AODV Routing Protocol Research Articles

Enhancing AODV routing protocol to support QoS

Enhancing AODV routing protocol to support QoS

An enhanced energy efficient routing protocol for VANET using special cross over in genetic algorithm

Wireless networks are gaining popularity now a days. A Vehicular Ad-hoc network that is able to configure all network devices, which means all devices work as host and as a router in network. For conveying all information only nodes help to each other. Vehicular ad hoc networks mostly formed temporary and comes in less infrastructure networks. Performance unit reduces caused by unstable channel position and network connection and mobility and resource bound. Improving in other performance unit, respective cross-layering techniques which are used where some other layers from protocol stack communications with each other via exchange of information. AODV is all good reactive ad hoc routing protocol. In this work, we recommend moderated version of AODV routing protocol, which all depend on route discovery through physical layers rather the minimum hop count approach that are algorithm of default distance vector. Research will elaborate how recommend model uses the received SINR and RSSI value to find its route. We will send this RSSI value to the network layer to find distance of node which is in range. It will calculate the optimal path. The focus on parameters like traffic rate of transfer, interruption, packet loss, time, link stableness, for increase overall lifetime of a network through optimal usage of battery.

Comparative analysis of energy based optimized dynamic source multipath routing protocol in WSNs

<p>Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been considered to be a formula for overcoming various requirements like surveillance, health care, traffic surveillance and defense systems. As an aid to the demands for Wireless sensor network, research has been going on the efficient consumption of energy and secure communication areas for WSN. Here introducing Ant colony optimization based Optimized dynamic Secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP) have improvised WSN in terms of energy efficiency, performance, strength and scalability. This paper proposed mechanism of Ant Colony Optimization based on the optimized dynamic secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP-ACO) for data transmission in the WSNs. This eases the data transmission via WSNs. The shortest path between the source node and the destination node is analyzed by the ant colony cooperation which is based on the ACO. There are several routing protocols like Energy-aware and Secure Routing with Trust (ESRT-ACO), Split multipath routing protocol-Ant colony Optimization (SMR-ACO), Light Weight Trust Based routing protocol (TLB-AODV) and AODV routing protocols that are built with the ACO based Routing Protocol. They are concerned over the End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. The data analytic results have proven to be effective compared to the other routing protocols designed for WSN. This is because; the overall ODMRP-ACO was calculated to be 96.98% better than the other existing. For the newly developed ODMRP-ACO protocol, the simulation platform used is NS2 simulation software.</p>

Improvements in Aodv Routing Protocol using IPV6 and 802.11e in Manets

Development of IEEE 802.11e standard is a cost-efficient wireless technique for services and improves the QoS potentiality to wireless networks. It provides outstanding enhancement to multimedia communication which lead to gain vogue and overcome the significant challenges in reaching the up-marks of the applications related to multimedia. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) face challenges with reference to QoS, limited bandwidth, mobility, limited battery power, routing and so on. These issues are raising due insufficient resources in MANETs, this leads to a difficulty in achieving marked QoS. AODV, QAODV, ZRP, DSDV, OLSR, etc., can be regarded as well known routing protocols of MANETs[1] The instigation of IPv6 has bought un-eliminating certainty with vital consequences, it’s very much essential to verify and examine the changes. In MANET and other Ad-hoc systems, the implementation of IPV6 brought good results in the all the moving nodes in different ways in distinct environments. In the present paper we examine Adhoc On Demand Distance Vector routing protocol (AODV) of MANET by including (Internet Protocol version) IPv6 and 802.11e implementation on OMINI network and ns2 for simulation. The performance level of routing protocol AODV is measured with relation to throughput, delay and packets loss. MANETs are very much benefited by new technology, it is most widely installed and utilized by wireless medias that belongs to IEEE-802.11 constructs. The work in proposed paper aims at the results related to the reciprocity of MANETs-Reactive routing protocols by considering the IPV6, IEEE 802.11e technique. This results in considerable improvements in terms of routing protocol properties and overheads are reduced due to enriched routing protocol.

