Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected For Nitrogen Balance Research Articles

Apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of amaranth grains for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The objective was to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of roasted and in natura amaranth grains. A breeding stock of 108 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with an initial age of 29 days was used. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications, with six quails per experimental unit. The treatments used were reference diet, reference diet + 30% in natura amaranth and reference diet + 30% roasted amaranth. The variables evaluated were feed intake, body weight variation, retained nitrogen, retained crude protein, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher values of AME and AMEn were verified for the roasted amaranth grains, in relation to the in natura grains. There was no verification regarding the influence of amaranth grains, both roasted and in natura, for the variables feed intake, body weight variation, retained nitrogen, retained crude protein, dry matter and crude protein digestibility. It was concluded that the in natura amaranth grains provided 3888 kcal/ kg of AME and 3352 kcal/kg of AMEn, while the roasted amaranth grains provided 4044 kcal/kg of AME and 4028 kcal/kg of AMEn.

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, whichresulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers.

Metabolizable energy value of crude glycerin and effects on broiler performance and carcass yield

Two experiments were carried out to determine the metabolizable energy of crude glycerin (CG) and to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of CG on broiler performance and yield of carcass and cuts. The first consisted of a metabolism assay using total excreta sampling method aiming to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEN). This assay was performed in two phases: 10–18 days (initial phase) and 25–33 days of age (growth phase). The broilers were alloted in a randomized design with two treatments (reference diet and reference diet + 80 g/kg of CG inclusion) and nine replications, with ten birds per cage. The AMEN was 2651 kcal/kg and 3013 kcal/kg, for the initial and growth phases, respectively. In the second experiment, 1600 Cobb 500 male broilers from 1 to 42 days were alloted in a randomized block experimental design, with 8 treatments and 8 replications of 25 birds per experimental unit, according to factorial arrangement (2 feed forms × 4 levels of CG: 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg). At 43 days of age, three birds from each cage were slaughtered to evaluate yield of carcass and cuts in each treatment. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on feed intake and weight gain of glycerin fed birds, but no difference in feed conversion (P>0.05). Carcass and cut weights presented quadratic behavior (P < 0.01), but regarding yield, only quadratic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for carcass, linear increase (P < 0.01) for wings and linear reduction (P < 0.01) for fat. Using CG improved weight gain. Up to 46.30 g/kg CG improved carcass yield and up to 120 g/kg reduced fat deposition.

Broiler feed formulated with phosphorus, calcium, and energy deficiencies supplemented with exogenous enzymes

Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-1 ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-1 of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standardized digestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p &lt; 0.05) WG at 21 days and 42 days relative to the negative controls. Phytase inclusion improved (p &lt; 0.05) FCR at the initial phase compared to the NC1 diet. In the second experiment, enzyme supplementation did not affect (p &gt; 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p &lt; 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.

Energetic values of animal by-products for broiler chickens of different ages

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and its respective metabolizable coefficients of animal byproducts for broiler chickens with different ages. Meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat were evaluated. A total of 760 male broiler chickens were used and evaluated and the phases: pre-starter (1 to 8 d of age); starter (11 to18 d); grower 1 (21 to 28 d); grower 2 (31 to 38 d), and finisher (41 to 48 d). Total excreta collection method was performed in five metabolism assays. The experimental design was completely randomized, and data were submitted to analysis of variance, posteriorly, the four feeds were compared by Tukey test and a regression analysis was performed with broiler chickens age. The significance was considered at 5% probability. The values of AME and AMEn were higher in older birds for all ingredients. The lesser CAME and CAMEn were obtained for meat and bone meal, for the regression analysis poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat had an increased linear effect with birds age and there was no adjust for meat and bone meal for regression analysis.

