Antiseptic Research Articles

Research on Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Herbal Mouthwash

The objective of present work is to formulate and evaluate herbal mouthwash and to evaluate its effectiveness against microbial load of oral cavity. The plant materials were collected and extracted for water soluble ingredients. Prepared mouthwash was further evaluated for its physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. The present mouthwash possesses a good antibacterial property. The results of stability study also confirm the effectiveness of preparation. Present mouthwash is a liquid preparation which normally contains antibacterial and antiseptic agents. Commercially available mouthwash formulations are often medicated and contain chemicals that may elicit adverse effects to the users. A mouthwash may be recommended for its efficacy in preventing dental caries other oral conditions due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties

Microbicides for Topical HIV Immunoprophylaxis: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Microbicides, which are classified as topical antiseptic agents, are a revolutionary advancement in HIV prevention aimed to prevent the entry of infectious agents into the human body, thus stopping the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Microbicides represent the promise of a new age in preventive measures against one of the world's most pressing health challenges. In addition to their direct antiviral effects during HIV transmission, microbicides also influence vaginal mucosal immunity. This article reviews microbicides by presenting different drug classifications and highlighting significant representatives from each group. It also explains their mechanisms of action and presents information about vaginal mucosal immune responses, emphasizing the critical role they play in responding to HIV during sexual transmission. The article discusses the following groups of microbicides: surfactants or membrane disruptors, vaginal milieu protectors, anionic polymers, dendrimers, carbohydrate-binding proteins, HIV replication inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors), and multi-purpose prevention technologies, which combine protection against HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, and contraception. For each chemical compound, the article provides a brief overview of relevant preclinical and clinical research, emphasizing their potential as microbicides. The article offers insights into the multifaceted impact of microbicides, which signify a pivotal step forward in the pursuit of effective and accessible pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Evaluation of the dynamics of oral pathogenic microbiota in COVID-19 patients by genomic sequencing after application of foam with antimicrobial action

Relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has demonstrated the critical importance of understanding the mechanisms of transmission and finding effective methods of prevention. Particular attention has been paid to the role of oral hygiene, as the oral cavity serves as a major route of transmission. Studies show that the composition of the oral microbiota can influence the course and outcome of COVID-19 disease. Therefore, there is a need to study the effects of oral antiseptics on the microbiome, which may offer new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of this disease.Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the oral cleansing foam «Parodontol PROF» in reducing the pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity in patients with COVID-19 and to assess its effect on the risk of secondary infections.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Clinical Medical Centre «Kuskovo» of Russian University of Medicine. It included 450 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. The participants were divided into two groups: the test group used oral cleansing foam, while the control group used no additional oral hygiene. Comparative analyses of the taxonomic composition of the oropharyngeal microbiota and dental plaque before and after the use of the cleansing foam were performed.Results. The study showed that patients who regularly used the cleansing foam «Parodontol PROF» had a significant decrease in the representation of pathogens, including Mycoplasma, and an increase in the number of beneficial commensals such as Lactococcus and Lactobacillus. These changes indicate the potential efficacy of this product to improve oral hygiene and reduce the risk of secondary infections.Conclusion. The study supports the hypothesis that improving oral hygiene with specialised antiseptic agents, such as a cleansing foam, may help to reduce pathogenic microflora in the oral cavity in patients with COVID-19. This, in turn, may reduce the risk of pathogen migration into the lower respiratory tract and the development of secondary infections. The findings emphasise the importance of further research in this area and the development of comprehensive approaches to oral hygiene management in the context of infectious diseases.

Skin- and Eco-Friendly Hand Sanitizer: A Novel Composition of Natural Extracts to Prevent the Spread of Respiratory Viruses.