Identifying and Improving the Malicious Behavior of Rushing and Blackhole Attacks using Proposed IDSAODV Protocol

Wireless Ad hoc Network is established by a collection of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure, where each node plays a role of the router. There are not any centralize control to handle the routing process of network, due to the dynamic tropology and infrastructure less network the network is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. Therefore, numerous proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols have been recommended, among which one of the well-known a protocol is AODV due to its high-performance gain. This research work contributes towards mitigating network layer attacks on routing protocols in Wireless Ad hoc Networks. Problem and it's security issues because its consequences and existing mechanisms for detection and prevention with the context of AODV protocol is a challenge in Wireless Ad hoc Network, particularly in MANET and Sensor network. We present an AODV based secure routing algorithm for detection and prevention of different network layer attacks such as blackhole and rushing attacks. We use different types of security parameters like node sequence numbers, hop count, trust value, path value, acknowledge time, the threshold value and ALERT packet message to design a secure algorithm for AODV routing protocol. It shows enactment evaluation of AODV with the enhanced secure routing algorithm and existing routing algorithm through simulations which will confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the algorithm by considering performance metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay. Using network simulator NS-2.35 the experimental results have been shown an improvement in throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end to end delay using IDSAODV and results are compared with normal AODV routing protocol for blackhole and rushing attacks. The comparative results have been also shown with proposed IDSAODV and existing method.

EDTDS-AODV: An Enhanced Distributed Secure Routing using Trust Model with Improved D-S Evidence Theory in Manets

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is a group of mobile nodes with a dynamic (changing) topology and it works under scalable conditions for many applications and cause various security dispute. Recognizing the misbehavior is a tedious issue, because of the nomadic nature of nodes. For recognizing the destination route, nodes will share the routing details between the neighbors. So, nodes should trust one another, and here, trust is the main thing in secure routing mechanism. The MANETs current routing protocol concentrates on recognizing the paths in the dynamic networks without considering security. Here, an enhanced distributed trust model which computes neighbours’ direct trust by factors of encounter time, mobility, energy, successful cooperation frequency and some other more. In order to link the multiple recommended pieces of evidence and obtain the recommended trust value, we make use of the enhanced Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. EDTDS-AODV protocol is proposed in our work by extending the AODV protocol, which works according to the novel trust mechanism, an enhanced distributed trusted secure routing protocol. Here, based on the trust values of its neighbour nodes, the node decides the routing decision. And at last, proposed method modifies the traditional AODV routing protocol with the constraints of trust rate, energy, and mobility etc., according to the malicious behavior prediction. The trust rate is defined by the packet sequence ID matching from the log reports of neighbor nodes, which eliminates the malicious report generation. The trust level is increased by using the direct and indirect trust observation schemes. The trusted node is checked whether it is within the communication range or not, with the help of received signal strength indicator. From the experimental result it is confirmed that the EDTDS-AODV can avoid the malicious nodes effectively when building the route; in addition, it also accomplishes the better performance when compared with TAODV and AODV with respect to throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end to end delay.

Perfomance Evaluation of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocol in Vehicle Adhoc Network With NS2

Here, the Limitation frameworks assume a remarkable job in various applications for transport unplanned Networks (VANETs). A standout among-st the foremost intriguing problems to be settled with regards to transport networks is that the manner by that to convey anywhere and whenever terribly precise and dependable restriction knowledge. outstanding attributes of VANETs, as an example, skilfulness needs, driver's conduct and therefore the quick uprooting nature of vehicles cause fast and steady changes in system topology, prompting dispersion of obsolete confinement knowledge. To evade this issue, Associate in Nursing possibility is that the utilization of anticipated future areas of vehicles. The principle thought of this technique is to utilize the restriction expectation as Associate in nursing enlargement of Associate in nursing info combination confinement framework. In such a technique, a destiny role of a automobile is expected for a given destiny time and wont to exploit a destiny time-space window of a vectorial path as in opposition to a static confinement reason. at some stage in this paper, it’s contributed to study this problem by considering and breaking down the employment of restrict expectation as characteristic approach to reinforce VANET programs. It’s contributed to study planned methodologies for confinement, target following and time arrangement expectation systems which will be utilized to assess true and the longer term position of a vehicle. It’s contributed to likewise feature their focal points Associate in nursing impediments through informative dialog imagery its potential application things in VANETs. It’s contributed to gift tons of trials that demonstrate the results of such systems once connected to a sensible VANET.