Effects of feed particle size on energy values for broiler chickens at various ages

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various geometric mean diameters (GMDs) of particles of corn, pelleted soybean meal and a corn-soy mixture in the proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively, on the nutritional value of the feeds. The study evaluated energy consumption, the contents of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficients for broiler chickens at various ages. A total of 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were housed in metabolic cages (experimental units). Trials were performed separately with each feed. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments, namely corn with 573, 636, 851, and 1012 μm GMDs; pelleted soybean meal with 538, 550, 665, and 741 μm GMDs; and the corn-soy mixture with 627, 658, 893, and 1040 μm GMDs. Birds were evaluated on days 1 - 10, 11 - 20, 21 - 30, and 31 - 40. Larger GMDs resulted in lower energy consumption. From 1 to 10 days, birds consumed less metabolizable energy than older birds. Birds fed corn from days 1 to 10 had higher metabolizable energy (P &lt;0.05) with increasing GMD up to 1042 μm. However, the results varied, depending on the feed and its combinations. The use of coarse particles could reduce the costs of grinding, and would have few effects on the metabolizable energy of broiler chickens.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Determinação dos valores energéticos e da composição química do resíduo seco de fecularia para frangos de corte

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os valores energéticos e a composição química do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) para frangos de corte. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 2x5, constituídos de dois sexos e cinco níveis de inclusão do RSF (0; 10; 20; 30 e 40%), totalizando dez tratamentos e quatro repetições, com quatro aves por unidade experimental. O período experimental teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco de coleta de excretas. As amostras de excretas, rações e RSF foram secas em estufas de circulação forçada de ar a 55ºC. A composição bromatológica para o RSF foi de 89,86% de MS, 0,98% de PB, 3519 kcal kg-1 de EB, 0,19% de EE, 27% de FDN, 19,5% de FDA, 0,33% de cálcio, 0,43% de fósforo, 0,46% de potássio, 0,12% de magnésio, na matéria natural. Os valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente da EMA (CMA) e coeficiente da EMAn (CMAn) do RSF, na matéria natural, foram de 1598 kcal kg-1, 1605 kcal kg-1, 45,42% e 45,61%, respectivamente. De acordo com as equações o valor de EMAn encontrado pode variar de 1789 kcal kg-1 a 1808 kcal kg-1.

Rate of feed passage in Japanese quail

The rate of passage (ROP) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) influences the exposure time of food to the digestion and absorption processes. Consequently, ROP affects the efficiency of nutrient utilization and energy from the diet. This study aimed to determine the physiological parameters that characterize the digestive response, such as first appearance time (FAT), ROP, mean retention time (MRT) and transit time (TT) in adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and to evaluate the effects of sex, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) content in the diet and different types of markers on these parameters. In the first trial, we investigated the effects of sex and AMEn level (high- and low-energy diet) on the FAT parameter. Thirty-two male and 32 female Japanese quail were randomly allocated to 8 battery cages and assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 4 replicates of 4 birds for each treatment. To determine the FAT, ferric oxide (1%) was added to the diet, and the excreta of the quail was monitored until the first appearance of the marker. The results indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in the FAT between males (100 min) and females (56 min), regardless of the AMEn content. In the second trial, thirty-two 32-week-old female Japanese quail in the laying phase were assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, in which the main independent variables were type of marker (Cr or Ti) and AMEn level (high- and low-energy diets). In order to determine ROP (ET1%), MRT and TT (ET100%), the markers (0.5%: Cr2O3 and 0.5%: TiO2) were added to the diets, and the excreta were collected for 750 min. The excretion times for 1% (ET1%), 25% (ET25%), 50% (ET50%), 75% (ET75%) and 100% (ET100%) were estimated using cumulative excretion curves. No effect was detected for the AMEn level (P > 0.05); however, the effect of different marker types was significant (P < 0.05). This difference increased with time and ET100% was estimated to occur at 59 min. The ROP was estimated to be 68 min. The TT was estimated to be 540 min using Cr and 599 min using Ti, with an average MRT value of 0930 h. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that Japanese quail digestion through the GIT can be dynamic and differ based on sex or marker type.

