Exposure Apparatus Research Articles

Identifying the Pressure Points of Acute Cadmium Stress Prior to Acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The toxic metal cadmium (Cd) is a major soil pollutant. Knowledge on the acute Cd-induced stress response is required to better understand the triggers and sequence of events that precede plant acclimation. Therefore, we aimed to identify the pressure points of Cd stress using a short-term exposure set-up ranging from 0 h to 24 h. Acute responses related to glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), ethylene and the oxidative challenge were studied at metabolite and/or transcript level in roots and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana either exposed or not to 5 µM Cd. Cadmium rapidly induced root GSH depletion, which might serve as an alert response and modulator of H2O2 signalling. Concomitantly, a stimulation of root ACC levels was observed. Leaf responses were delayed and did not involve GSH depletion. After 24 h, a defined oxidative challenge became apparent, which was most pronounced in the leaves and concerted with a strong induction of leaf ACC synthesis. We suggest that root GSH depletion is required for a proper alert response rather than being a merely adverse effect. Furthermore, we propose that roots serve as command centre via a.o. root-derived ACC/ethylene to engage the leaves in a proper stress response.

Isoflurane and Carbon Dioxide Elicit Similar Behavioral Responses in Rats.

Euthanasia in rodents is an ongoing topic of debate due to concerns regarding the aversive nature of gases with anesthetic properties such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and isoflurane. The aim of this study was to expand upon previously published work evaluating the aversiveness of CO2 by introducing an isoflurane treatment group in parallel. Aversion was tested using a forced exposure setup and an aversion-avoidance setup. In the first part of the study, 12 naïve female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed during four consecutive days, once to each of four treatments: isoflurane, fox urine, oxygen, and CO2. In the second part of the study, 24 naïve female Sprague-Dawley rats and 12 rats from the first experiment were exposed to CO2, isoflurane, or both gases. In the forced exposure study, there were no significant differences between CO2 and isoflurane treatments except in line crosses. Overall, rats were more active in the isoflurane and CO2 treatments compared to the control groups, suggesting that isoflurane and CO2 are similarly aversive. In the aversion-avoidance study, rats previously exposed to isoflurane left the dark chamber significantly earlier compared to naïve rats during exposure to isoflurane. We also show that learned aversion to isoflurane is sustained for at least 15 days after initial exposure. Given this result, we suggest that CO2 is superior to isoflurane when euthanizing rodents with prior exposure to isoflurane. Overall, these results confirm previous studies which suggest that care should be taken when considering the serial use of isoflurane as an anesthetic.

Impacts of high dose 3.5 GHz cellphone radiofrequency on zebrafish embryonic development.

The rapid deployment of 5G spectrum by the telecommunication industry is intended to promote better connectivity and data integration among various industries. However, since exposures to radio frequency radiations (RFR) >2.4 GHz are still uncommon, concerns about their potential health impacts are ongoing. In this study, we used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the impacts of a 3.5 GHz RFR on biology- a frequency typically used by 5G-enabled cell phones and lies within the 4G and 5G bandwidth. We established a plate-based exposure setup for RFRs, exposed developing zebrafish to 3.5 GHz RFR, specific absorption rate (SAR) ≈ 8.27 W/Kg from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf, and measured a battery of morphological and behavioral endpoints at 120 hpf. Our results revealed no significant impacts on mortality, morphology or photomotor response and a modest inhibition of startle response suggesting some levels of sensorimotor disruptions. This suggests that the cell phone radiations at low GHz-level frequencies are likely benign, with subtle sensorimotor effects. Through this assessment, we have established a robust setup for zebrafish RFR exposures readily amenable to testing various powers and frequencies. Future developmental exposure studies in zebrafish will evaluate a wider portion of the radio frequency spectrum to discover the bioactive regions, the potential molecular targets of RFR and the potential long-term effects on adult behavior.

