Feelings Of Appetite Research Articles

Association between habitual sleep duration/quality and appetite markers in individuals with obesity

Study ObjectivesTo assess if habitual sleep duration/quality was associated with appetite in individuals with obesity, and if the association was modulated by sex. MethodsSleep duration/quality was measured with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in 95 healthy adults with obesity (BMI: 36.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2). Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales, and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, total peptide YY, active glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin (CCK) and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 h after a meal. ResultsNo significant associations were found between sleep duration, or overall quality, and appetite in all participants. However, a worse sleep efficiency was associated with lower postprandial CCK, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower postprandial desire to eat and a lower daytime dysfunction was associated with higher prospective food consumption in fasting (P<0.05, for all). In males, a shorter habitual sleep duration and a worse subjective sleep quality were associated with increased basal and postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Also, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower basal and postprandial insulin (P<0.05 for both) and a worse overall sleep quality with lower postprandial insulin (P<0.05). In females, a worse overall sleep quality was associated with lower postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05), and short habitual sleep with higher postprandial insulin (P<0.05). ConclusionA worse habitual sleep efficiency is associated with blunted postprandial CCK secretion in individuals with obesity. The association between habitual sleep duration/quality and insulin and active ghrelin seems to be modulated by sex, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled crossover trial.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included in the analyses. Compared to control treatment, the prebiotics did not affect ghrelin (P =0⋅71) or the ratings of hunger (P = 0⋅62), satiety (P = 0⋅56), fullness (P = 0⋅73) or prospective food consumption (P = 0⋅98). Energy intake also did not differ between the treatments. However, the response of PYY increased significantly after the control treatment with mean (sem) 11⋅1 (4⋅3) pg/ml when compared to the prebiotics -0⋅3 (4⋅3) pg/ml (P = 0⋅013). We observed no effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite hormones, subjective feeling of appetite or energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Fortificación con fibra dietética como estrategia para aumentar la saciedad: ensayo aleatorizado doble ciego controlado

Introducción: Se ha descrito que las fibras dietéticas (FD) podrían tener efectos favorables en el control de sentimientos subjetivos relacionados a sensaciones postprandiales de apetito y saciedad, propiedad que en el contexto epidemiológico actual podrían ser beneficiosos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto agudo de 3 tipos de FD sobre la percepción subjetiva de sensaciones postprandiales. Material y métodos: Estudio randomizado, doble ciego, controlado, cruzado. 21 sujetos sanos con índice de masa corporal entre 18.5-24.9 Kg/m2, fueron asignados aleatoriamente para consumir 4 desayunos separados por a lo menos 2 días. Los desayunos fueron fortificados con 3 g de: β-glucano de avena (BETA), pectinas de manzana (PECT), celulosa microcristalina (CELL) y maltodextrina como control (MALT). Los sentimientos subjetivos postprandiales se determinaron con una Encuesta Visual Análoga (EVA) antes del desayuno y a los 15, 30, 60, 90 y 120 min. Resultados: En análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) mostró una diferencia significativa a los 15 minutos (p&lt;0,05) en la percepción de saciedad subjetiva de los desayunos fortificados con pectina de manzana versus β-glucano de avena. β-glucano de avena produjo el menor efecto en la saciedad subjetiva (p&lt;0,05). Un ANOVA de medidas repetidas no mostró efectos de los tipos de fibras adicionadas a los desayunos en el sentimiento subjetivo de apetito. Conclusiones: Las pectinas de manzana parecen ser más efectiva que otros tipos de FD para aumentar la percepción subjetiva de saciedad y disminuir el apetito, especialmente en el periodo postprandial temprano.

