ApoE Gene Polymorphism Research Articles

Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Alzheimer’s Risk in Kashmiri Population

Background: Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown, most experts feel that the disease is caused by a combination of circumstances rather than a single cause. Age, gene polymorphism, diabetes, and other conditions are all risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Given the importance of gene polymorphism in different diseases, we intended to find out the association of APOE gene polymorphism with Alzheimer's risk in the Kashmiri population. Method: Out of 300 patients who were referred to the memory clinic of the hospital, to evaluate the probable relation of APOE gene variation in Alzheimer's disease, we conducted the study on 59 clinically confirmed Alzheimer's patients and 52 age and ethnicity-matched healthy controls found in a community survey. Results: Our data revealed a statistically significant association of ε4 variant genotype of the APOE gene with AD susceptibility in the Kashmiri population. Conclusions: The current study's findings provided insight into the role of APOE polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. The identified susceptibility variant may become a marker genotype for AD.

Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease Risk Among Patients in Northwest China.

PurposeThe association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) among different populations has been assessed in numerous previous studies, but the results remain inconclusive. The present study aimed to determine the role of ApoE genotypes in CAD risk and the interrelationships between lipid profiles and ApoE alleles and genotypes among the population of northwest China.Patients and MethodsThis study was performed on 308 patients with CAD and 308 control participants. ApoE gene polymorphism was analysed using the polymerase chain reaction and hybridization.ResultsThe findings indicated that the frequencies of ε3/ε4 genotype and ε4 allele frequency were significantly higher in patients with CAD than in the control participants. ε2 carriers had significantly lower total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) levels than did ε3 or ε4 carriers among the control participants. However, our study found no significant differences in plasma lipoprotein levels between ɛ2, ɛ3 and ɛ4 carriers in patients with CAD. Moreover, ε4 carriers had significantly higher ApoB, ApoB/ApoA-I levels and significantly lower ApoE levels in both patients with CAD and control participants. ε4 allele presence was associated with a nearly two-fold higher CAD risk. After adjusting for other established risk factors, ε4 allele was an independent risk factor for CAD. After stratified by age (≤ 60 years and >60 years), ε4 allele was indicated to increase the CAD risk 3.3-fold in elderly patients with CAD, but not in young patients with CAD. After stratified by sex, ε4 allele was not a risk factor in females and males patients with CAD.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that the ε4 allele, drinking, smoking, hypertension, and TG and ApoE levels are independent risk factor for CAD among patients in northwest China.

The role of the KIBRA and APOE genes in developing spatial abilities in humans.

In the contemporary high-tech society, spatial abilities predict individual life and professional success, especially in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines. According to neurobiological hypotheses, individual differences in cognitive abilities may be attributed to the functioning of genes involved in the regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In addition, genome-wide association studies identified rs17070145 located in the KIBRA gene, which was associated with individual differences in episodic memory. Considering a significant role of genetic and environmental components in cognitive functioning, the present study aimed to estimate the main effect of NGF (rs6330), NRXN1 (rs1045881, rs4971648), KIBRA (rs17070145), NRG1 (rs6994992), BDNF (rs6265), GRIN2B (rs3764030), APOE (rs7412, rs429358), and SNAP25 (rs363050) gene polymorphisms and to assess the effect of gene-environment interactions on individual differences in spatial ability in individuals without cognitive decline aged 18–25 years (N = 1011, 80 % women). Spatial abilities were measured using a battery of cognitive tests including the assessment of “3D shape rotation” (mental rotation). Multiple regression analysis, which was carried out in the total sample controlling for sex, ethnicity and the presence of the “risk” APOE ε4 allele, demonstrated the association of the rs17070145 Т-allele in the KIBRA gene with enhanced spatial ability (β = 1.32; pFDR = 0.037) compared to carriers of the rs17070145 CC-genotype. The analysis of gene-environment interactions revealed that nicotine smoking (β = 3.74; p = 0.010) and urban/rural residency in childhood (β = –6.94; p = 0.0002) modulated the association of KIBRA rs17070145 and АРОЕ (rs7412, rs429358) gene variants with individual differences in mental rotation, respectively. The data obtained confirm the effect of the KIBRA rs17070145 Т-allele on improved cognitive functioning and for the first time evidence the association of the mentioned genetic variant with spatial abilities in humans. A “protective” effect of the APOE ε2 allele on enhanced cognitive functioning is observed only under certain conditions related to childhood rearing.

