Antibacterial Soap Research Articles

The Influence Of Using Extract Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica A.juss) Soap In The Scabies lesions grade II Healing

Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by infection with Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Clinical symptoms of itching in the lesions. There are herbal plants, namely the neem plant with the content of mimba leaf extract, giving a very good effect in providing resistance to mites in vitro. Mimba leaf processing can be done to make various products, including soap products. So the researchers wanted to develop the concept and knowledge of the effects of soap made from mimba leaf extract in curing lesions in scabies grade II patients in the female dormitory of Ponpes Pandanaran Ngunut Tulungagung. This study uses the Quasy Experiment design with an experimental design of Non equivalent control group design. The treatment group was divided into two treatment groups, namely the treatment using neem leaf extract soap (Azadirachta indica A. juss) and using antibacterial soap. The sample was determined using purposive sampling according to the inclusion criteria, as many as 70 respondents. The assessment used observation sheets of lesion wounds according to the modified Bates-jensen wound assessment tool. The results of the analysis of 70 respondents obtained the results of independent t-test statistics obtained a significance value of p (value) = 0,000. The use of solid soap mimba leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. juss) in dealing with scabies with Azadirachtinya content which is able to provide resistance to mites by inhibiting the life cycle (metamorphosis).
 Keywords: Scabies, neem leaves, lesions, healing

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN PADAT DARI MINYAK NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth)

Solid soap is a soap made from fat saponification reaction of solid sodium hydroxide, which is used to cleanse the body. Patchouli essential oil content of patchouli alcohol discount antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. One dosage appropriate to formulate patchouli essential oils to antibacterial soap is in the form of a solid. This research aims to create a solid soap preparation patchouli essential oils as antibacterial soap. Research conducted an experiment with solid soap making preparations to test a physical evaluation of solid soap include organoleptic test is the color, shape and scent, pH test, test foam height and stability test (cycling test). The results showed that the preparations are made which have different colors and scents are the same, because the process used for solid soap that is by the saponification reaction for 2 hours with temperature 70-80 0 C, with the variation of patchouli essential oil 1%, 2%, 3% (b / b) as an ingredient additives and make use of the type of NaOH. From the result of the concentration of essential oils nilam varied, which makes different colors with the same scent, obtained pH between 7.77 to 9.70 with a height of 9 cm foam inside.

Cost-effectiveness of pre-operative Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization.

We developed a decision analytic model to evaluate the impact of a preoperative Staphylococcus aureus decolonization bundle on surgical site infections (SSIs), health-care-associated costs (HCACs), and deaths due to SSI. Our model population comprised US adults undergoing elective surgery. We evaluated 3 self-administered preoperative strategies: (1) the standard of care (SOC) consisting of 2 disinfectant soap showers; (2) the "test-and-treat" strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle including chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) soap, CHG mouth rinse, and mupirocin nasal ointment for 5 days) if S. aureus was found at any of 4 screened sites (nasal, throat, axillary, perianal area), otherwise the SOC; and (3) the "treat-all" strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle for all patients, without S. aureus screening. Model parameters were derived primarily from a randomized controlled trial that measured the efficacy of the decolonization bundle for eradicating S. aureus. Under base-case assumptions, the treat-all strategy yielded the fewest SSIs and the lowest HCACs, followed by the test-and-treat strategy. In contrast, the SOC yielded the most SSIs and the highest HCACs. Consequently, relative to the SOC, the average savings per operation was $217 for the treat-all strategy and $123 for the test-and-treat strategy, and the average savings per per SSI prevented was $21,929 for the treat-all strategy and $15,166 for the test-and-treat strategy. All strategies were sensitive to the probability of acquiring an SSI and the increased risk if SSI if the patient was colonized with SA. We predict that the treat-all strategy would be the most effective and cost-saving strategy for preventing SSIs. However, because this strategy might select more extensively for mupirocin-resistant S. aureus and cause more medication adverse effects than the test-and-treat approach or the SOC, additional studies are needed to define its comparative benefits and harms.

Does antibacterial soap prevent the spread of infection more than regular soap?

Does antibacterial soap prevent the spread of infection more than regular soap?

Antibacterial soap use impacts skin microbial communities in rural Madagascar.