Association Between Ketosis and Changes in Appetite Markers with Weight Loss Following a Very Low-Energy Diet.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of ketosis, measured as plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in fasting, was associated with changes in appetite feelings and plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones after weight loss. A total of 87 individuals with obesity (BMI: 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ; age: 42.4 ± 9.7 years; 39 males) underwent 8 weeks of a very low-energy diet. Body weight/composition, plasma concentration of βHB, and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY, cholecystokinin [CCK], and insulin) and subjective appetite feelings were measured at baseline and week 9. Participants lost 17.7 ± 4.1 kg and were ketotic (βHB: 1.24 ± 0.82 mmol/L in fasting) at week 9. A negative association was found between βHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035). No association was seen between βHB in fasting and changes in peptide YY or subjective feelings of appetite. βHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms by which βHB modulates the secretion of gut hormones.

EFFECT OF SHARAPUNKHA (TEPHROSIA PURPUREA) ON GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Sharapunkha (Tephrosia purpurea) is one of the important drugs in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study was undertaken to find out the action of Sharapunkha (Tephrosia purpurea) on Gastrointestinal System. During the passage of drug through oral route, it is probable that the active principle present in Sharapunkha, might act on gastrointestinal System. Albino rats were used in this study and divided into control and drug treated group. Drug treated group rats were feed with intragastric drug decoction, along with their normal water and food. Water intake, diet intake, weight of rats, gastrointestinal motility and serum bilirubin level were compared. Healthy human volunteers were selected, and prepared drug decoction was given for 7 days. Observations were done based on self-assessment of the volunteers about any significant physiological variation specially related to the G.I. System. After study, it was found that Sharapunkha enhances intestinal motility, decreases serum bilirubin in albino rats. Human volunteers had feeling of increase appetite, easy bowel motion and increase urge for micturition. These facts suggest that some ingredients of Sharapunkha are acting on the smooth muscles of the bowel and urinary bladder. So, it may be presumed that Sharapunkha influences the feeding and satiety center located in hypothalamus. Sharapunkha decoction preparation does influence the activity of the autonomic nervous system with consequent alterations in the functions of gastrointestinal tract and possibly the urinary system.

Polymorphic Appetite Effects on Waist Circumference Depend on rs3749474 CLOCK Gene Variant.

Chronobiological aspects controlled by CLOCK genes may influence obesity incidence. Although there are studies that show an association between the expression of these genes and energy intake, waist circumference or abdominal obesity phenotypes, interactions with appetite have been insufficiently investigated in relation to chrononutrition. The objective was to identify interactions between CLOCK genetic variants involved in appetite status. A total of 442 subjects (329 women, 113 men; aged 18 to 65 years) were recruited. Anthropometric, dietary and lifestyle data were collected by trained nutritionists. Participants were classified according to their appetite feelings with a Likert scale. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations of the type genotype x appetite status on adiposity-related variables. p values were corrected by the Bonferroni method. A significant influence was found concerning the effects of appetite on waist circumference with respect to rs3749474 CLOCK polymorphism (p < 0.001). An additive model analysis (adjusted by age, gender, exercise and energy intake) showed that risk allele carriers, increased the waist circumference around 14 cm (β = 14.1, CI = 6.3–22.0) by each increment in the level of appetite. The effects of appetite on waist circumference may be partly modulated by the rs3749474 CLOCK polymorphism.

MON-589 Studying Mechanisms of Satiety in the Human Ileum and Colon

Background The gut-brain axis plays important roles in the regulation of appetite and glucose homeostasis. The presence of nutrients and their digestive products in specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract modulates neuronal and hormonal signalling, including the release of the appetite-suppressing gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). While there has been significant research into the upper gut mechanisms behind satiation, i.e. the termination of meal, the role of the ileum and colon in satiety, i.e. the process which delays a subsequent meal, has been relatively little investigated, particularly in humans. Methods Ten healthy volunteers attended our Clinical Research Facility for two visits of four days each. At each visit they had either a nasoileal or a nasocolonic tube inserted under fluoroscopy. They were then provided a diet rich in protein and fibre to promote satiety. Gut contents and blood samples were taken before and during test meals at the start and end of the visit, and visual analogue scales were used to measure subjective feelings of appetite. Metabonomic analysis of gut fluid was carried out using a combination of in-house NMR and LC-MS-based methods. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to investigate effects on the colonic microbiome. Circulating levels of glucose, the gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY, and the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon were measured. Results and discussion The test meals resulted in sustained suppression of appetite and release of GLP-1 and PYY. Ileal and colonic microbial profiles were distinct from those identified in stool samples, and changed with adaptation to the high protein and fibre diet. Integrating hormonal, metabonomic and bacterial datasets from these human studies gives insight into how nutrient and metabolite sensing in the gastrointestinal tract regulates appetite and glucose homeostasis, and may suggest novel therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.