Using a Coned Cable to Simplify the Accurate Numerical Dosimetry of a Resonant Exposure Setup Operating at 1710.2–1989.8 MHz

A coned cable was designed for simple and accurate numerical dosimetry of a resonant exposure setup using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A WR-430 waveguide cavity was fabricated, operating in the GSM 1800 and 1900 bands, and holding two T25 flasks with cell monolayers parallel with the $E$ -field or $H$ -field at the $H$ -field maxima. The conventional method extracted the field at a wave port to calculate the return loss ( $\vert S_{11}\vert$ ) and set the incident power ( $P_{\text {incident}}$ ), and then evaluated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the cell monolayers. The proposed method evaluated the SAR by calculating $\vert S_{11}\vert $ and setting $P_{\text {incident}}$ at a lumped port in the coned cable optimized in the structure and dielectric property. Between the two methods, the averaged $\vert S_{11}\vert $ difference across the GSM bands of interest was less than 0.5%, and the maximum SAR difference over the cell monolayers was less than 2.5%. Compared to the conventional method, the proposed method saved the computational time by 15%–29% and significantly reduced the computational complexity in postprocessing the simulated data. The coned cable achieved the same dosimetry accuracy as using a wave port, but kept the computational efficiency and simplicity of using a lumped port.

Inhibition of Human Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Low-Intensity Ultrasound Stimulation.

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, which makes novel therapies highly desired. In this study, the effects of near-field low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on T47D human breast cancer cell and healthy immortalized MCF-12A breast epithelial cell proliferation were investigated in monolayer cultures. A customized ultrasound (US) exposure setup was used for the variation of key US parameters: intensity, excitation duration, and duty cycle. Cell proliferation was quantified by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and alamarBlue assays after LIPUS excitation. At a 20% duty cycle and 10-minute excitation period, we varied LIPUS intensity from to 100 mW/cm2 (spatial-average temporal-average) to find a gradual decrease in T47D cell proliferation, the decrease being strongest at 100 mW/cm2 . In contrast, healthy MCF-12A breast cells showed an increase in proliferation when exposed to the same conditions. Above a 60% duty cycle, T47D cell proliferation decreased drastically. Effects of continuous wave US stimulation were further explored by varying the intensity and excitation period. These experiments concluded that, irrespective of the waveform (pulsed or continuous), LIPUS stimulation could inhibit the proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells, whereas the same behavior was not observed in healthy cells. The study demonstrates the beneficial bioeffects of LIPUS on breast cancer cells and offers the possibility of developing novel US-mediated cancer therapy.

Carbon Nanomaterials Promote M1/M2 Macrophage Activation.

Toxic effects of certain carbon nanomaterials (CNM) have been observed in several exposure scenarios both in vivo and in vitro. However, most of the data currently available has been generated in a high-dose/acute exposure setup, limiting the understanding of their immunomodulatory mechanisms. Here, macrophage-like THP-1 cells, exposed to ten different CNM for 48 h in low-cytotoxic concentration of 10 µg mL-1 , are characterized by secretion of different cytokines and global transcriptional changes. Subsequently, the relationships between cytokine secretion and transcriptional patterns are modeled, highlighting specific pathways related to alternative macrophage activation. Finally, time- and dose-dependent activation of transcription and secretion of M1 marker genes IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor, and M2 marker genes IL-10 and CSF1 is confirmed among the three most responsive CNM, with concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µg mL-1 at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. These results underline CNM effects on the formation of cell microenvironment and gene expression leading to specific patterns of macrophage polarization. Taken together, these findings imply that, instead of a high and toxic CNM dose, a sub-lethal dose in controlled exposure setup can be utilized to alter the cell microenvironment and program antigen presenting cells, with fascinating implications for novel therapeutic strategies.