Association between clinical symptoms and apolipoprotein A1 or apolipoprotein B levels is regulated by apolipoprotein E variant rs429358 in patients with chronic schizophrenia

BackgroundThe apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphisms are correlated with blood lipid levels and several neuropsychiatric symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether the ApoE rs429358 affected the development and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and to explore the relationship between apolipoproteins levels and clinical symptoms.MethodsThe ApoE rs429358 was genotyped using a case–control design. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was employed to evaluate the psychopathology of all patients.ResultsA total of 637 patients with schizophrenia and 467 healthy controls were recruited. We found no significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution between the patient and control groups. A significant correlation between PANSS negative symptoms and ApoA1 levels (p = 0.048) or ApoB levels (p = 0.001) was found in patients with schizophrenia, which was also confirmed by linear regression analyses (p = 0.048 vs. p = 0.001). Interestingly, only in the T homozygote group, ApoA1 and ApoB levels were predictors of the PANSS negative symptom score (p = 0.008 vs. p = 0.012), while in the C allele carrier group, no correlation was observed.ConclusionsThis study found that the levels of ApoA1 and ApoB were negatively associated with negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the association between ApoA1 or ApoB levels and psychopathology of schizophrenia was regulated by ApoE rs429358.

Examining the effects of the CLU and APOE polymorphisms' combination on coronary artery disease complexed with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AimsCoronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are important and increasing public health problems. This study aimed to identify the impact of APOE and CLU gene polymorphisms on the prevalence of both diseases, along with the effect of these polymorphisms on lipid profile and glucose metabolism. Methods736 CAD patients (≥50 stenosis) and 549 non-CAD subjects (≤30 stenosis) were genotyped for APOE (rs429358 and rs7412) and CLU (rs11136000) gene polymorphisms using hydrolysis probes in real-time PCR. Blood samples of the individuals were drawn before coronary angiography and biochemical analyses were done. The associations between the polymorphisms and the selected parameters were assessed using statistical analysis. ResultsIn this study, the ε2 and ε4 isoforms of apoE were associated with serum lipid levels and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios in analysis adjusted for several confounders and in crude analysis. It was observed that CLU T allele carrier non-CAD subjects had lower glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, the effects of APOE and CLU polymorphisms were assessed on CAD and T2DM presence. In crude and multiple logistic regression analyses, the ε2 isoform carriers had a lower risk for CAD complexed with T2DM. When the combinational effects of APOE and CLU polymorphisms were examined, the ε2 and T allele carriers had decreased risk for CAD complexed with T2DM compared to non-carriers. ConclusionsIn conclusion, the combination of APOE and CLU polymorphisms is associated with CAD-DM status along with the APOE ε2 isoform by itself, and the apoE isoforms are strongly associated with serum lipid levels.

Effect of gene polymorphism on bleeding complications in Chinese Han patients taking warfarin

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of demographic factors, clinical factors, and genetic polymorphisms of related gene loci on warfarin bleeding-related complications in the Han population. Retrospective medical record review. The study cases were patients treated at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from March 2016 to February 2020, and all received regular warfarin anticoagulation treatment for at least 3months, and were provided the initial standard dose and stable dose of warfarin. Data were collected from 451 qualifying patients (47% male, 53% female). The average age of patients was 53.8 ± 12.2years, and the average body surface area was 1.6 ± 0.18 m2. There were nine major bleeding events and 141 minor bleeding events. In the univariate logistic analysis, the p-value of the four factors body weight, body surface area (BSA), amiodarone, and rs429358 was < 0.10. However, the final p-values for amiodarone and rs429358 were < 0.05 in the multifactorial logistic analysis. The ApoE (rs429358) gene polymorphism influences bleeding complications in Chinese Han patients treated with warfarin. The sample size of this study was relatively small; hence an international study with a larger sample size is needed in the future.