The effect of protein supplementation and its timing on energy intake and appetite in a middle-older aged adult population

AbstractIntroductionWith ageing there is a reduction in muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia. A further consequence of ageing is a reduction in appetite and this can result in a reduced energy intake and malnutrition. Increased dietary protein intake may reduce the risk of sarcopenia, however, protein is particularly satiating. Increasing protein intake in the older adult population, without a reduction of overall energy intake and appetite is desirable. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of protein supplementation on dietary intake and appetite. A further aim was to explore whether the time of consumption (morning vs evening) modified the impact of protein on energy intake and appetite.Materials and methodsTwenty-four middle-older aged (50–75 years) participants were recruited to a randomised cross-over trial. In phase 1 (pre-supplementation) participants completed a 3d food diary and were asked to report hunger and appetite using visual analogue scale questionnaires. In the second and third phases, participants consumed a whey protein gel (containing 20 g protein and 376kJ of energy) for 4 days at either the evening (before bed) or in the morning (after breakfast) and completed the same tasks as phase 1. There was a 1-week wash-out period before crossing over to the alternative time point. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse the data.ResultsThere was no significant difference in average daily energy and macronutrient intake provided by the habitual diet in the pre-supplementation phase compared to the whey protein supplementation phases, irrespective of timing (p &gt; 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in reported feelings of hunger and appetite (p &gt; 0.05).DiscussionContrary to expectations, the addition of a 20g/day whey protein supplement did not alter subsequent energy and macronutrient intake when consumed over a 4-day period in this middle-older adult population. This may be due to the low-calorie composition of the supplement, or the timing of the intake. This research helps to inform protein delivery strategies, however different product formulations need to be explored, and studies of longer duration are required to understand the impact of prolonged supplementation on eating behaviour.

Effects of Stevia Extract on Postprandial Glucose Response, Satiety and Energy Intake: A Three-Arm Crossover Trial.

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are suggested to lower energy intake in the diet, but they have been paradoxically involved in the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Stevia is the least studied sweetener. This study aims to investigate the effect of stevia on postprandial glucose levels, appetite and food intake. Methods: 30 participants (20 females/10 males; 26.1 (10.56) years; body mass index (BMI) 23.44 (3.42) Kg/m2) took part in a three-arm crossover trial where they received preloads of water, sugar (60 g) and stevia (1 g) on three different days, followed by an ad libitum pizza lunch. Breakfast was standardised. A one-day diet diary was collected on each test day. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess subjective feelings of appetite. Blood glucose samples were collected at 30-min intervals until 120 min post lunch. Results: Energy intake did not significantly differ between preloads for ad libitum meals (p = 0.78) and overall day (p = 0.33). VAS scores for hunger and desire to eat (DTE) were lower following stevia preload compared to water (p < 0.05). After adjusting for the sugar preload and calorie content, postprandial glucose levels did not significantly differ between interventions. Conclusion: Stevia lowers appetite sensation and does not further increase food intake and postprandial glucose levels. It could be a useful strategy in obesity and diabetes prevention and management.

Usefulness of the satiety quotient in a clinical pediatric obesity context.