Performance Comparison of Modified AODV-ETX with AODV and AODV-ETX Routing Protocol in an MANET

Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is one of the many metrics developed in the ad hoc routing protocol. Most research, studied on modified AODV-ETX by varying the value of MY ROUTE TIMEOUT (MRT) and ACTIVE ROUTE TIMEOUT (ART) values in the RREQ and RREP packet headers. Those studies resulted the optimum value of MRT and ART was 80 seconds. These results has not shown optimal performance of AODV and AODV-ETX. This paper discusses performance comparison of modified AODV-ETX with AODV and AODV-ETX on MANET. The result is that the throughput on the modified AODV-ETX has increases 5.72 %, PDR increases 5.80 %, 4.31 % overhead reduction, 10.19 % increase on end to end delay, and 3.09 % increase on route discovery process.

Performance Evaluation of Secure Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol

In modern era, MANET i.e., Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a very powerful, interactive tool and useful resource for transmission/communication in computer networks. About composition of MANET, a collection of mobile nodes have the potential of creating self-maintaining and self-configurable network without having any centralized infrastructure i.e., MANET is a self-organized network without any infrastructure. Nodes in the network require energy for transmission of data after collapse of energy a node become inactive and it can’t participate in the communication. Due to exhaustation of energy the network becomes unstable. An unstable network requires extra routing process for coin out a route. In future security of MANET is a major challenge for smooth and efficient data communication. There are many protocols in MANET but in this paper, we discussed AODV routing protocol for data communication. In this paper a new algorithm is designed i.e., modified AODV with security constraint. This paper also gives the comparative study of original AODV and modified AODV.

Impact of Energy and Mobility on MANETs Routing Protocols: AODV and DSR

Routing protocols can be tested in realistic conditions of Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET)). The performance of MANET depends on different parameters such as used number of nodes, mobility speed, routing protocols, mobility model and energy models etc. In this paper, researchers made an effort to analyze the impact of energy and mobility on the performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols with varying mobility speed under random waypoint mobility model and radio energy models in the MANET. Detailed simulations have been carried out using QualNet simulator for 50 nodes. Performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols has been analyzed under the premise of performance metrics namely average throughput, average end to end delay and average jitter using CBR traffic patterns.

Cross Layer Interaction for Strong Route Selection in A O D V for MA N E T

Wireless communication could be a requirement of this era as all industries are approaching for the internet of things and automation. Even supposing multiple choices are ready for wireless communication, Mobile ad hoc Network (M A N E T) gives wireless communication while not having any infrastructure. M A N E T typically adopts a preferred and well fitted routing protocol that is Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (A O D V). Stochastic topology inside M A N E T antecedent link breaks various times in network because of that feeble link quality that appears as packet extinction within the network. In the modern wireless communication study, it is noted that the performance of system deteriorates because of feeble link creation or link wreckage in the network. In this paper, link quality improvement in AODV routing protocol is focused. Link quality concern is proposed to resolve through Cross layer design (C L D) interaction in the OSI communication model. C L D enforced by interacting Physical initial layer and network middle layer of the OSI model, C L D facilitate in robust route formation in AODV named as C L D A O D V. The result exhibits growth within the system Performance in terms of factors like throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (P D R) and decline in the packet losses and delays in the network. Network simulator used for performance analysis are N S 2 and N S 3.

Analyzing the Performances of WSNs Routing Protocols in Grid-Based Clustering

Nowadays wireless sensor networks (WSNs) became a modern research theme owing to the various applications range in assorted fields. Clustering considered from the more efficient techniques for solving the WSN drawbacks of energy consumption. The grid-based cluster has definitely done its effectiveness, especially for networks with high dynamic, all nodes in the clusters represented and the values of data are collected from sensor nodes by the cluster head (CH). For balancing the energy consumption with network traffic, the (CH) must be exchanged between all sensor nodes and the cluster size ought to be closely determined at different network parts. The most important issues for WSN is developing an energy-efficient algorithm by Grid-based clustering for improving the network lifetime, reduced cost, and increasing the network reliability. The equipment of the sensor nodes attached with limited power sources, the Grid-Based Clustering algorithm (GBC), therefore efficiently employing the energy of the sensor nodes can preserve a prolongation of the network lifetime. The network Performances of the sensor node are largely based on the application of the routing protocols, three routing protocols OLSR, AODV, and DSR in grid-based cluster WSN are evaluated by using Qualnet simulator. The results show DSR outperforms in the range of throughput, and end to end delay, while the AODV can be considered as the best in the package delivery ratio PDR with compared to others.