Association between the APOE gene polymorphism and lipid profile and the risk of atrial fibrillation

BackgroundThe relationship between the APOE gene polymorphism and lipid profiles and atrial fibrillation (AF) remains controversial. The current study purposed to investigate how the APOE gene SNPs (rs429358 and rs7412) and lipid profile are associated with the risk for AF among the Hakka population in southern China.MethodsFinally, 1367 patients were enrolled in this study, including 706 participants with AF (41 ~ 98 years old, 58.64 % male) and 661 non-AF subjects (28 ~ 95 years old, 59.46 % male). The collected data included baseline characteristics, medical history, laboratory tests and echocardiography parameters. A general linear model (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied to identify an APOE allele, AF group, and interaction effect on lipid profiles. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for AF.ResultsFor AF group, the most common genotype was E3/E3 (53.82 %), followed by E3/E4 (28.19 %), E2/E3 (13.60 %), E4/E4 (1.98 %), E2/E4 (1.84 %) and E2/E2 (0.57 %). The two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey procedure showed the following: the lipid levels depended significantly on AF and APOE allele groups for TG, TC, LDL-C and Apo-B (all P < 0.001), and statistically significant interactions between AF and APOE allele were observed in the above 4 variables (all P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age ≥ 65years (P < 0.001), high diastolic blood pressure (DBP ≥ 90mm Hg, P = 0.018), a high levels of total cholesterol (TC ≥ 5.2mmol/L, P < 0.001) and triglyceride (TG ≥ 1.7mmol/L, P = 0.028), but not the two SNPs of the APOE gene (rs7412 and rs429358) (OR 1.079, P = 0.683), were significant independent risk factors for AF in the study population.ConclusionsThe principal findings of this study showed that individuals at high risk for AF were those over 65 years of age, higher DBP as well as high levels of TC and TG among the southern China Hakka population. The levels of TG, TC, LDL-C and Apo-B depended significantly on AF and APOE allele groups, and statistically significant interactions between AF and APOE allele were observed in the above 4 variables, although the APOE gene SNPs (rs429358 and rs7412) were no significant risk for AF incidence. Further investigation is needed to elucidate whether other SNPs of the APOE gene have a bearing on AF incidents.

Study on the relationship between SLCO1B1 and ApoE gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary heart disease in the Mongolian population

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to analyze the influence of SLCO1B1 and APOE gene polymorphisms on coronary heart disease in Mongolian population who living in Ordos area. Methods From January 2019 to June 2020, 200 Mongolian patients with coronary heart disease admitted to our hospital and other banner hospitals were selected as the case group. At the same time, 150 randomly selected healthy Mongolian people from medical examination centers comprised the control group. The polymorphisms of SLCO1B1 (388A>G, 521 T > C) and ApoE (388 T > C, 526 C > t) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Combined with environmental data, the effect of gene polymorphism on coronary heart disease was explored. Results Both SLCO1B1 and ApoE polymorphisms satisfied Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The SLCO1B1 genotype *1a/*1b showed the highest frequency in the case group, accounting for 35.0%, while The SLCO1B1 genotype *1b/*1b showed the highest frequency in the control group, accounting for 32.0%. Allele *1b was the most commonly seen allele in both the case group and control group (57.8% and 53.7%, respectively). Meanwhile, The difference in the distribution of SLCO1B1 *1a/*15 genotype between the two groups was statistically significant (P < .05). Conclusion The results showed that the SLCO1B *1a/*15 genotype, ApoE ε3 /ε3 genotype, and ε3 allele reduced the risk of coronary disease in the Mongolian population, making them protective genes against this disease, while the ApoE ε4 allele increased the risk of coronary disease, making it a coronary disease risk factor.