Respiratory diseases caused by viruses are a serious global health threat. Although the use of hand sanitizers containing alcohol and synthetic antiseptic agents is recognized as an effective, simple, and low-cost measure to combat viral transmission, they can harm human health and the environment. Thus, this work aimed to study the efficacy of combining Camellia sinensis and Chamomilla recutita extracts in a skin- and eco-friendly leave-on hand sanitizer to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses. An oil-in-water emulsion containing C. recutita oily extract (5.0%), C. recutita glycolic extract (0.2%) and C. sinensis glycolic extract (5.0%) showed virucidal activity against HAdV-2 (respiratory virus) and two surrogate viruses of SARS-CoV-2 (HSV-1 and MVH-3), showing great potential to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses. These natural extracts combined are also promising to combat a broad spectrum of other viruses, in the form of antiseptic mouthwashes or throat sprays, surface disinfectants, and veterinary products, among others. Complementally, the developed hand sanitizer demonstrated efficacy against bacteria and fungus.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭНДОДОНТИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ C УЧЕТОМ ВЫЯВЛЕННОЙ CANDIDA ALBICANS В СИСТЕМЕ КОРНЕВЫХ КАНАЛОВ

The subject of the study was to study the properties of basic means for irrigation and physical methods of influencing the microflora of the root canal system against identified Candida Albicans. The purpose of the work was to review and analyze the features of endodontic dental treatment, taking into account the identified Candida Albicans in the root canal system. A search was conducted in domestic publications and foreign sources for studies containing information on various methods of influencing root canal biofilms during endodontic treatment. A comparison was made of the activity of various irrigants and physical methods of root canal treatment in relation to the identified microflora containing bacteria such as yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and others. Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) is a mandatory antiseptic agent included in the recommended endodontic treatment protocol used in modern dentistry. To achieve a successful result, we consider it necessary to perform high-quality mechanical treatment of root canals, competent selection of irrigants, as well as the use of additional physiotherapeutic methods (ultrasound or laser technologies). A bacterioscopic examination of the contents of the root canals was carried out for the presence of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. A temporary exposure of a suspension of the drug “Fluconazole” on a paper point was introduced into the root canals at the first stage of endodontic treatment, and the drug “Fluconazole” was prescribed orally at a dose of 150 mg on the first day. Then, in the absence of exudate or odor in the root canals, as well as confirmation by bacterioscopic examination of the absence of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, the root canals were filled with permanent material. But despite following all clinical recommendations, in some cases it is not possible to achieve the required effect due to the resistance of biofilms containing Candida albicans, Prevotella melaninogenica, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragelis in the root canal system to the effects. Despite the wide variety of endodontic treatment methods and drugs for influencing representatives of the root canal microflora, it is not always possible to achieve complete elimination of biofilm during irrigation and medicinal or physical influence on them. It is especially important to look for ways to modify treatment and make it easier to use and accessible in order to avoid subsequent complications.

Comprehensive Assessment of the Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Wound Dressings in Combination With Various Antiseptics

Comprehensive Assessment of the Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Wound Dressings in Combination With Various Antiseptics

Hospital based interventional study implementation of supervised quality improvement protocol in reducing surgical site infections in obstetrics and gynaecological major surgeries: A study protocol

Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) pose a significant challenge in obstetric and gynaecological surgeries, with incidence rates ranging from 0.5% to 15%. These infections not only impact patient outcomes but also contribute to extended hospital stays and increased healthcare costs. To address this issue, a hospital-based interventional study is proposed, focusing on the implementation of a comprehensive quality improvement protocol within the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Wardha. Methods The study will include approximately 800 obstetric and gynaecological surgeries per year. Ethical approval has been obtained and written informed consent will be obtained from all enrolled women. The intervention involves the implementation of a surgical site infection prevention quality improvement protocol, encompassing elements such as standardized pre-operative antiseptic agents, proper cleaning procedures, and the use of injectable cefazolin. A structured proforma will be developed for data collection, covering demographic details, surgical parameters, surgeon characteristics, and post-operative outcomes. Expected outcome This study aims to assess the efficacy of the quality improvement protocol in reducing the incidence of surgical site infections. We anticipate that the implementation of this protocol will lead to a significant reduction in SSIs, improving patient outcomes and safety in obstetric and gynaecological surgeries. The study's findings will not only contribute to the body of knowledge on infection prevention but will also serve as a valuable framework for enhancing surgical safety in similar healthcare settings. Continuous evaluation and refinement of the protocol will be crucial for sustained success in reducing SSIs and improving overall patient care.

In Vitro Evaluation of Mangostanin as an Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Topical Antiseptic for Skin and Oral Tissues.