Enhancing nutrient utilization in maize for broiler chickens by superdosing phytase

Objective was to determine the effects of increasing level of phytase in maize-based diet for broilers from 1000 FTU/kg (the industry recommended level) to 2500 FTU/kg (super dose level) on coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients, and dietary apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) value. One hundred and eighty male broiler chicks were divided into 30 groups and fed 3 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from day 15 to day 21 of age. The diets were positive control (PC) diet, and negative control (NC) diet with phytase at 1000 or 2500 FTU/kg. The PC diet was formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (1994) recommended Ca and non-phytate requirements for broiler chickens. The NC diet was same as the PC diet except for Ca and non-phytate P contents, which were reduced 1.80 and 1.50 g/kg, respectively. Birds fed the PC diet had greater (P < 0.05) CAID of gross energy and crude protein than birds fed NC diet. The CAID of starch, Ca and P for PC diet did not differ from those for NC diet. However, the AMEn for PC diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that for NC diet (13.34 vs. 14.46 MJ/kg). An increase in level of phytase in the NC diet from 1,000–2,500 FTU/kg resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in CAID of gross energy and crude protein by 2.5 and 7.1%, respectively, and tended to increase (P = 0.082) the CAID of P by 10.4%. An increase in level of phytase in the NC diet from 1,000–2,500 FTU/kg did not affect the CAID of starch and dietary AMEn value. In conclusion, an increase in level of phytase in a low Ca and non-phytate P maize-based diet improved ileal digestibility of gross energy, crude protein and P. This indicate that supplementation of phytase at super dose levels (≥2500 FTU/kg) is more beneficial with regard to improving ileal digestibility of energy, protein, and P in maize for poultry than supplementation of phytase at the industry recommended level.

Nutritional evaluation of sorghums grown with different organic fertilizers for slow-growing broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorghums grown with different organic fertilizers on the chemical composition, energy values, and nutrient metabolizability coefficients, as well as their use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two trials were performed. In the first experiment, 200 21-day-old broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet and four test diets (sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, sorghum fertilized with millet, sorghum fertilized with humus, and sorghum without fertilization), including sorghum at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were evaluated. In trial 2, 200 1-day-old chicks were used in a CRD with five treatments (T1 – control diet with commercial corn, T2 – sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, T3 – sorghum fertilized with millet, T4 – sorghum fertilized with humus, and T5 – sorghum without fertilization) and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight at 28 days were evaluated. The values of AME and AMEn of sorghums fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus, and sorghum without fertilization were 2894 Kcal kg-1 and 2881 Kcal kg-1; 2736 Kcal kg-1 and 2675 Kcal kg-1; 2727 Kcal kg-1 and 2694 Kcal kg-1; and 2994 Kcal kg-1 and 2959 Kcal kg-1, respectively. The metabolizable coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were 76.04%, 42.01%, and 75.25% for sorghum fertilized with crotalaria; 77.50%, 50.77%, and 75.95% for sorghum fertilized with millet; 77.62%, 46.39%, and 75.54% for sorghum fertilized with humus; and 75.83%, 39.53%, and 74.71% for sorghum cultivated without fertilization, respectively. The dietary use of sorghum cultivated with different fertilizers did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight. Green manures with crotalaria, millet, and humus (bovine manure) are alternatives that can be used on sorghum crops because they resulted in grains with adequate nutritional composition, energy values, and metabolizable coefficients for slow-growing broilers from 1 to 28 days of age.

Energy coefficients of plant foods for broiler chickens at different ages

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), the apparent coefficients of metabolization (ACM) of gross energy and the ACM corrected for nitrogen balance (ACMn), an experiment was conducted to evaluate five different plant foods (corn, soybean meal, deactivated full-fat soybean, wheat bran and soybean oil) for broilers at different ages (1-8, 11-18, 21-28, 31-38 and 41-48 days). The method of total excreta collection was used, divided into five metabolism assays. The birds were housed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replicates per treatment, totaling 25 experimental units. The AME and AMEn values increased with the age of the birds for most foods, except soybean meal. The smaller AMC and AMCn of gross energy were obtained for wheat bran. There was adjustment of the equation to the linear response plateau model for the ACM of corn, soybean meal and deactivated full-fat soybean. The wheat bran and soybean oil were adjusted to the linear regression model. The equations show that the digestibility of energy tends to increase with age, except for soybean meal, which had higher metabolization with younger birds. We conclude that the age of the birds influences the determination of the metabolizable energy of feed.

THESIS-ABSTRACT Supplementation levels of exogenous alpha-amylase in broilers diets.