APOA5 Variant rs662799, Role in Cardiovascular Traits and Serum Adipokine Levels in Caucasian Obese Subjects

Background and Aims: This ApoA5-1131C allele of rs662799 variant is related with a higher serum triglyceride levels, and it contributes to increase risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphism rs662799 in APOA5 gene and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors, MS, and serum adipokine levels. Methods: The study involved a population of 1,002 Caucasian obese subjects. Measurements of body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, arterial blood pressure, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, insulin levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, and adipokines levels were recorded. Genotype of ApoA5 gene polymorphism (rs662799) and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) were evaluated. Results: The distribution of the rs662799 polymorphism in this adult population (n = 1,002) was 88.3% (n = 885) (TT), 11.4% (n = 114) (TC), and 0.3% (n = 3) (CC). No significant differences were found between the 2 genotypes in the anthropometric data, MS, or blood pressure. Triglyceride levels were higher in C-allele carriers (delta total group: 19.7 ± 2.1 mg/dL: p = 0.02) than non C-allele carriers. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower in C-allele carriers (delta total group: −6.7 ± 1.1 mg/dL: p = 0.02) than non C-allele carriers. Adiponectin levels were lower in C-allele carriers (delta total group: −11.6 ± 1.0 mg/dL: p = 0.02) too. In C-allele carriers, logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–3.4, p = 0.001) and percentage of low-HDL-C (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3–3.7, p = 0.002) after adjusting by body mass index and age. Conclusions: C-allele carriers of rs662799 of APOA5 gene showed high rates of low levels of HDL and hypertriglyceridemia, with differences in triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and adiponectin levels in Caucasian obese subjects.

Association between cognitive impairment and apolipoprotein A1 or apolipoprotein B levels is regulated by apolipoprotein E variant rs429358 in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

ApoE gene polymorphism may be involved in the change in blood lipid profile and cognitive impairment of the general population. However, few studies explored the effects of ApoE gene polymorphism on blood lipid levels and cognition in schizophrenia. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was employed to evaluate the cognition and the SNPStats was used to investigate the association of ApoE rs429358 with schizophrenia. The models of analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis were conducted to investigate the effect of ApoE rs429358 on cognition in schizophrenia. Altogether, 637 patients with schizophrenia and 467 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The findings in the case group found that both the ApoA1 and ApoB levels were predictors for RBANS total score (p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.011), immediate memory (p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.019), language (p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.013), attention (p < 0.001 vs. p < 0.001), except ApoA1 level only was a predictor for visuospatial/constructional (p = 0.014) and delayed memory (p < 0.001). When the association was examined in different ApoE rs429358 genotype subgroups, the association between ApoA1 level and RBANS scores (except for the language score) or between ApoB level and RBANS scores (except for the attention score) was regulated by ApoE rs429358. Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have broad cognitive impairment compared with healthy controls. For patients with schizophrenia, both ApoA1 and ApoB levels were positively associated with cognition. There was a significant association between ApoA1 or ApoB levels and cognition in schizophrenia, which was regulated by the ApoE rs429358.