МЕТОД «МЯГКОГО ОБЛУЧЕНИЯ» ПРИ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНОМ РАСТВОРЕНИИ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ В ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНО ОЗОНИРОВАННЫХ РАСТВОРАХ

In the work, the method of "soft irradiation" is presented for selective dissolution of malignant tumors in pre-ozonated solutions. Oncological diseases are one of the main problems of our time that we have encountered. Their occurrence is caused by different factors, such as ecology, the use of lowquality products, toxic compounds and chemicals in water, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, radiation and some viruses. The article describes the main methods of combating malignant tumors at the moment, their negative and positive sides. Such methods as surgical, chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, photodynamic therapy are considered. The work considers an improved method, which can be attributed to a new direction in chemotherapy. Based on the "soft irradiation" method, a series of studies has been carried out, the purpose of which is to develop a methodology for treating tumor cells with the further development of equipment for their selective destruction. The next step is the stage of animal experiments and clinical trials on human organisms, the creation of an industrial clinical model of equipment. This technique can be used in any hospital. Considering the cost and ease of use, this technology will find wide demand among medical institutions. To carry out ozone-radical removal of malignant tumors, medical ozonizer; probes for the in-troduction and withdrawal of working solution; peristaltic pumps for pumping working solution; oxygen cylinder or other oxygen source; ozone saturation reactor; reactor for working solution production are needed. It is necessary to create instruments and apparatus for ozone-surgical exposure; to develop and test the probe systems for supplying reagents and discharging spent solutions.

Patterning nanoscale crossed grating with high uniformity by using two-axis Lloyd's mirrors based interference lithography.

A two-axis Lloyd's mirrors interferometer based optical fabrication system was theoretically investigated and constructed for patterning high-uniformity nanoscale crossed grating structures over a large area with a high throughput. The current interferometer was configured with two reflected mirrors and a grating holder, which are placed edge by edge and orthogonal with each other. In such a manner, the two beams reflected from the two mirrors interfere with the incident beam, respectively, forming a crossed grating patterns with only one exposure. Differing from the conventional solution for elimination of unexpected interference between the two reflected beams, a systematical analysis, that is based on the proposed index indicating the non-orthogonality between the two beams at different incident angles, was conducted by using a spatial full polarization tracing method. Without polarization modulation to eliminate the additional interference, an optimal exposure condition with small non-orthogonality between reflected beams was found at a certain incident angle range, while the two required interferences to construct cross grating still remain high. A pattern period of ∼1 µm-level crossed grating structure could be obtained through balancing the structure area and the non-orthogonality. Finally, the exposure setup with orthogonal two-axis Lloyd's mirrors interferometer is established, and the crossed grating structure with the periods of 1076 nm along X-direction and 1091 nm along Y-direction was successfully fabricated on a silicon substrate via microfabrication technology over a large area of 400 mm2. The uniformity of crossed grating array over the whole area was evaluated by an atomic force microscope, and the standard deviations of structure periods along X- and Y-directions smaller than 0.3% are achieved. It is demonstrated that the orthogonal two-axis Lloyd's mirrors interferometer based on single-beam single-exposure scheme with non-orthogonality systematic analysis is an effective approach to fabricate crossed grating patterns of 1 µm-level period with high uniformity over a large area.

Line edge roughness metrology software

A line edge roughness analysis software is developed based on the Canny edge detection algorithm with a double threshold, where threshold values are obtained by Otsu’s method. The performance of the software is demonstrated on features with a 200-nm nominal pitch generated by current-controlled, field-emission scanning probe lithography. Two lithographic modes are applied: (a) direct self-development positive mode and (b) image reversal mode. Atomic force imaging is used to analyze the line edge roughness. This is followed by a benchmarking study, where findings are compared to those provided by metroler software (Fractilia, LLC). This work is the first report on both line edge roughness involving imaging using the same exposure setup and latent image line edge roughness—made possible thanks to the resolving power of imaging through noncontact AFM. The authors are presenting a comparison of patterning through image reversal of the calixarene molecular glass resist from negative-tone to positive-tone as well as direct-write. In image reversal, a close match was observed between the proposed analysis and metroler software for line edge roughness and linewidth.