CUWSN: energy efficient routing protocol selection for cluster based underwater wireless sensor network

Energy efficient routing protocol selection for Cluster based Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (CUWSN) is aimed to support monitoring and controlling underwater scenarios in the field of Internet of Underwater Things. The crucial requirement of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is to prolong network lifespan. The aim of this article is to build energy-efficient UWSN that will trim energy expenditure as well as improve performance in the underwater scenario. In the proposed CUWSN, a UWSN architecture is designed, which uses the benefits of cluster head and multi-hop transmission. The proposed CUWSN extends the network lifetime by using multi-hop transmission. The proposed CUWSN model is simulated using QualNet 7.1 simulation tool. In this article, energy consumption, throughput, packet delivery ratio, transmission delay, error signals, and packet loss parameter indicators are considered to investigate the performance of proposed CUWSN. The outcomes of proposed CUWSN exhibit that the AODV routing protocol surpasses the DYMO routing protocol by 80%, the IERP routing protocol by 75%, STAR routing protocol by 47% and ZRP routing protocol by 81% in perspective of energy efficiency. In references to other performance indicators like average path loss and average interference the IERP routing protocol and in case of throughput the ZRP routing protocol performs well among the five routing protocols. Finally, the AODV routing protocol is energy conservative in the proposed CUWSN.

Swarm Intelligence based efficient routing algorithm for platooning in VANET through Ant Colony Optimization

Today’s era is of smart technology, Computing intelligence and simulations. Many areas are now fully depended on simulation results for implementing real time workflow. Worldwide researchers and many automobile consortium are working to make intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Network but till yet it is just a theory-based permutation. If we take VANET routing procedures then it is mainly focussing on AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols. Similarly, one more area of Swarm Intelligence is also attained attention of industry and researchers. Due the behavior of dynamic movement of vehicle and ants, Ant Colony Optimization is best suited for VANET performance simulations. Much of the work has already done and in progress for routing protocols in VANET but not focused on platooning techniques of vehicle nodes in VANET. In our research idea, we came up with a hypothesis that proposes efficient routing algorithm that made platooning in VANET optimized by minimizing the average delay waiting and stoppage time. In our methodology, we have used OMNET++, SUMO, Veins and Traci for testing of our hypothesis. Parameters that we took into consideration are end-to-end delay as an average, packet data delivery ratio, throughput, data packet size, number of vehicle nodes etc. Swarm Intelligence has proved a way forward in VANET scenarios and simulation for more accurate results. In this paper, we implemented Ant Colony Optimization technique in VANET simulation and proved through results that if it integrates with VANET routing scenarios then result will be at its best.

AODV-based Key Management in VANET Network

Abstract-Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized multi hop system comprised by multiple vehicles. This kind of network offers different kind of communication such as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The V2V communication a folk of Mobile ad hoc network(Manet). It is characterized by a high mobility, dynamic topology, lack of centralized control infrastructure and a non secured shared media. Similar to Manet, V2V is vulnerable to a many types addressed this issue and many solutions have been proposed. One of attacks such as blackhole, sybil and Denial of service attack. Security in such cases is primordial. Many studies have of the most promising studies used Distribution Certification authority (DCA) to secure communication within VANETs networks. In this paper, we propose a new method of certification based on the study of the behavior of each node based on AODV routing protocol. The operational performance is evaluated with rigorous analysis and extensive simulation study. Our approach reduces certificate with 6.01 to 69.42% less certificates.

AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION IN VANET

VANET is a scalable and unbounded network which is completely independent from the number of nodes. In VANET, communication is done between V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) and V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure). In both type of communications nodes are gathering information from other nodes or from RSU which must be trustworthy. VANETs is having different security requirement for governing proper vehicular communication. VANET are specially design for nodes having high mobility with unbounded network structure and want to communicate time critical information in a secure way. There is a two category in routing protocol which involve in this communication: Proactive and Reactive. AODV is a demand based reactive routing protocol. AODV only establish the route when any need occurs. It is having route request-response mechanism through which it send the request for finding the route and based on received response it establish the optimal path. In this paper work of Reactive routing protocol AODV is presented with the implementation methods using different simulators like SUMO, MOVE and NS2. Here AODV implementation is presented with the details comparative result analysis using different parameters like Packet Drop Rate, Throughput, Average End to End Delay, Jitter and Network Routing Load.