While the satiety quotient (SQ) is increasingly used in pediatric populations, the present study assessed its reliability and reproducibility in adolescents with obesity. Sixty-eight adolescents with obesity were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements and body composition (DXA) were assessed. They randomly completed two experimental sessions: (i) condition with a standardized breakfast used to calculate SQ (C1); (ii) condition with the same breakfast and ad libitum lunch and dinner buffet meals (C2). Appetite feelings were assessed at regular interval (visual analog scales). SQ for hunger (SQH), satiety (SQS), prospective food consumption (SQP), and desire to eat (SQD) were calculated using the breakfast. SQH, SQD, and SQ mean did not differ between conditions (p = 0.41, 0.57, and 0.74, respectively) whereas SQS and SQP were significantly different between conditions (p = 0.007 and 0.005). None of the SQ was correlated with body weight (BW), BMI, or FM. There was no significant correlation between the SQ and the adolescent's ad libitum energy intake (lunch, dinner, and total). No differences were observed between adolescents with a low and high phenotype for BW, BMI, and FM% (p = 0.26, 0.30, and 0.83); total energy (p = 0.21); total protein intake (p = 0.28); total fat intake (p = 0.24) and total carbohydrate intake (p = 0.44). Thirty percent of the adolescents showed different satiety phenotype (low vs. high) between C1 and C2. While the SQ is a reliable indicator in adults, it must be used with caution in adolescents with obesity due to its lack of association with anthropometric measurements, body composition, and energy and macronutrient intakes in this population.

Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Restores Appetite and Prefrontal Brain Activity to Images of Food Among Persons Dependent on Methamphetamine: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

The brain prefrontal control system is critical to successful recovery from substance use disorders, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates striatal reward-related processes. Substance-dependent individuals exhibit an increased response to drug rewards and decreased response to natural, nondrug rewards. Short-term aerobic exercise can ameliorate craving and inhibitory deficits in methamphetamine users, but the effect of exercise on food reward is unknown. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure the effects of moderate- and high-intensity short-term aerobic exercise on prefrontal activity related to food images and recorded the subjective feelings of appetite in methamphetamine-dependent users. In total, 56 men who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria for methamphetamine dependence, with a mean (SD) body mass index of 24.7 (3.5) kg/m2 and age of 30.2 (5.1) years, were randomly assigned to one of two exercise groups: moderate intensity (n = 28; 65%–75% of maximum heart rate) and high intensity (n = 28; 76%–85% of heart rate maximum). Each group also performed a resting control session for 35 min 1 week before or after the exercise, in a counterbalanced order. Mean oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes in the PFC when viewing visual food cues were assessed by fNIRS, and subjective feelings of appetite were self-rated using visual analog scales after moderate- or high-intensity aerobic exercise and after the resting control session. A continuous-wave NIRS device was used to obtain functional data: eight sources and seven detectors were placed on the scalp covering the PFC, resulting in 20 channels per participant. We found that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased both, the activation of the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to images of high-calorie food (P = 0.02) and subjective sensations of hunger (F(1,54) = 7.16, P = 0.01). To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increases OFC activity associated with high-calorie food images and stimulates appetite in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. These changes suggest that exercise may reestablish the food reward pathway hijacked by drugs and restore sensitivity to natural rewards. This evidence may contribute to the development of specific exercise programs for populations with methamphetamine dependence.

Satiety responsiveness but not food reward is modified in response to an acute bout of low versus high intensity exercise in healthy adults

To compare the effect of iso-caloric low and high intensity exercises on Satiety Quotient and Food Reward in response to a fixed meal in healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (BIA), aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and food preferences were assessed in 19 healthy normal-weight young adults (21 ± 0.5 years old, 10 men). They randomly completed 3 experimental sessions: i) control session without exercise (CON); ii) High Intensity exercise session (HIE); iii) Low intensity exercise session (LIE). Thirty minutes after exercise or rest, then received a fixed lunch. Food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) was assessed before and after the meal. Appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals, SQ was calculated from the lunch meal and self-reported food intake was collected for the rest of the day. Mean body weight was 66.7 ± 9.2 kg, body mass index was 22.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 and FM% was 18.7 ± 6.8%. Appetite feelings did not differ between conditions and were not affected by exercise. SQ for satiety was not different between conditions. SQ hunger on CON was significantly higher than on LIE and HIE (p ≤ 0.05) with no difference between exercise conditions. SQ for desire to eat was significantly higher on CON versus HIE (p ≤ 0.01) with no differences between CON and LIE and between exercise sessions. SQ PFC was significantly lower on HIE compared with CON (p = 0.02) with no differences between LIE and CON and between LIE and HIE. Food reward was not significantly different between the three condition as well as self-reported total food and macronutrient intake for the rest of the days. Acute exercise, depending on its intensity, might affect the satiating response to food intake in healthy adults, without altering food reward.