Non-volatile particle emissions from aircraft turbine engines at ground-idle induce oxidative stress in bronchial cells

Aircraft emissions contribute to local and global air pollution. Health effects of particulate matter (PM) from aircraft engines are largely unknown, since controlled cell exposures at relevant conditions are challenging. We examined the toxicity of non-volatile PM (nvPM) emissions from a CFM56-7B26 turbofan, the world’s most used aircraft turbine using an unprecedented exposure setup. We combined direct turbine-exhaust sampling under realistic engine operating conditions and the Nano-Aerosol Chamber for In vitro Toxicity to deposit particles onto air–liquid-interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) at physiological conditions. We evaluated acute cellular responses after 1-h exposures to diluted exhaust from conventional or alternative fuel combustion. We show that single, short-term exposures to nvPM impair bronchial epithelial cells, and PM from conventional fuel at ground-idle conditions is the most hazardous. Electron microscopy of soot reveals varying reactivity matching the observed cellular responses. Stronger responses at lower mass concentrations suggest that additional metrics are necessary to evaluate health risks of this increasingly important emission source.

Calibration and field application of a molecularly imprinted membrane-passive sampler for the sampling of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in selected aquatic environments of South Africa.

A passive sampling device, based on molecularly imprinted membranes (MIM), was fabricated and optimised for sampling polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic ecosystems. The newly-developed passive sampler was subjected to in-situ calibration studies to determine PCB sampling rates under various conditions of water turbulence and temperature. This was carried out by exposing the passive samplers to water spiked with PCBs in a continuous-flow exposure setup. The samplers were preloaded with known concentrations of performance reference compounds (PRCs) prior to exposure. Sampling rates of seven indicator PCBs' congeners (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) ranged between 15.3 and 95.6 L/d for the different environmental conditions investigated. To determine the field suitability, the samplers were preloaded with PRCs and deployed for 10 days at the Roodeplaat and Hartbeespoort Dams, in South Africa. Water samples were taken at the end of the deployment period to compare the spot-and-grab samples to the developed samplers. PCBs 28, 101 and 138 were detected in the samplers deployed at Hartbeespoort Dam. The samplers deployed at the Roodeplaat Dam had quantifiable amounts of PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138 and 180 (0.047-0.828 ng mL-1 d-1). The sampler enhanced the detectability of PCB 52 and PCB 180, which were not detected in water samples. The field suitability trials indicated that the developed sampler could successfully be used for PCB monitoring. The sampler enhanced the detection of PCBs that would otherwise be too low to detect in samples collected through the traditional spot-and-grab sampling technique.

Automatic extraction technique of CD‐SEM evaluation points to measure semiconductor overlay error

AbstractIn semiconductor device manufacturing process, it is necessary to measure overlay error between integrated layers. As semiconductor process design rules continue to shrink, small overlay error comes to lead to the fatal fault of the device electrical property. As a result, the needs for the dense overlay measurement in the chip with the use of circuit pattern increase. We propose an automatic extraction technique of the evaluation points (EPs) that are suitable for the overlay measurement by scanning electron microscopy using design data of the device pattern layout. The proposed algorithm extracts all measureable patterns by evaluation of the positional relationship between a segment pair on the upper and lower layers by plural selection indices. Simulation was performed to estimate the overlay error distribution within the shot area using the EPs automatically extracted by the proposed method. The standard deviations of estimation errors in the x‐ and y‐directions were 0.06 nm and 0.10 nm (3ó), respectively. It was confirmed that distortion in the exposure apparatus can be estimated automatically and highly accurately.

Cell-cycle-dependences of membrane permeability and viability observed for HeLa cells undergoing multi-bubble-cell interactions

Microbubble-mediated sonoporation is a promising strategy for intracellular gene/drug delivery, but the biophysical mechanisms involved in the interactions between microbubbles and cells are not well understood. Here, HeLa cells were synchronized in individual cycle phases, then the cell-cycle-dependences of the membrane permeability and viability of HeLa cells undergoing multi-bubble sonoporation were evaluated using focused ultrasound exposure apparatus coupled passive cavitation detection system. The results indicated that: (1) the microbubble cavitation activity should be independent on cell cycle phases; (2) G1-phase cells with the largest Young’s modulus were the most robust against microbubble-mediated sonoporation; (3) G2/M-phase cells exhibited the greatest accumulated FITC uptake with the lowest viability, which should be mainly attributed to the chemical effect of synchronization drugs; and (4) more important, S-phase cells with the lowest stiffness seemed to be the most susceptible to the mechanical effect generated by microbubble cavitation activity, which resulted in the greatest enhancement in sonoporation-facilitated membrane permeabilization without further scarifying their viability. The current findings may benefit ongoing efforts aiming to pursue rational utilization of microbubble-mediated sonoporation in cell-cycle-targeted gene/drug delivery for cancer therapy.

