AODV Routing Protocol Research Articles

Black Hole Attack Prevention in Wireless Peer-to-Peer Networks: A New Strategy

Mobile peer-to-peer networking (MP2P) is a relatively new paradigm compared to other wireless network technologies. In the last 10–15 years, it has gained tremendous popularity because of its usefulness in applications such as file sharing over the Internet in a decentralized manner. Security of mobile P2P networks represents an open research topic and a main challenge regarding the vulnerability of these networks and their convenience to different security attacks such as black hole, Sybil, etc. In this work, we analyze the black hole attack in wireless P2P networks using the AODV as the routing protocol. In a black hole attack, a malicious node assumes the identity of a legitimate node, by creating forged answers with a higher sequence number, and thus forces the victim node to prioritize it as a relay node. We propose a solution based on a modification of the AODV routing protocol, taking into account the behavior of each node participating in the network. The performances of our proposal are evaluated by simulation.

A Relative Study of Various Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure fewer networks built on a multihop conveying idea. It transmits data from base node to end node. Because MANETS don’t have any fixed infrastructure and it works in a distributed manner. For efficient communication, many routing protocols are used in MANET. Routing protocols are to find a new route to transmit data from base to accurate end through the midway nodes. Every in-between node is act as a router. So, this paper is covers the routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV and OLSR to keep current routing information from every node to each other nodes. The purpose of this paper to offers a relative study of routing protocols in MANET and energy aware performance metrics are analyzed on two routing protocols of AODV and DSDV.

A Comparative Study of Mobility Models for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of small, lightweight and low-powered sensor nodes that are deployed in the area of interest to collect information in an unattended manner. Since sensor nodes have limited battery, many research papers proposed techniques to enhance the performance and lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Using energy rich mobile sink to collect data from static sensor nodes is one of the techniques that can be used to improve the performance of wireless sensor networks. As a result, several mobility models were proposed to achieve this goal. In this study, we aim to study the performance of wireless sensor network under three mobility models for the mobile sink namely, depth first based mobility model, random waypoint mobility model and Gauss Markov mobility model. Consequently, ns-2 simulator is used to study the performance of the network under different scenarios and speeds of the mobile sink. Additionally, end-to-end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are the performance metrics considered in this study to measure the performance. Finally, AODV routing protocol is used to route messages from their sources to the mobile sink.

Bio-inspired smog sensing model for wireless sensor networks based on intracellular signalling

The progression of wireless sensor networks has been formulated a new orientation of research particularly in the monitoring and surveillance areas. Smog pollution is a threat throughout the world presently. Smog affects on public along with plants life. This article proposes a wireless sensor network based smog sensing model for a city by mimicking of biological intracellular signalling. The proposed model is designed and simulated using QualNet 7.1. The several performance features like energy consumption, signals transmission, data transmission of AODV, Bellman–Ford and IERP routing protocols have been evaluated through the proposed model. The simulation result shows that the AODV routing protocol is at least 18.73% and utmost 6.14% energy efficient than Bellman–Ford and IERP routing protocol subsequently. Finally, the merits of the proposed model have been addressed.

Inter-Contact Routing for using Mobile Phone System

Disaster management is the important filed in our world. It is based on communication between rescue-workers and trapped survivors in the disaster situation. In this paper, two main components are namely messaging system and self rescue system. Messaging system runs on rescue workers as-well-as trapped survivors. Self rescue system runs on trapped survivors. When the rescue workers enter into the spot for recovery works they will provide network continuously within certain distance and range. The head node collects all the necessary information about the nearby trapped survivors in their group. The rescue worker forwards the collected information of the trapped survivors to the command centre. The command centre finds the route between rescue workers in disaster region using AODV routing protocol.

Improvement and Simulation of AODV Routing Algorithm Based on NS-3

In order to solve the problem of high packet loss rate and poor real-time performance of data transmission among the smart robots after the mobile ad hoc network is formed, we study and improve the traditional AODV routing protocol. Smart robot uses signal strength as a basis for whether to forward packets during route discovery in the proposed AODV and it will control their own motion after acknowledging the forwarding of packets. With NS-3 software the simulation results show that the improved AODV routing protocol improves the success rate of data transmission and reduces the average delay compared with the traditional AODV routing protocol.