Skin and oral tissue infections pose significant health challenges worldwide, necessitating the exploration of new antiseptic agents that are both effective and biocompatible. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility of mangostanin (MGTN), a xanthone derived from Garcinia mangostana L., against commercial antiseptics across various bacterial strains (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Cutibacterium acnes) and in vitro models of skin and oral tissues. MGTN demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens concurrently exhibiting negligible cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts as well as on three-dimensional (3D) models of human epidermis and oral epithelium. Furthermore, using pooled human saliva, MGTN effectively inhibited plaque biofilm formation, suggesting its potential as a natural, biocompatible antiseptic for skin and oral health applications. These findings position MGTN as a promising candidate for further development into antiseptic formulations, offering a natural alternative to current synthetic options.

In-situ forming PLGA implants: Towards less toxic solvents

In-situ forming poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) implants offer a great potential for controlled drug delivery for a variety of applications, e.g. periodontitis treatment. The polymer is dissolved in a water-miscible solvent. The drug is dissolved or dispersed in this solution. Upon contact with aqueous body fluids, the solvent diffuses into the surrounding tissue and water penetrates into the formulation. Consequently, PLGA precipitates, trapping the drug. Often, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine (NMP) is used as a water-miscible solvent. However, parenteral administration of NMP raises toxicity concerns. The aim of this study was to identify less toxic alternative solvent systems for in-situ forming PLGA implants. Various blends of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), triethyl citrate (TEC) and ethanol were used to prepare liquid formulations containing PLGA, ibuprofen (as an anti-inflammatory drug) and/or chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (as an antiseptic agent). Implant formation and drug release kinetics were monitored upon exposure to phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37 °C. Furthermore, the syringeability of the liquids, antimicrobial activity of the implants, and dynamic changes in the latter’s wet mass and pH of the release medium were studied. Importantly, 85:10:5 and 60:30:10 PEG 400:TEC:ethanol blends provided good syringeability and allowed for rapid implant formation. The latter controlled ibuprofen and chlorhexidine release over several weeks and assured efficient antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, fundamental differences were observed concerning the underlying release mechanisms of the two drugs: Ibuprofen was dissolved in the solvent mixtures and partially leached out together with the solvents during implant formation, resulting in relatively pronounced burst effects. In contrast, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride was dispersed in the liquids in the form of tiny particles, which were effectively trapped by precipitating PLGA during implant formation, leading to initial lag-phases for drug release.

Interpretation by literature review of the use of calcium hydroxide as an intra-ductal medication

The effectiveness of calcium hydroxide as an antiseptic agent in endodontics has recently gained relevance, being crucial to ensure optimal results in endodontic treatments. The aim of the study was to interpret the use of calcium hydroxide as an intra-endodontic medication by means of a literature review. A narrative review of the updated literature was performed, with the aim of describing the effects of CaOH and exposing the different clinical procedures in which it is used, as well as the results of its application in endodontic therapy. Clinical trials, meta-analyses and original and published articles from 2018 to 2023, in English or Spanish, were included. It was found that calcium hydroxide plays a key role in endodontics due to its dissociation into calcium and hydroxyl ions, which contributes to its antimicrobial and biological efficacy. Its clinical application is extensive, including preventive endodontics, direct and indirect pulp capping, pulp curettage and pulpotomies, especially in teeth with incomplete apical development. The mechanism behind its antimicrobial action lies in the diffusion of calcium ions and the increase in pH, which limit the rate and enhance the antimicrobial effect in root canals. It was concluded that, for an effective endodontic treatment, it is necessary to eliminate all microorganisms from the root canal. In addition, the microorganism such as E. faecalis has a high resistance to endodontic treatment, which is due to its ability to penetrate into the dentinal tubules, tolerate high alkalinity, and form biofilms

Ultrafast spectroscopy study of DNA photophysics after proflavine intercalation.

