, 1.8 MJ. The preloads consisted of 300 g of strawberry yogurt drink, and were served at 10:00 a.m. The test-meal, served 90 min after the preload consumption, was a lunch of which subjects could eat ad libitum. Social effects on food intake were assessed by using two social settings at lunchtime: cozy and non-cozy. Dependent variables were food intake at lunch and ratings of appetite assessed before the preload, and between preload and test-meal. Results showed that energy intake at lunch was significantly decreased after the high carbohydrate preload and the high fat–high carbohydrate preload (intake compensation of 23 and 15%, respectively), compared to the no preload condition. The other preloads did not have a significant effect on food intake. Energy intake was of 2.5±0.5 MJ in the cozy social setting and of 2.5±0.6 MJ in the non-cozy one. Appetite feelings were generally lower after the preload conditions compared to the no load condition ( P<0.05), but there were no significant effects of the macronutrient or energy content of the preloads on appetite feelings. It is concluded within the context of this study in healthy elderly subjects that food intake responds more to physiological challenges than to short-term changes in social settings.

Community-perceived benefits of ivermectin treatment in Northeastern Nigeria

A 3-step approach involving focus group discussion, structured interviews and informal conversations with key individuals was used to investigate community usage and perceived benefits of ivermectin in nine Nigerian villages participating in a WHO-sponsored investigation of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI). Only 27% of 284 persons interviewed had received treatment. An under-estimation of the district’s ivermectin needs led to inadequate supply of ivermectin to the communities, which was cited as the main reason (65%) for non-treatment. All those treated (N=76) were further interviewed using questionnaires. Worm expulsion (80%) and blindness prevention (68%) were the most frequently stated benefits. Other perceived benefits were an increase in vitality (68%), sexual drive and performance (29%). The sudden relief from a heavy burden of worms, which had built up over a long period, may have indirect effect on all aspects of an individual’s health and account for the diverse experiences. The feeling of vitality, good appetite and general health following ivermectin treatment is an animating experience to many communities. Health planners face the challenge of preparing communities for fewer ‘sensational’ experiences and preventing a possible feeling of disappointment that may result from frequent usage.