Effects of 7 T static magnetic fields on the expression of biological markers and the formation of bone in rats.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of 7 T static magnetic fields (SMFs) on rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in order to determine whether strong SMFs affected the osteogenesis of MSCs. MSCs were prepared from bone marrow cells obtained from the femurs of 7-week-old male Fischer 344 rats. MSCs were then combined with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), yielding two types of TCP/MSC constructs (TCP/P-1 and P-2) on day 0. Exposure was performed for 3 h/day for 6 days, and the experiments were performed twice using different exposure apparatus (cryovials or 4-well chambers) for each experiment. The results from gene expression, protein expression, and histological analyses showed no reproducible effects on both TCP/P-1 and TCP/P-2 MSC constructs, although osteocalcin levels for TCP/P-1 MSC constructs increased significantly once after 7 T exposure in two experiments. These findings contribute to understanding the effects of strong SMFs on MSC and osteoblasts. Bioelectromagnetics. 40:16-26, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Oxidative stress-mediated alterations on sperm parameters in male Wistar rats exposed to 3G mobile phone radiation.

In recent years, there has been significant increase in mobile phone users. With this, health concerns associated with the exposure to electromagnetic radiation are also increasing. Continuous exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation generated from mobile phone is one of the probable reasons behind increasing male infertility. EM radiations induce oxidative stress that leads to numerous changes in reproductive parameters. With this hypothesis, we studied the effect of 3G mobile phone radiations on the reproductive system of male Wistar rats. Adult rats were divided into two groups: control and radio frequency-exposed. The animals were exposed to 3G mobile phone radiation for 45days (2hr/day) in specially designed exposure setup under standard conditions. Various biochemical and physiological parameters such as sperm count, sperm morphology, mitochondrial activity, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species level and histopathological analysis were studied. Histopathological examination revealed a reduction in spermatogenic cells and alterations in sperm membrane. Significant increase in ROS and lipid peroxidation level with simultaneously decrease in sperm count, alterations in sperm tail morphology were observed in the exposed group. In conclusion, exposure to mobile phone radiations induces oxidative stress in male Wistar rats which may lead to alteration in sperm parameters and affects their fertility.

Diffraction Efficiency Distribution of Output Grating in Holographic Waveguide Display System

Planar waveguide structure has benefits to expand the exit pupil of the near-eye display. To achieve a uniform output luminance within the expanded exit pupil, a specific distribution of diffractive efficiency (DE) should be set for the out-coupling grating. In this paper, a physical model is built to study the DE distribution of out-coupling grating with consideration of the whole field of view. Compared to the previous works, which only considered the central view angle, this model is more consistent with the actual situations to realize a uniform imaging output for a waveguide-based near-eye display system. Also, a planar waveguide with two holographic volume gratings as the in- and out-coupling gratings is fabricated to verify the proposed DE distribution. In experiments, a spatial light modulator is applied as the spatial luminance modulator, and the coupling grating with the proposed DE distribution is fabricated by the holographic interference exposure setup. The results show a high consistency between the simulation and the experiment.