Proflavine (PF), an acridine DNA intercalating agent, has been widespread applied as an anti-microbial and topical antiseptic agent due to its ability to suppress DNA replication. On the other hand, various studies show that PF intercalation to DNA can increase photogenotoxicity and has potential chances to induce carcinomas of skin appendages. However, the effects of PF intercalation on the photophysical and photochemical properties of DNA have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, the excited state dynamics of the PF intercalated d(GC)9 • d(GC)9 and d(AT)9 • d(AT)9 DNA duplex are investigated in an aqueous buffer solution. Under 267nm excitation, we observed ultrafast charge transfer (CT) between PF and d(GC)9 • d(GC)9 duplex, generating a CT state with an order of magnitude longer lifetime compared to that of the intrinsic excited state reported for the d(GC)9 • d(GC)9 duplex. In contrast, no excited state interaction was detected between PF and d(AT)9 • d(AT)9. Nevertheless, a localized triplet state with a lifetime over 5 µs was identified in the PF-d(AT)9 • d(AT)9 duplex.

Effect of dressing with different antiseptic agents on reproductive parameters in rats undergoing abdominal incision.

Antiseptic agents used in the postoperative period affect the functions of many tissues in the body, including the testicles. In this study, the effect of dressings administered with different antiseptic agents on testicular functions in rats that underwent abdominal incisions was investigated. A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Each of the rats in the study group underwent a 4 cm-long skin and muscle operation. The incision was then stitched immediately. Antiseptics, hemp seed oil, hemp leaf oil, and cannabidiol oil were then administered to the rats for 10 days to provide antisepsis. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration, and testicular tissues were removed. Testicular tissues were used for histopathological examination and biochemical analysis, while epididymal tissue was used for sperm analysis. According to the results, the MDA level in the antiseptic-administered group was higher than in the other experimental groups (p<0.05). Levels of SOD, CAT activities, and GSH content were found to be lower in the antiseptic group than in the hemp seed oil, hemp leaf oil, and cannabidiol oil groups (p<0.05). In testicular histology, the SEED group had the highest Johnsen score, and the antiseptic group had the lowest score (p<0.05). While JAK, P-JAK2, STAT3, PSTAT3, and NF-κB were generally higher in the antiseptic group compared to the other groups, they were lower in the SEED group. Additionally, sperm total motility rate and epididymal sperm density were highest in the SEED group (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that cannabidiol seed oil had a good effect on testicular histology and sperm quality in male rats during the wound healing process.

Seizures Associated with Povidone-Iodine Impregnated Antral Pack in a Child: a Case Report and Review of Literature

This is a case of 11 years-old patient diagnosed of suppurative osteomyelitis of the right maxilla. He had incision and drainage with sequestrectomy under general anaesthesia, and povidone-iodine-impregnated antra pack. About 60 hours after surgery, patient began to have seizures, about 6 episodes on the first night, generalized, tonic-clonic, each lasting about 1 minute with post-ictal vomiting. An initial assessment of meningitis (to rule out cerebral abscess) was made. The seizure episodes which lasted for 3 days began to reduce gradually, and completely subsided 24 hours after the removal of the antra pack. However, when the patient had a CT scan with iodine-based contrast as requested by the paediatric neurologist (to rule out cerebral abscess), the episodes went up significantly again for another 24 hours, after which it began to reduce, till none was recorded 48 hours after contrast administration. Povidone-Iodine (PVI) slowly liberates free iodine to exhibit its broad range of microbicidal activity. However, depending on the amount of iodine absorbed, there is a possibility of iodine toxicity, with different systemic manifestations including seizures, especially in children. The seizure is believed to be a result of disruption in the blood-brain barrier by free iodine from PVI and the iodine-based contrast media. Therefore caution should be taken in using PVI as an antiseptic agent in antra packs or on any mucosa surface, especially in children.&#x0D;

Prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infections and care of central venous catheter (CVC)

To address the spread of pathogenic agents and minimize the risk of infection, it is essential to apply measures for proper antiseptic treatment of the surgical site prior to an invasive medical procedure to effectively reduce the incidence of surgical site infection and associated complications. Knowledge of the concepts and standards for the use of antiseptic and disinfectant agents helps health care providers to effectively prevent the spread of infectious agents and provides a scientific basis for their rational use. Research on the mechanisms of action of antiseptics has not only scientific but also practical importance for nurses and clinicians, which is related to more effective use of these drugs in professional activities and potential development of new promising compounds and their combinations.