APOA5 gene polymorphism assessment and association with hypertriglyceridemia in the military force of the State of Goiás

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), dyslipidemias are determinant for the onset of cardiovascular diseases and represent more than 30% of global deaths. Changes in serum lipid levels are a direct consequence of dyslipidemia. This study aimed to verify the relationship between genetic polymorphism APOA5 and dyslipidemia. This is a case-control study with 199 officers of the military force of the state of Goiás in which the relationship between lipid profile and genetic polymorphism rs964184 was evaluated. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) was used to identify genetic polymorphism rs964184. Of the participants analyzed, 93% were male and 7% female, the lipid profile showed that 115 participants had dyslipidemia (group of cases) and 84 were within the reference range (control group). The genetic polymorphism rs964184 of the case group showed that 64.3% (74/115) of the participants had genotype CC, 33.0% (38/115) had cg genotype and 2.6% (3/115) had GG genotype. In the control group, 69.0% (58/84) had genotype CC, 27.4% (23/84) had cg genotype, 3.6% (3/84) had GG genotype. In conclusion, the G alllea is related to high levels of triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL) and the C allea is related to normal HDL cholesterol levels (≥ 40 mg/dL). Therefore, homozygous (GG) or heterozygous (CG) individuals are more inclined to have high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels, which are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Association between apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms and hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis

BackgroundHyperlipidemia plays an important role in the etiology of cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Over recent years, a number of studies have explored the impact of apolipoprotein genetic polymorphisms in hyperlipidemia, but considerable differences and uncertainty have been found in their association with different populations from different regions.ResultsA total of 59 articles were included, containing in total 13,843 hyperlipidemia patients in the case group and 15,398 healthy controls in the control group. Meta-analysis of the data indicated that APOA5–1131 T > C, APOA1 -75 bp, APOB XbaI, and APOE gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with hyperlipidemia, with OR values of 1.996, 1.228, 1.444, and 1.710, respectively. All P-values were less than 0.05.ConclusionsMeta-analysis of the data indicated that the C allele of APOA5 1131 T > C, the A allele at APOA1-75 bp, the APOB XbaI T allele, and the ε2 and ε4 allele of APOE were each a risk factor for susceptibility for hyperlipidemia.

INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN TUBULAR RENAL DYSFUNCTION AND GENES POLYMORPHISM IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: Objective: to assess the relationship between NGAL concentration as an indicator of tubular disorders, and genetic markers of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Design and method: Materials and methods: 89 patients of working age with hypertension (mean age 48.32 ± 8.71) were examined, who were divided into 2 groups depending on serum NGAL. Group 1 - 20 patients with NGAL levels above reference values, Group 2 - 69 patients with NGAL levels in the range of normal values. For all patients, to evaluate tubular renal function, the concentration of NGAL in serum was determined by ELISA. All patients were examined for genotypes of AGT Thr174Met, GNB3 C825T, MTHFR C677T, MTRR Ile22Met, ApoE Cys130Arg, PRARA rs4253778. Results: Results: patients in the groups did not significantly differ in age, gender, risk factors, concomitant diseases and therapy, blood pressure and lipid profile. In group 1, the occurrence of AGT, MTHFR, and PRARA gene polymorphism was significantly higher in heterozygous form than in group 2 (p = 0.002, p &lt; 0.001, and p = 0.037, respectively). Patients in the groups did not significantly differ in occurrence of GNB3, MTRR, and ApoE gene polymorphism. Correlation analysis showed a direct relationship between the concentration of NGAL in the blood and the presence of AGT gene polymorphism (r = 0.38; p &lt; 0.05), GNB3 (r = 0.33; p &lt; 0.05), MTHFR (r = 0.35; p &lt; 0.05). The association of NGAL with the polymorphism of the GNB3, MTRR, and ApoE genes was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Conclusions: in patients of working age with hypertension, tubular dysfunction, assessed by the concentration of NGAL in the blood, is associated with the presence of AGT, MTHFR, PRARA gene polymorphism in a heterozygous form.