Ecotoxicological Effects of Chemical Contaminants Adsorbed to Microplastics in the Clam Scrobicularia plana

Although microplastics are distributed globally in the marine environment, a great deal of unknowns relating to their ecotoxicological effects on the marine biota remain. Due to their lipophilic nature, microplastics have the potential to adsorb persistent organic pollutants present in contaminated regions, which may increase their detrimental impact once assimilated by organisms. This study investigates the ecotoxicological effects of exposure to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics (11 – 13 µm), with and without adsorbed contaminants (benzo[a]pyrene - BaP and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid - PFOS), in the peppery furrow shell clam, Scrobicularia plana. Environmentally relevant concentrations of contaminants (BaP - 16.87±0.22 µg g-1 and PFOS - 70.22±12.41µg g-1) were adsorbed to microplastics to evaluate the potential role of plastic particles as a source of chemical contamination once ingested. S. plana were exposed to microplastics, at a concentration of 1 mg L-1, in a water-sediment exposure setup for 14 days. Clams were sampled at the beginning of the experiment (day 0) and after 3, 7 and 14 days. BaP accumulation, in whole clam tissues, was analysed. A multi-biomarker assessment was conducted in the gills, digestive gland, and haemolymph of clams to clarify the effects of exposure. This included the quantification of antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferases) enzyme activities, oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation levels), genotoxicity (single and double strand DNA breaks), and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity). Results suggest a potential mechanical injury of gills caused by ingestion of microplastics that may also affect the analysed biomarkers. The digestive gland seems less affected by mechanical damage caused by virgin microplastic exposure, with the MP-adsorbed BaP and PFOS exerting a negative influence over the assessed biomarkers in this tissue.

Dynamic field testing of coating chemistry candidates by a rotating disk system

Quick and reliable testing is crucial for the development of new fouling release (FR) coatings. Exposure of these coatings to natural multispecies communities is essential in evaluating their efficacy. To this end, we present a rotating disk setup for dynamic field exposure. To achieve a well-defined flow on the surface of the disk, an easy to use sample mounting system was developed that provides a smooth and even surface. We related the angular velocity of the disk to the wall shear stress on the surface with a hydrodynamic model. The wall shear stress was adjusted to values previously found to be suitable to discriminate dynamic diatom attachment on different coating chemistries in the lab. The effect of the dynamic conditions was shown by comparing polystyrene slides under static and dynamic exposure. Using a set of self-assembled monolayers, the discrimination potential of the assay in a multispecies environment was demonstrated.

Design, manufacturing, and structural optimization of a composite float using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm

In the realm of laboratory experiments dealing with solutions, float is a dynamic part of the testing device to help monitor and measure the level change of the solution, which has a significant influence on the reliability of the data recorded. Thus, the material selection, design, and structural configuration of the float need to be optimized based on the test exposure conditions, temperature, test requirements, and setup limitations, while maintaining the manufacturing to be simple and cost-effective. In the present study, a composite float design, manufacturing, and optimization have been undertaken based on the performance constraints and setup requirements. For this purpose, readily available composites were taken into account in terms of density, temperature resistance, and alkali resistance, resulting in two design alternatives such as polyvinyl chloride and low-density polyethylene. Then, the structural configurations were considered and a performance-based design was implemented. In order to minimize the length of the composite float to make it fit well into the test setup, the design problem was formulated into a constrained optimization problem with four design scenarios and optimization was conducted using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The results obtained showed that the solutions of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization were comparable; however, those of particle swarm optimization proved to be more accurate in case of more complex design scenario, and also faster by two to three times. The manufacturing was conducted through plastic welding and heat shrink tubing and final assembly of linear variable differential transformer and steel weight. It was found that the composite float has a pretty sensitive and accurate performance and can reliably fit and be used in the experimental setup.

Studies of black & white film under standard developing method for a practical experimental routine & data collection

The aim of this research was to develop an efficient method that could maximize data collection out of each sample. Various setups were analysed for shift in Exposure Value (EV), Histogram readouts and Image quality. Results shows that silver halide sensor has a lower sensitivity of 0.43 EV/stop compared to 0.88 EV/stop from a digital sensor. However, silver halide sensor has a higher exposure tolerance up to 7-Stops of over exposure compared to digital sensor with only 3-stops of over exposure threshold. These analyses were made possible by utilizing the Zone System technique and few other readouts components imbedded into the image during exposure setup. In conclusion, several readouts equipment and tagging were suggested particularly on Grey Card swatch to optimize data collection and cataloguing of files for future analysis.