Effects of moderate- and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise on food reward and appetite in individuals with methamphetamine dependence

PurposeDrug addiction is characterised by overvaluation of drug-related rewards and undervaluation of “natural”, non-drug-related rewards. Methamphetamine (MA) is the second largest illegally abused drug in the world. Studies have shown that acute aerobic exercise can reduce the incidence of MA-dependent individuals' craving for drug-related cues, but the impact of exercise on food reward in this population has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of moderate and high-intensity acute aerobic exercise on food reward and subjective feelings of appetite in MA-dependent populations. MethodsForty-four men, who met the DSM-V criteria for MA dependence, with BMI of 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 and age of 31.9 ± 3.8 years, were randomly assigned to two exercise training groups: moderate- (n = 22; 65%~75% HRmax) or high- (n = 22; ≥ 85% HRmax) intensity. Each group performed a resting control or exercise session for 35 min, 1wk apart, in a counterbalanced order. Food reward (explicit liking, implicit wanting and relative preference) for high or low fat and sweet or savoury food images was assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and subjective feelings of appetite were measured by VAS. ResultsGreater relative preference (high: P = .018; moderate: P = .034) and implicit wanting (high: P = .018; moderate: P = .034) for high-fat savoury foods was noted following acute aerobic exercise compared to the control session. Exercise also increased subjective sensations of hunger (F (1,42) =8.28, P = .006). ConclusionsThe current study provides the first evidence that acute aerobic exercise can increase reward for high fat savoury foods and stimulate appetite in MA-dependent individuals. In the context of exercise as a therapeutic option for MA dependence, these changes suggest an improvement in responsiveness to natural, non-drug rewards.

Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite

ABSTRACTBackgroundDiet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses.MethodsNinety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis.ResultsThe mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P < 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P < 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P < 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P < 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex.ConclusionsKetosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859.

Appetite ratings of foods are predictable with an in vitro advanced gastrointestinal model in combination with an in silico artificial neural network

The expected increase of global obesity prevalence makes it necessary to have information about the effects of meal intakes on the feeling of appetite. Because human clinical studies are time and cost intensive, there is a need for a reliable alternative. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an in vitro-in silico technology to predict the feelings of fullness and hunger after consumption of different types of meals. In this technology the results from an in vitro gastrointestinal model (tiny-TIMagc) on gastric viscosity and intestinal digestion of different meals were used as input data for an in silico artificial neural network (ANN). The predictions of the feeling of fullness and hunger were compared with actual human scores for these parameters after intake of the same type of meals. From these first series of experiments, with a relatively small number of in vitro digestive parameters as input for in silico modeling, a reasonable prediction of appetite rating for foods can be realized at a time- and cost-effective way.

The Effect of Glucose or Fructose Added to a Semi-solid Meal on Gastric Emptying Rate, Appetite, and Blood Biochemistry.