This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation levels of an exogenous alpha-amylase in broilers diets and compare two indicators in determining the diets energy. The experiment was divided into two parallel evaluations, being one of performance and the other of metabolism. In performance assay, 1,700 one-day-old Cobb-500 male chicks were used. The animals were distributed in 50 experimental plots and evaluated five treatments with ten replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were: a positive control (PC), a negative control (NC) and three alpha-amylase supplementation levels 200, 400 and 600 g/t, and the NC was formulated with 50 and 90 kcal of energy reduction in relation to the PC to the phases from 1 to 21 days and from 22 to 42 days, respectively. In the metabolism assay were used 240 animals, 150 birds for stage from 14 to 21 days and 90 birds to stage from 35 to 42 days of age and the treatments were the same as the performance assay, with six replicates per treatment in CRD. All diets of metabolism test contained the digestibility indicators Lipe® (eucalyptus purified lignin) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3), in concentrations of 0.05 and 1.0%, respectively. In the period from 1 to 21 days old, no significant differences were observed in weight gain (WG) (P > 0.05), however, feed intake (FI) was found higher by using 200 ppm of enzyme (P < 0.05) and better feed conversion (FC) with the PC (P < 0.05). From 22 to 42 days, no significant differences were observed on the WG (P > 0.05), but were observed lower FI and better FC to PC treatment (P < 0.05). In the period from 1 to 42 days of age, significant differences were also not observed on the WG (P > 0.05), but there was lower FI and better FC for the PC treatment (P < 0.05). The AMEn (apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance), determined using the total collection, reaffirmed the values ​​calculated for the PC and NC with intermediate data obtained from the enzyme use (200, 400 and 600 ppm). Comparing the total collection using Lipe® and Cr2O3, a correlation was observed only for the PC results, that were always higher, and for the NC results, that were lower for the three methodologies. For IDE (ileal digestible energy), determined by Cr2O3, significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) and it presented higher values in the PC treatment and lower values in the NC. In IDE determining by Lipe®, significant was observed (P < 0.05), showing higher value in the PC treatment. It is concluded that in the metabolism assessments, exogenous alpha-amylase tested was effective in increasing the metabolizable energy (ME), however, not enough to be equivalent to the ME of PC treatment, a result that was better expressed in the total collection, AMEn by Lipe® and IDE by Lipe® methodologies. The performance results reflect the superiority of PC treatment, pointing enzyme limitation to supply the energy deficit practiced in this work.

Effect of the addition of β-mannanase on the performance, metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility coefficients, and immune functions of broilers fed different nutritional levels

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase (BM) supplementation on the performance, metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility, and immune function of broilers. A total of 1,600 broilers were randomly distributed in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (4 nutritional levels × 0 or 500 g/ton BM), with 10 replicates and 20 broilers per pen. The same design was used in the energy and digestibility experiments with 8 and 6 replicates, respectively, and 6 broilers per pen. The nutritional levels (NL) were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of broilers (NL1); reductions of 100 kcal metabolizable energy (NL2); 3% of the total amino acids (NL3); and 100 kcal metabolizable energy and 3% total amino acids (NL4) from NL1. The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was determined in two broilers per pen, and these broilers were slaughtered to determine the relative weight of spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. Throughout the experiment, the lower nutritional levels reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and increased (P < 0.05) feed conversion (FCR) for the NL4 treatment. The BM increased (P < 0.05) the BWG values and improved (P < 0.05) the FCR of the broilers. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values were reduced (P < 0.05) for NL2 and NL3. The BM increased (P < 0.05) the AMEn values and reduced (P < 0.05) the excreted nitrogen. NL3 and NL4 reduced (P < 0.05) the true ileal digestibility coefficients (TIDc) of the amino acids cystine and glycine, and BM increased (P < 0.05) the TIDc for all amino acids. The addition of BM reduced (P < 0.05) the relative weights of the spleen and bursa. NL2 increased (P < 0.05) the Ig values, whereas BM reduced (P < 0.05) the serum IgA, IgG, and IgM values of the broilers. This study indicates that using suboptimal nutrient levels leads to losses in production parameters, whereas BM-supplemented diets were effective in improving performance, energy values, and TIDc levels of amino acids and immune response of broilers.