Association of Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism with Lipid Profile and Ischemic Stroke Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Background Altered lipid profiles have consistently been linked to cerebrovascular events. Ischemic stroke (IS) was a common comorbid condition established in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene which has a notably critical function in lipoprotein metabolism is believed as one of the potential candidate genes susceptible to IS complications in T2DM. This research aimed to determine the association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism with lipid profile and IS risk in T2DM patients. Methods This case-control study involved a total of 60 diabetic participants divided into two groups with and without IS. ApoE was genotyped using PCR and sequencing analysis. Results The most predominant genotype observed in 27 participants (45%) was E3/E3. Lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were found in ε2 carriers (p=0.003; 95% CI −23.35–−4.89) and ε4 carriers (p=0.019; 95% CI 1.38–14.55) compared to ε3 homozygotes. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels had no association with ApoE gene polymorphism in this study. ApoE gene polymorphism was not related to IS in T2DM (p=0.06; adjusted OR: 4.71; 95% CI 0.93–23.79). Conclusions ApoE ε2 and ε4 carriers were associated with lower levels of HDL-C. No association was identified between ApoE gene polymorphism and IS in T2DM patients.

Relationship Between the ApoE Gene Polymorphism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications.

Background: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, but studies have shown conflicting results. Objective: To examine the relationship of ApoE gene polymorphisms with T2DM and its complications. Materials and Methods: This case-control study of patients with T2DM was conducted between June 2016 and July 2019. Healthy individuals were recruited as controls. The patients were grouped according to coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral infarction (CI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and neurological complications. The ApoE genotype was determined using a commercial gene chip. Results: Compared with controls, the frequencies of genotype ɛ3/4 (20.8% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.04) and allele ɛ4 (14.3% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.03) of patients with T2DM were higher. The frequency of genotype ɛ3/4 was higher in the T2DM with CHD group (30.4% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.01 vs. non-CHD) and in T2DM with CI (29.2% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.045 vs. non-CI). The frequency of genotype ɛ2/3 was higher in the T2DM with DN group (19.3% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.01 vs. non-DN). There were no significant differences between T2DM with and without neuropathy (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The ApoE allele ɛ4 may be a risk factor for T2DM, CHD in T2DM, and CI in T2DM, while the ApoE allele ɛ2 may be a risk factor for DN.

Interaction between physical exercise and APOE gene polymorphism on cognitive function in older people.

We aimed to present an overview of the literature regarding the interaction between physical exercise and APOE gene polymorphism on cognitive function, particularly in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Firstly, this review focused on the effect of the physical exercise on cognitive function, regardless of APOE gene polymorphism. Some studies have shown that a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with less neuronal damage with an improvement in memory score tests whereas other studies failed to detect any association between physical exercise and cognitive improvement either in healthy individuals or patients with AD. Taken together, standardized protocols and more longitudinal studies are required to provide a better insight into the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function. Although there is no agreement in the literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function, it is well established that it improves social interaction and the feeling of well-being, thereby positively contributing to the quality of life of the elderly. Regarding the influence of physical exercise on cognitive function in APOE ε4 allele carriers, the data trend shows that the carriers of allele ε4 for APOE gene were more responsive to the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function compared with non-carriers. Nevertheless, studies with larger sample sizes will provide more accuracy about this relationship.

SLCO1B1 &amp;amp; ApoE Gene Polymorphism Analysis of the Li People in Hainan Island and Its Clinical Significance