The ingestion of fructose is of interest due to previously reported differences in gastrointestinal, appetite, and metabolic effects when compared to glucose ingestion when ingested in liquid solution. The aim of this study was to examine these variables when fructose and glucose are added to a semi-solid meal. Seven healthy male participants completed three experimental trials involving the ingestion of 300 mL of semi-skimmed milk mixed with 40 g of instant porridge mix (CON) and with the addition of either 40 g of glucose (GLU) or fructose (FRU). Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed for 2 h after ingestion with blood samples collected at regular intervals. Gastric emptying rate was assessed using the 13C breath test method. Half emptying time was not different between trials (CON = 159 ± 51 min; GLU = 197 ± 46 min; FRU = 198 ± 67 min: P = 0.117). No differences were observed for any subjective measurements of appetite (P > 0.05) while blood glucose was elevated (P < 0.05) 20 min after ingestion on both GLU and FRU with this tending to be higher on GLU than FRU. FRU resulted in greater (P < 0.05) blood lactate concentrations than on the other trials. The results of this study demonstrate that gastric emptying rate of glucose and fructose is similar when ingested in a semi-solid meal. In addition, there is little difference in appetite response between these sugars, however, there are some differences in metabolic response which deserve further study.

The effect of brisk walking in the fasted versus fed state on metabolic responses, gastrointestinal function, and appetite in healthy men

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of brisk walking in the fasted versus fed state on gastric emptying rate (GER), metabolic responses and appetite hormone responses.Subjects/methodsTwelve healthy men completed two 45 min treadmill walks, fasted (FASTED) and followed consumption of a standardised breakfast (FED). GER of a standardised lunch was subsequently measured for 2 h using the 13C-breath test method. Blood samples were collected at baseline, post-breakfast period, pre-exercise, immediately post exercise, pre-lunch then every 30 min following lunch for 2 h. Circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin (GHR), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucose, insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and cholesterol were measured. Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed at 15 min intervals throughout. Substrate utilisation was measured every 30 min, and continuously throughout exercise by indirect calorimetry.ResultsNo differences were observed for GER T½ (FASTED 89 ± 22 vs. FED 89 ± 24 min, P = 0.868) nor Tlag (FASTED 55 ± 15 vs. FED 54 ± 14 min, P = 0.704). NEFA concentrations were higher in FASTED at pre-exercise, post exercise and 30 min post exercise (pre-lunch) (all P < 0.05) but no differences were observed for glucose, cholesterol or triglycerides. Carbohydrate oxidation was greater at all time-points during FED exercise (all P < 0.05). Minimal changes in appetite were observed post lunch ingestion with no differences in PYY or GHR observed between trials. GLP-1 concentrations were greater in FED post-breakfast and pre-exercise (P < 0.05), though no differences were observed after lunch. A greater concentration of PP was observed in FED from pre-exercise to 30 min post lunch consumption (all P < 0.05). Insulin concentrations were higher in FED pre-exercise but higher in FASTED 1.5 h post lunch (P < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings suggest that gastrointestinal function, hunger and appetite regulatory hormones are not sensitive to low-intensity bouts of physical activity and holds positive implications for weight management practices.

Energy depletion by 24-h fast leads to compensatory appetite responses compared with matched energy depletion by exercise in healthy young males

Although there is a growing interest for the effects of intermittent fasting on energy balance, this study aimed to compare appetite, energy intake and food reward responses with an energy depletion induced either by 24-h food restriction or an equivalent deficit with exercise in healthy males. In all, twelve healthy lean males (21·5 (sd 0·5) years old; BMI: 22·5 (sd 1·7) kg/m2) participated in this study. Body composition, aerobic capacity, food preferences and energy intake were assessed. They randomly completed three conditions: (i) no depletion (CON); (ii) full 24-h energy restrictions (Def-EI); and (iii) exercise condition (Def-EX). Ad libitum energy intake and food reward were assessed at the end of each session. Appetite feelings were assessed regularly. Ad libitum energy intake was higher on Def-EI (7330 (sd 2975) kJ (1752 (sd 711) kcal) compared with that on CON (5301 (sd 1205) kJ (1267 (sd 288) kcal)) (P<0·05), with no difference between CON and Def-EX (6238 (sd 1741) kJ (1491 (sd 416) kcal) (P=0·38) and between Def-EX and Def-EI (P=0·22). There was no difference in the percent energy ingested from macronutrients. Hunger was lower on CON and Def-EX compared with Def-EI (P<0·001). Satiety was higher on CON and Def-EI compared with that on Def-EX (P<0·001). There was a significant interaction condition × time for food choice fat bias (P=0·04), showing a greater preference for high-fat v. low-fat food during Def-EI and Def-EX. Although 24-h fasting leads to increased energy intake at the following test meal (without total daily energy intake difference), increased hunger profile and decreased post-meal food choice fat bias, such nutritional responses are not observed after a similar deficit induced by exercise.