Performance Analysis of ECDSA Based SE-AODV Routing Protocol In VANETS

Vehicular ad hoc networks is an emerging area for researchers to provide intelligent transportation system to the society. It is due to the wide area of applications of VANETs interest is developed among the people from different countries to be a part of it. Therefore many projects had been started and also presently working to implement VANETs in real world scenario. The main challenge in its implementation is to provide a secure mechanism against the various attacks and threats that have the capability to bring the network performance significantly down. In this paper to overcome different types of authentication based attacks in VANETs an ECDSA based secure routing protocol SE-AODV is proposed with security features incorporated in already existing AODV routing protocol. The performance of SE-AODV is evaluated and compared with original AODV and AODV with black hole attack (BH-AODV). The SE-AODV shows better performance with the parameters used for comparison with the variation in vehicle density, speed of vehicles and simulation time.

Energy Efficient AODV Routing Protocol Improvement through LEACH Clustering Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Efficient AODV Routing Protocol Improvement through LEACH Clustering Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

Simulation based Analysis of AODV Routing Protocol in Ad Hoc Network under different Mobility and Propagation Loss Models using NS-3

Simulation based Analysis of AODV Routing Protocol in Ad Hoc Network under different Mobility and Propagation Loss Models using NS-3

Simulation-Based Packet Delivery Performance Evaluation with Different Parameters in Flying Ad-Hoc Network (FANET) using AODV and OLSR

The article examines node connectivity as one of the most significant quality characteristics of any information and telecommunication network. The article is aimed to determine FANET parameters providing PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) more than 90% for the specified area. All results were received on the basis of the experimental study. Imitation modeling based on an ns-2 network simulator was applied as a research method. Characteristics of the network based on the simulation model utilizing the AODV and OLSR routing protocols have been evaluated. The authors studied also the connectivity dependence on such network parameters as the nodes number and the transmission range.

Enhanced AODV to an End-To-End Connectivity in a Smart City Based on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

In recent years, VANET Networks have been amongst the most research fields worldwide, due to its daily interaction with people's life and the existing intelligent systems services. The Smart Cities represent one of the main users of this network, they identify and deploy VANETs as a network capable of reducing the overhead on the networks with installed infrastructures. VANETs benefit multiple services deployed in the city by reducing their time of operation. Related research in this field have illustrated the importance of the opportunistic network connectivity it offers within the city. Whereas some researches still focus on the improvement they may offer to control the traffic and improve the road safety. Other researches define how the integration of the VANET Networks within the Smart Cities comply to a more connected city. Due to VANETs being capable of reaching far points in the city. In this paper, we focus on the connectivity between two end-users for short communication time, using an enhanced AODV routing protocol for VANET Networks in the context of Smart Cities. Based on the prediction of vehicles movements and regular routes. We focus on the enhancement of the communication connectivity, and also, we improve the End-to-End delays between the end users, while reducing the overhead of routing packets in the network, and improving the network's quality of service.

Performance Comparison of DSR and AODV Routing Protocols for Soft Delay Deadlines in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is a collection of the vast amount of different types of sensors like camera sensor, video and scalar sensors which are involved in retrieving multimedia data from the large environment. The real-time sending of video and audio content to the destination before a strict playout deadline has been necessary for multimedia environment. Otherwise, it will be dropped at the destination. In WMSN sending real time multimedia data with soft play deadlines is a challenging task to solve this challenge, routing protocols play an important role in WMSN. Routing demands of multimedia content of WMSNs need to be perfect routing protocols to optimize path selection and guarantee communication. This paper presents a performance comparison between two reactive routing protocols; namely AODV and DSR, with soft delay deadlines and efficient utilization of resources in WMSN. The objective is to assess the real-time behavior of these two protocols upon sending multimedia content. Here, we evaluate the performance with respect to the use of these matrices like latency, Average jitter, Average delay and throughput and factors includes are CBR and multimedia traffic with varying packet size and bandwidth. DSR perform better as compared to AODV routing protocol since it discovers the routes more efficiently. AODV is better in term of Jitter than DSR. NS-2 simulator tool used for the purpose of this comparison.

Enhanced AODV Protocol to Secure Routing in MANET with Optimization Techniques

Mobile Adhoc Network is the infrastructure less network. Routing in MANET is the process of information or the packets transmission to the destination node from the source. The routing protocol controls the data flow in any network, it will make efficient to reach its destination. Most protocols are vulnerable to attacks in open media communications and wide are distribution. Since we are in need of better routing protocols are needed for an efficient data transmitting to improve the MANET features. In this paper, we proposed enhanced AODV routing protocol using ABC optimization algorithm to provide secure Routing in MANET. The simulations carried out in NS2 are provided to demonstrate the performance using parameter threshold, throughput, packet success rate, computational overhead, routing overhea .