Quality of Information Analysis in WSN: An Application in BASN

Topology control deals with reducing the power consumption of WSN nodes by making use of quality of information parameters such as Received Signal Strength (RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator (LQI). This paper deals with Link Quality Estimation(LQE), which is a prominent criterion in designing a Topology Control aware higher layer routing protocol for WSN. An improved LQE is designed for the AODV routing protocol, which has been applied in Body Area Sensor Networks. Simulation study shows that the proposed estimator gives an enhanced performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. Empirical analysis using TelosB motes are carried out to estimate distance from RSSI measurements, using log normal path loss model. The experiments are performed both in the indoor and outdoor scenario and the amount of error deviation of the estimated distance is calculated. The root mean square of the distance error value obtained can be used as a threshold value in the distance noise model used in localization. Localized sensor nodes is widely used in BASN applications for mapping the exact user location and the routing of packets also will be more accurate.

Analysis of Traffic Impact on Proposed Congestion Control Scheme in AODV

Congestion is a noteworthy problem in Mobile Ad hoc Network, which occurs when number of users increases and a node carries data more than its capacity. In this paper, a congestion control mechanism is suggested for the performance improvement of basic routing protocol AODV. The congestion status of a node is valuated based on parameters node queue length, channel utilization and residual node energy using fuzzy logic control. To strengthen the congestion control, an adaptive network coding mechanism is employed in case of high congestion to minimize transmissions amongst nodes. Recovery of data flow with neighbouring non-congested node is performed in case of medium congestion to avoid condition of high congestion and to reduce recovery time. Modifications are made to the AODV protocol in order to develop congestion control scheme without any additional overhead. The proposed methods are tested for different terrain areas with change in number of nodes and traffic load. The two variants of proposed protocol are simulated on Network simulator and impact of traffic on proposed schemes is investigated. The results are compared with basic AODV protocol. From simulation results, it is evident that adaptive network coding and congested link repairing method has improved scalability performance of routing protocol.

Design and analysis of an improved AODV protocol for black hole and flooding attack in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET)

Today Vehicular Networks is not a new term. In the past three to four years, Vehicular Networking has acquired immense publicity especially in the area of Research and Academic Industry. VANET is infrastructural less network in which node connect and disconnect automatically. The basic reason behind this ever-increasing technology is that it has been one of the most valuable and recognizable research concept for enhancing efficiency and ensuring safety measures in near future transportations. VANET have node to node connectivity free mobility distribution operation, so sue to their flexible nature this network is vulnerable for many attack. In this paper we implement the attack like flooding and black hole attack using AODV routing protocol and improved AODV routing. Three different scenario are simulated using NS2.35 simulator and measure the performance parameters like end to end delay, packet overhead ,packet delivery rate and packet drop ratio, which are analyzed and compared with the exiting protocol. In this simulation flooding attack routing protocol overhead is 21.8% and black hole attack routing protocol overhead is 18.04% overhead. Packet deliver ratio when flooding attack is 15.6% and in black hole attack is 10.5% , Which show that AODV routing protocol is more vulnerable than Black hole attack.

Design and development of new framework for detection and mitigation of wormhole and black hole attacks in VANET

VANET is the future of network technology. Due to its characteristics it does possess threats and one of those threats is its safety. The issues of safety in VANET are discussed several times over. Many researchers are working on increasing the security in VANET. However, still it possesses threats which can’t be overlooked such as Black Hole and Gray Hole Attack. Black hole attack is an attack where the node behave selfishly and will not forward the packets further but in Gray hole attack node dropped the packets and does not raise any indication that’s why it is not easy to find. If we look further these attacks have same concept and no work is done till now on the combine study of these network. In this paper we have implement the AODV, FA-AODV, BH-AODV and WH-AODV routing protocol and simulate the attack in different scenario. We have evaluated the performance of the different routing protocol with the PDR, End to End delay, throughput and other parameter. Result show that the PDR of FA-AODV protocol is lower than BHAODV and WH-AODV protocol