Nutritional evaluation of passion fruit seed meal for meat quails

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and the metabolizability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of passion fruit seed meal (PFM) for quails. One hundred meat quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 21 days old, allotted in a completely randomized design, with four treatments, five replicates and four animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of different levels PFM (4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0%) that replaced the basal diet (w/w). Metabolizable values were determined by fitting linear equations the PFM can be characterized as an alternative feedstuff for meat quails and the main chemical compounds are gross energy (5,569 kcal kg-1), CP (11.34%), EE (18.84%) and NDF (50.22%), as fed basis. Linear equations were fitted as follow: AME = 2,976 x + 5.877 (r2 = 0.94) and AMEn = 2,939 x + 4.864 (r2 = 0.95), thus AME and AMEn were estimated at 2,976 and 2,939 kcal kg-1, respectively. Additionaly, equations were adjusted for CP, EE, NFD and DM, respectively resulting in a metabolization of 6.35, 17.9, 12.48 and 45.66%. It is concluded that main components of the passion fruit seed meal are gross energy, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber and its AME and AMEn for meat quails are 2,976 and 2,939 kcal kg-1, respectively.

Effect of corn oil on the digestibility and economic viability of broiler chicken feed, and on the bromatological composition of breast meat

&lt;p&gt;Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade, eficiência econômica e composição do músculo do peito de frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo óleo de milho como alternativa de substituição ao óleo de soja. Foi avaliado a digestibilidade da ração, da proteína bruta (PB), do extrato etéreo (EE); energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn); em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A análise da composição do músculo do peito, o custo da ração (Yi), índice de eficiência econômica (IEE) e índice de custo (IC) para peso vivo do animal e da carcaça entre as fontes lipídicas foi realizada no final da criação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 com dois ingredientes (óleo soja e óleo milho) e em dois períodos (17-21 e 31-35 dias). A digestibilidade foi realizada com quatro repetições por tratamento com duas aves por unidade experimental e para a composição do musculo do peito foi feito seis repetições por tratamento. Houve interação dieta e idade para a digestibilidade da PB (P &amp;lt; 0,05), que foi maior (P &amp;lt; 0,05) aos 17-21 dias utilizando o óleo de soja. A digestibilidade da ração foi maior (P &amp;lt; 0,05) aos 31- 35 dias em comparação aos 17-21 dias de idade. A digestibilidade do EE não foi alterada (P &amp;gt; 0,05) pelos tratamentos e pelas idades. A utilização do óleo de milho resultou em maior (P &amp;lt; 0,05) EMA aos 17-21 dias de idade, EMA e EMAn aos 31-35 dias de idade, enquanto não houve diferença (P &amp;gt; 0,05) para EMAn aos 17-21 dias. Na composição de peito, não foram encontradas diferenças (P &amp;gt; 0,05) em deposição de EE. Para o nível de PB e matéria seca (MS) o óleo de milho apresentou melhores valores enquanto que para umidade de peito o óleo de soja resultou em maiores teores de umidade se comparado ao óleo de milho (P &amp;lt; 0,05). O resultado de viabilidade econômica beneficiou o óleo de soja. Concluiuse que o óleo de milho pode substituir o óleo de soja em dietas formuladas com o sorgo, pois apresenta maior energia metabolizável aparente da ração e melhor composição de peito.&lt;/p&gt;

Digestibilidade de nutrientes em rações de frangos de corte suplementadas com promotores de crescimento

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o metabolismo de frangos de corte em crescimento. Foram avaliadas duas dietas, uma atendendo às exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte (normal) e uma dieta reduzida, com 5% a menos da exigência nutricional (reduzida), suplementadas ou não com antibióticos e prebióticos. Foram utilizados 180 pintos de corte criados em galpão convencional, com cama de maravalha, até os 21 dias de idade. Em seguida, foram divididos em 36 gaiolas, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando método tradicional de coleta de excretas. Houve interação (P&lt;0,05) entre dieta e promotores de crescimento para os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca (CDIMS), da proteína bruta (CDIPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDIEE). A dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDIMS. A dieta normal contendo antibiótico apresentou maior CDIPB (P&lt;0,05), enquanto a dieta reduzida contendo prebiótico apresentou melhor CDIPB e CDIEE (P&lt;0,05). Os valores dos coeficientes de digestibilidade total da matéria seca (CDTMS), da proteína bruta (CDTPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDTEE) apresentaram interação (P&lt;0,05) entre dietas e promotores de crescimento, em que a dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDTMS e CDTEE. A dieta normal apresentou maiores valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) (P&lt;0,05). Concluiu-se que, ao se reduzir a exigência nutricional da ração, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi reduzida, no entanto os óleos essenciais promoveram aumento nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo.