On the use of antiseptics in clinical practice

To address the spread of pathogenic agents and minimize the risk of infection, it is essential to apply measures for proper antiseptic treatment of the surgical site prior to an invasive medical procedure to effectively reduce the incidence of surgical site infection and associated complications. Knowledge of the concepts and standards for the use of antiseptic and disinfectant agents helps health care providers to effectively prevent the spread of infectious agents and provides a scientific basis for their rational use. Research on the mechanisms of action of antiseptics has not only scientific but also practical importance for nurses and clinicians, which is related to more effective use of these drugs in professional activities and potential development of new promising compounds and their combinations.

Unveiling the synergistic potency of chlorhexidine and azithromycin in combined action

The growing challenge of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel approaches for combating bacterial infections. This study explores the distinctive synergy between chlorhexidine, an antiseptic and disinfectant agent, and azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, in their impact on bacterial growth and virulence factors using Escherichia coli strain Crooks (ATCC 8739) as a model. Our findings reveal that the chlorhexidine and azithromycin combination demonstrates enhanced anti-bacterial effects compared to individual treatments. Intriguingly, the combination induced oxidative stress, decreased flagellin expression, impaired bacterial motility, and enhanced bacterial autoaggregation. Notably, the combined treatment also demonstrated a substantial reduction in bacterial adherence to colon epithelial cells and downregulated NF-κB in the epithelial cells. In conclusion, these results shed light on the potential of the chlorhexidine and azithromycin synergy as a compelling strategy to address the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance and may pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions in tackling bacterial infections.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРЕПАРАТА НАПРАВЛЕННОЙ БИОКОРРЕКЦИИ И ПРЕПАРАТА, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ЛАКТОФЕРРИН, В КОМПЛЕКСНОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННОГО ПАРОДОНТИТА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПЕРВИЧНЫМ ГИПОТИРЕОЗОМ

Subject In the traditional complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agents are of paramount importance. These products allow you to obtain not only a positive clinical result, but can also manifest their negative properties, having an ambiguous effect on the microbiome of the oral cavity and periodontal tissue. The use of targeted biocorrection drugs and immunocorrectors has a significant local anti-inflammatory effect with minimal side effects. Their use in the complex treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis has not been studied enough.&#x0D; Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of using a targeted biocorrection drug and a phytocomplex with lactoferrin in the complex treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis in patients with primary hypothyroidism.&#x0D; Material and methods. We observed 90 patients with the main diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism aged 44–59. The patients were divided into 3 groups: in group No. 1, 30 patients received traditional primary periodontal therapy, in group No. 2, 30 patients in whom this therapy was combined with a directed biocorrection drug, in group No. 3, 30 people for whom traditional primary periodontal therapy was combined with a directed biocorrection drug and a drug containing lactoferrin. The comparison group included 30 gender and age-matched patients with chronic generalized periodontitis without thyroid pathology. All patients underwent clinical, X-ray and index evaluation of periodontal tissues. &#x0D; Results. In patients of group No. 1, after traditional treatment, clinical and index evaluation data indicated the persistence of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues. In groups No. 2 and No. 3 on the background of traditional treatment and additionally administered.&#x0D; Conclusions. The addition of a traditional treatment regimen for chronic generalized periodontitis with a targeted biocorrection drug and a drug containing lactoferrin is justified and effective.

Hypochlorous acid-the future of wound care?