Energy Based Performance analysis of AODV Routing Protocol under TCP and UDP Environments

Energy Based Performance analysis of AODV Routing Protocol under TCP and UDP Environments

A hybrid active queue management technique for QoS based unicasting protocols in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is the interconnection of several self-energy dependent mobile nodes. It is one of the self-configured and infrastructure less network. In MANET the issues are security, Quality Of Services, Congestion etc. The major issue of MANET is to control the congestion. Congestion means the network capacity is larger than the no of packets transmitted across the network. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate and analyze the performance of the network by means of comparing two on-demand reactive routing protocols such as AODV [Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector] and DSR [Dynamic Source Routing] with each other along with also by comparing with DSDV [Destination Sequenced Distance Vector], which is a proactive routing protocol. The comparison is also being made under the light of two queue management techniques such as RED (Random Early Detection) and Droptail. A gateway discovery algorithm is being used by both AODV and DSR routing protocols, which uses the mechanism of connecting mobile nodes through gateway, however Bellman-Ford algorithm is being used by DSDV which uses the concept of including freedom from loops in the routing table. By means of simulation through NS-2 network simulator by varying the number of nodes, we observe that the performance differentials of AODV, DSR, and DSDV routing protocols are directed to foremost performance differentials to guarantee QoS for both of these protocols in RED and Droptail queue management techniques. There is a lot of queue management approach to minimize the congestion rate and transfer the data successfully to the destination. Two queue management techniques popularly used to manage queues in MANets are Active queue management and Passive queue management. Active queue management is widely used and RED is the most popular approach which gives low average delay, high throughput and lower packet drop rate. But RED algorithms have some drawback. So here we are using a hybrid approach, named as MRED by means of combining the features of both RED and ECN to overcome the drawbacks of RED.

Energy aware detection and prevention of black hole attack in MANET

Energy and security are the two vital components of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). During routing finding an optimal path from sender to receiver sense of path length (number of hops), longevity (battery life) and security becomes an essential requirement. Variety of schemes are proposed by the researchers for finding the shortest path along with energy saving and protecting from attacks Black-hole and gray-hole attacks are some of the most harmful attacks against MANET communication and needs attention. These attacks may cause by insider or outsider malicious node(s) who may drop packets or misroute the information during communication from sender node to receiver node. In our study we proposed an intelligent routing protocol based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique that finds shortest path from source to destination, applies the concept of power aware techniques to save energy increasing the longevity of the link avoiding link failure and also uses the concept of digital signatures, watchdog and path rater for detection and avoidance ofblack-hole and gray-hole attacks. Simulation study of the proposed scheme is made over some network parameters and found to be efficient in comparison to the basic AODV routing protocol.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Manets

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are characterized by the absence of centralized management and the lack of any infrastructures. The frequent topology changes and variable propagation conditions make a routing is the most important issue, therefore, it becomes necessary for nodes within the networks to use appropriate routing algorithms. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of AODV, DSR, OLSR and GRP routing protocols using OPNET modeler 14.5 simulation software. In the simulated mobile ad hoc network, we made all nodes receiving FTP traffic from a FTP server as common source. we increased the possibility of multi-hop routes between nodes with each other or from the server to the nodes by placing them randomly in the network. Our simulations have suggested many of the scenarios to all selected protocols in the identical environmental conditions so as to evaluate their performance with respect to routing overhead, throughput, end-to-end delay and routing load.

A Flocking-Based on Demand Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The interest shown by some community of researchers to autonomous drones or UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) has increased with the advent of wireless communication networks. These networks allow UAVs to cooperate more efficiently in an ad hoc manner in order to achieve specific tasks in specific environments. To do so, each drone navigates autonomously while staying connected with other nodes in its group via radio links. This connectivity can deliberately be maintained for a while constraining the mobility of the drones. This will be suitable for the drones involved in a given path of a given transmission between a source and a destination. This constraint could be removed at the end of the transmission process and the mobility of each concerned drone becomes again independent from the others. In this work, we proposed a flocking-based routing protocol for UAVs called BR-AODV. The protocol takes advantage of a well known ad hoc routing protocol for on-demand route computation, and the Boids of Reynolds mechanism for connectivity and route maintaining while data is being transmitted. Moreover, an automatic ground base stations discovery mechanism has been introduced for a proactive drones and ground networks association needed for the context of real-time applications. The performance of BR-AODV was evaluated and compared with that of classical AODV routing protocol and the results show that BR-AODV outperforms AODV in terms of delay, throughput and packet loss.

A Comprehensive Review of Mitigation Techniques for Blackhole Attack in AODV Routing Protocol in MANETs

A Comprehensive Review of Mitigation Techniques for Blackhole Attack in AODV Routing Protocol in MANETs

Impact of Node Speed and Transmission Range on the Hello Interval of AODV Routing Protocol

Impact of Node Speed and Transmission Range on the Hello Interval of AODV Routing Protocol