Appetite, energy intake and food reward responses to an acute High Intensity Interval Exercise in adolescents with obesity

BackgroundHigh Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) is currently advocated for its beneficial effect on body composition and cardio-metabolic health in children and adolescents with obesity; however its impact on appetite control and food intake remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a single HIIE session on subsequent energy intake, appetite feelings and food reward in adolescents with obesity. MethodsUsing a randomized cross-over design, ad libitum energy intake, subjective appetite, and food reward were examined in 33 adolescents with obesity (13.0 (±0.9) years) following an acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) versus a rest condition (CON). Absolute and relative energy intakes were measured from an ad libitum lunch meal 30 min after exercise or rest. Food reward was assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire before and after the test meal. Appetite feelings were assessed using visual analogue scales at regular intervals throughout the day. ResultsAd libitum food intake was significantly reduced after HIIE (lunch meal: −7 (±23.7)%; p = .014 and whole day: −4 (±14.7)%; p = .044), despite unchanged appetite feelings. HIIE was also found to decrease ad libitum meal food reward in adolescents with obesity: fat relative preference (from 3.3 (±9.5) to 0.1 (±8.0); p = .03), sweet taste relative preference (from −0.8 (±13.9) to −5.0 (±11.8); p = .02) and fat implicit wanting (from 22.3 (±55.7) to −13.2 (±58.5); p = .01) were significantly decreased in response to the ad libitum meal on HIIE. When considering the degree of obesity, it appears that the adolescents with higher BMI and higher fat mass percentage showed greater food intake reductions in response to HIIE (−21 (±15)% for the third BMI tertile versus + 8 (±30)% for the first BMI tertile p = .004; −15 (±21)% for the third fat mass tertile versus + 8 (±28)% for the first fat mass tertile p = .017). ConclusionA single HIIE session resulted in reduced subsequent energy intake and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Our results also seem to indicate that these nutritional responses depend on the adolescents' degree of obesity with a greater anorexigenic effect observed with higher obesity.

Subjective feelings of appetite of wholegrain breakfasts evaluated under controlled, laboratory and 'at home' conditions.

Appetite regulating properties of foods are usually investigated under laboratory conditions, whereas in real life, foods are consumed under at home conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of breakfasts when tested in a laboratory condition and in an at home condition. Appetite regulating properties of two bread breakfasts and two cereal breakfasts were also compared. In this randomized cross-over trial balanced for laboratory and at home test conditions, thirty-two women consumed five breakfasts, i.e. two bread breakfasts, two cereal breakfasts and one fried-egg breakfast. Visual analogue scales for measuring appetite were captured via an on-line scoring system and were analyzed as incremental area under the curve, as satiation phase and as satiety phase. Location effects were limited to two small effects only. An overall location effect in hunger feelings was observed (p = 0.040), which occurred specifically during the short satiation period (p = 0.0002) where hunger feelings scored higher under laboratory conditions. Similarly, a location effect was observed for desire to eat (p = 0.001); this was again higher under laboratory conditions. No other location effects were observed. Bread breakfasts did not differ in their appetite regulating properties. The Steel Cut oatmeal breakfast was reported to be more satiating (p = 0.001) as compared to the ready-to-eat cereal. Whereas the five breakfasts varied somewhat in their appetite regulating properties, evaluation under laboratory conditions overall did not result in different appetite scores compared to the at home conditions. This suggests that at home testing may be a useful alternative to laboratory test conditions for nutrition research.