Dear Editor, Wounds, especially chronic wounds and associated infections, impose a substantial burden on individuals and healthcare systems, leading to escalated morbidity rates and a significant ris in healthcare costs. Chronic wounds create ideal conditions for infection and the formation of biofilms, making it essential to implement comprehensive wound care techniques to promote wound healing1. Antiseptics are substances that impede or eradicate pathogens found within wounds or on the skin. Iodine-based agents such as povidone-iodine (PVP-I) have been used to treat wounds for decades. PVP-I is widely used and accepted due to its broad activity spectrum against gram-positive and negative bacteria, no development of cross-resistance upon use and its ability to penetrate biofilms. While being widely utilized worldwide, certain concerns have been raised regarding hypersensitivity, inadequate penetration, and potential cytotoxicity on host cells associated with its use. Reports have emerged documenting instances of both immediate and delayed allergic reactions to PVP-I. There have also been reports of iodine toxicity in patients when PVP-I was used as a constant wound irrigant2. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent antimicrobial compound naturally synthesized by the immune system. It exhibits remarkable efficacy against a wide range of bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, effectively neutralizing their presence. A study conducted by Sakarya et al. concluded that stabilized HOCl solution is minimally allergenic as it’s produced naturally in the body and is also an ideal wound care solution3. A few comparative studies have been conducted between HOCl and PVP-I. In very recent research, it was concluded that in neonatal circumcision, the group of patients that used PVP-I had a greater occurrence of edema and delayed wound healing as compared to patients that used HOCl4. Moreover, PVP-I has been demonstrated to be cytotoxic to cellular components of wound healing while HOCl controls bacterial spread without disrupting the wound healing process as it is non-cytotoxic to cells at concentrations that achieve antimicrobial action. The amount of exudate also decreases when Hypochlorous acid is used instead of Povidone iodine5. To sum it up, Physicians and nurses face a formidable hurdle in identifying a topical antiseptic agent that is both safe and efficacious. PVP-I is being widely used as an antiseptic agent for wound healing but patients do experience some side effects. Research suggests that hypochlorous acid is also an effective option to treat lesions with less adverse effects, although more research should be conducted to reach absolute conclusive results.

Antiseptic, Hemostatic, and Wound Activity of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Iodine Gel with Trimethyl Chitosan.

Wound management practices have made significant advancements, yet the search for improved antiseptics persists. In our pursuit of solutions that not only prevent infections but also address broader aspects of wound care, we investigated the impact of integrating trimethyl chitosan (TMC) into a widely used poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-iodine gel (PVP-I gel). Our study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the PVP gel with TMC against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant S. aureus MRSA, and Candida albicans. Additionally, we compared hemostatic effects using a liver puncture bleeding model and evaluated wound healing through histological sections from full-thickness dermal wounds in rats. The results indicate that incorporating TMC into the commercially available PVP-I gel did not compromise its antimicrobial activity. The incorporation of TMC into the PVP-I gel markedly improves its hemostatic activity. The regular application of the PVP-I gel with TMC resulted in an increased blood vessel count in the wound bed and facilitated the development of thicker fibrous tissue with a regenerated epidermal layer. These findings suggest that TMC contributes not only to antimicrobial activity but also to the intricate processes of tissue regeneration. In conclusion, incorporating TMC proves beneficial, making it a valuable additive to commercially available antiseptic agents.

Mixotrophic Syngas Conversion Enables the Production of meso-2,3-butanediol with Clostridium autoethanogenum

Providing simultaneously autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon sources is a promising strategy to overcome the limits of autotrophic syngas fermentations. D-xylose and L-arabinose are particularly interesting as they can be obtained by the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The individual conversion of varying initial concentrations of these pentoses and D-fructose as reference was studied with C. autoethanogenum in fully controlled stirred-tank reactors with a continuous syngas supply. All mixotrophic batch processes showed increased biomass and product formation compared to an autotrophic reference process. Simultaneous CO and D-xylose or L-arabinose conversion was observed in contrast to D-fructose. In the mixotrophic batch processes with L-arabinose or D-xylose, the simultaneous CO and sugar conversion resulted in high final alcohol-to-acid ratios of up to 58 g g−1. L-arabinose was superior as a mixotrophic carbon source because biomass and alcohol concentrations (ethanol and 2,3-butanediol) were highest, and significant amounts of meso-2,3-butanediol (&gt;1 g L−1) in addition to D-2,3-butanediol (&gt;2 g L−1) were solely produced with L-arabinose. Furthermore, C. autoethanogenum could not produce meso-2,3 butanediol under purely heterotrophic conditions. The mixotrophic production of meso-2,3-butanediol from L-arabinose and syngas, both available from residual lignocellulosic biomass, is very promising for use as a monomer for bio-based polyurethanes or as an antiseptic agent.