Objective: To analyze the distribution characteristics and clinical significance of SLCO1B1 and ApoE gene polymorphisms of the Li people in Hainan Island. Method: Selecting 502 high school students of the Li people from five cities and counties in Hainan Island (namely, Qiongzhong County, Dongfang City, Ledong County, Baoting County and Wuzhishan City) as research subjects in September, 2019; Applying PCR-fluorescence probe method to detect SLCO1B1 and ApoE genotypes of the Li people in Hainan Island, and statistically analyzing the distribution characteristics of gene frequency and the distribution differences in gene polymorphisms between different genders. Meanwhile, detecting the SLCO1B1 and ApoE gene of 527 people from the Han people in five regions mentioned before, so as to analyze the distribution differences of the SLCO1B1 and ApoE gene between the Han people and the Li people. Results: The frequency of each genotype of SLCO1B1 in the Li people in Hainan Island is: *1a/*1a 6.77%, *1a/*1b 27.09%, *1b/1b 41.63%, *1a/*5 0.00%, *1a/*15 4.78%, *1b/15 16.93%., *5/*5 0.00%, *5/*15 0.00%, *15/*15 2.79%; And that of ApoE is: e2/e2 0.40%, e2/e3 17.73%, e2/e4 2.39%, e3/e3 65.54%, e3/e4 12.55%, e4/e4 1.39%. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in other genotypes except weak metabolic genotypes (*5/*5, *5/*15 and *15/*15) between the Han and the Li peoples. Conclusion: The gene frequency of SLCO1B1 weak metabolic genotype is dramatically higher in the Li people of Hainan Island than that of the Han people in both Hainan Island and Central and South China, but there is no significant difference in ApoE gene frequency among them. Therefore, clinicians should adjust the dosage of statins and select the types of lipid-lowering drugs according to the differences in patients’ genotypes, and strengthen the management of patients with ApoE4 risk gene.

Understanding the role of APOE Gene Polymorphisms in Minimal Atrophy Alzheimer’s Disease by mixture of expert models

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disease. Exploring the characteristics of each AD subtype is the key to disentangling the heterogeneity. Minimal atrophy AD (MAD) is a common AD subtype that yields conflicting results. In order to evaluate this aspect across relatively large heterogeneous AD populations, a total of 192 AD and 228 cognitively normal (CN) subjects were processed by the automated segmentation scheme FreeSurfer, which generates regional cortical thickness measures. A machine learning driven approach, the mixture of expert models, which combines unsupervised modeling of mixtures of distributions with supervised learning of classifiers, was applied to approximates the non-linear boundary between AD and CN subjects with a piece-wise linear boundary. Multiple cortical thicknes patterns of AD were discovered, which includes: bilateral parietal/frontal atrophy AD, left temporal dominant atrophy AD, MAD, and diffuse atrophy AD. MAD had the highest proportions of ApoE4 and ApoE2. Further analysis revealed that ApoE genotype, disease stage and their interactions can partially explain the conflicting observations in MAD.

Association of the C. 56C>G APOA5 gene polymorphism with coronary artery disease: Moroccan case-control study and an updated meta-analysis

Background and Aims: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a type of cardiovascular diseases associated with dyslipidemia in common. Both environmental and genetic factors can be responsible for CAD. This paper aimed to examine the association between c.56C>G (rs3135506) APOA5 gene polymorphism and CAD in Moroccan individuals and to perform an association update meta-analysis.

The Association Between Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism and In-Stent Restenosis After Extracranial and Intracranial Artery Stenting

Background and Purpose: Neo-atherosclerosis plays a vital role in the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) after extracranial and intracranial artery stenting, and Apolipoprotein (ApoE) gene polymorphism has been reported to be closely related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. The present study aims to investigate the association between ApoE gene polymorphism and ISR after extracranial and intracranial artery stenting. Methods: A total of 169 patients with successful stent implantation were included in this study. ApoE genotypes were obtained during the postoperative follow-up. Color Doppler ultrasonography of cervical artery or head and neck CT angiography (CTA) was performed on the 1,3,6 and 12 months and then yearly in the clinical follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of independent risk factors was performed to evaluate the ISR. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare the restenosis –free rate among the patients with different ApoE genotypes. Results: Of the 169 patients, 43 (43/169, 25.4%) developed ISR after a mean follow-up period of 10.4 months (1–35 months). Multivariate analysis showed that genotype E4/E4 (hazard ratio 3.305, P = 0.031, 95% confidence interval 1.118–9.773) and degree of stenosis >90% (hazard ratio 5.083, P = 0.001, 95% confidence interval 1.938–13.327) were significant determinants of ISR. Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphism is closely related to the incidence of ISR after extracranial and intracranial artery stenting, and the genotype E4/E4 is an independent risk factor for ISR.