Energy values of traditional ingredients and sugarcane yeast for laying hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of corn, soybean meal (SBM), soybean oil (SO) and sugarcane yeast (SY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A metabolism trial was performed with 120 Dekalb White laying hens at 65 weeks of age, using the method of total excreta collection. Birds were housed in metabolism cages and distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with, six replicates of four birds each. The experimental period consisted of four days of adaptation and four days of excreta collection. The experimental diets included: a reference diet based on corn and SBM and four test diets containing 40% corn, 30% SBM, 10% SO or 30 % SY. The chemical compositions of the tested ingredients, expressed on as-is basis were: 86.9, 87.29, 87.32 and 99.5% dry matter; and 3.51, 2.08, 99.31 and 0.03 ether extract for corn, SBM, SO and SY, respectively. Corn, SBM, and SO presented 7.33, 43.61 and 24.64% crude protein, and 0.58, 5.07 and 6.77% ash, respectively; and crude fiber contents of corn and SBM were, respectively, 2.24% and 3.56%. The following AME and AMEn (kcal/kg dry matter) values were obtained: 3,801 and 3,760 kcal/kg for corn, 2,640 and 2,557 kcal/kg for SBM, 8,952 and 8,866 kcal/kg for SO, and 1,023 and 925 kcal/kg for sugarcane yeast, respectively.

Energy values and chemical composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated with broilers

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using total excreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allotted in metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions with five birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina (30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and total phosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spiruline presented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybean meal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal.

Corn and soybean meal metabolizable energy with the addition of exogenous enzymes for poultry

Two metabolism assays were carried out to determine corn and soybean meal metabolizable energy when enzymes were added. In the first trial, 35 cockerels per studied feedstuff (corn and soybean meal) were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments of seven replicates of one bird each. The evaluated treatments were: ingredient (corn and soybean meal) with no enzyme addition, with the addition of an enzyme complex (xylanase, amylase, protease - XAP), xylanase, or phytase. Precise feeding method was used to determine true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (TMEn). The use of enzymes did not result in any differences (p>0.05) in soybean meal TMEn, but phytase improved corn TMEn in 2.3% (p=0.004). In the second trial, 280 seven-day-old broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments of five replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of corn with no enzyme addition or with the addition of amylase, xylanase, phytase, XAP complex, XAP+phytase combination, or xylanase/ pectinase/β-glucanase complex (XPBG). Corn was supplemented with macro and trace minerals. Total excreta collection was used to determine apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn). Differences were observed (p=0.08) in AMEn and dry matter metabolizability coefficient (p=0.03). The combination of the XAP complex with phytase promoted a 2.11% increase in corn AMEn values, and the remaining enzymes allowed increased between 0.86% and 1.66%.

Valores energéticos e composição bromatológica dos fenos de jureminha, feijão bravo e maniçoba para aves

Um experimento foi conduzido para determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e da composição química dos fenos de feijão-bravo (FFB), jureminha (FJ) e maniçoba (FM) para uso na alimentação de aves. Duzentos e oitenta pintos com 17 dias de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 (três tipos de feno x dois níveis de substituição da dieta-referência + dieta-referência), com quatro repetições de dez aves. Os níveis de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de jureminha, feijão-bravo e maniçoba foram 3.205 e 2.911, 2.990 e 2.648, 2.728 e 2.419, determinados com 15% de substituição da dieta-referência pelo alimento e 2.678 e 2.371, 2.875 e 2.523, 2.277 e 1.956 com substituição de 30%, respectivamente, e evidenciaram influência do nível de substituição da dieta-referência sobre os valores de EMA e EMAn das dietas. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, para aves, dos fenos de jureminha e feijão-bravo são superiores aos do feno de maniçoba.