The skin harbors diverse communities of microorganisms, and alterations to these communities can impact the effectiveness of the skin as a barrier to infectious organisms or injury. As the global availability and adoption of antibacterial products increases, it is important to understand how these products affect skin microbial communities of people living in rural areas of developing countries, where risks of infection and injury often differ from urban populations in developed countries. We investigated the effect of antibacterial soap on skin microbial communities in a rural Malagasy population that practices subsistence agriculture in the absence of electricity and running water. We quantified the amount of soap used by each participant and obtained skin swab samples at three time points: prior to soap use, immediately after one week of soap use, and two weeks after soap use was discontinued. Soap use did not significantly impact ecological measures of diversity and richness (alpha diversity). However, the amount of soap used was a predictor of community-level change (beta diversity), with changes persisting for at least two weeks after subjects stopped using soap. Our results indicate that the overall species richness of skin microbial communities may be resistant to short-term use of antibacterial soap in settings characterized by regular contact with the natural environment, yet these communities may undergo shifts in microbial composition. Lifestyle changes associated with the use of antibacterial soap may therefore cause rapid alterations in skin microbial communities, with the potential for effects on skin health.

Comprehensive modeling reveals proximity, seasonality, and hygiene practices as key determinants of MRSA colonization in exposed households.

BACKGROUND:Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). To develop interventions to prevent recurrent infections, household attributes and individual practices influencing S. aureus colonization must be discerned.METHODS:Households of healthy children with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) SSTI (n=150; 671 participants) were interviewed regarding health history, activities, and hygiene practices. S. aureus colonization was assessed in household members, and recovered isolates were typed by repetitive sequence-based PCR.RESULTS:The number of unique strain types in a household (median 1, range 0–7) correlated with the number of colonized individuals (p<0.001). The MRSA infecting strain type colonized a household member in 57% of 91 households with an available infecting strain, and was the most common strain type recovered in 45% of these households. In multivariable models, household MRSA colonization burden (p<0.001), sharing a bedroom with MRSA-colonized individuals (p=0.03), renting dwelling (p=0.048), and warmer seasons (p=0.02) were associated with increased MRSA colonization. Increasing age (p=0.02), bathing at least daily (p=0.01), and antibacterial soap use (p=0.03) correlated with reduced MRSA colonization.CONCLUSIONS:This study identified practices that correlate with MRSA colonization, which will inform physician counseling and multifaceted interventions among MRSA-affected households to mitigate MRSA in the community.

Lime Soap as Bacteria Reducer

Some people in South Kalimantan have used river water to fulfill their daily needs include washing the utensils. Wash the cutlery use river water can cause disease transmission. Squeezed lime has an antibacterial effect in inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibacterial dishwashing soap is effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria. This research is to know the difference of bacterial amount on the variation of contact time with soap. Know the difference of bacteria on the variation of concentration of lime soap and soap without lime. The study used the experimental method with pretest and posttest with control design. The independent variables are a lime soap with a concentration of 40%, 50%, 60% and variable of contact time 30 second, 60 second and 90 seconds. The dependent variable is the number of bacteria on the dinnerware of a dinner plate. The data obtained in this study is the data of measurement of the number of bacteria on the dinner plate. Data analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. MPN coliform examination of river water showed results >2400 CFU/ml sample. There were no significant differences in treatment with contact time variation of 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 90 seconds. The significance value is 0.796 (> 0.05). There were significant differences in the treatment of lime soap with concentration variations of 40%, 50%, 60%, and soap without lime. The value of significance is 0,000 (<0.05).

Lime Soap as Bacteria Reducer

Some people in South Kalimantan have used river water to fulfill their daily needs include washing the utensils. Wash the cutlery use river water can cause disease transmission. Squeezed lime has an antibacterial effect in inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibacterial dishwashing soap is effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria. This research is to know the difference of bacterial amount on the variation of contact time with soap. Know the difference of bacteria on the variation of concentration of lime soap and soap without lime. The study used the experimental method with pretest and posttest with control design. The independent variables are a lime soap with a concentration of 40%, 50%, 60% and variable of contact time 30 second, 60 second and 90 seconds. The dependent variable is the number of bacteria on the dinnerware of a dinner plate. The data obtained in this study is the data of measurement of the number of bacteria on the dinner plate. Data analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. MPN coliform examination of river water showed results &amp;gt;2400 CFU/ml sample. There were no significant differences in treatment with contact time variation of 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 90 seconds. The significance value is 0.796 (&amp;gt; 0.05). There were significant differences in the treatment of lime soap with concentration variations of 40%, 50%, 60%, and soap without lime. The value of significance is 0,000 (&amp;lt;0.05).

Antimicrobial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Turmeric (Curcuma domestica val.) and Lemongrass (cymbopogon nardus l.) Leaf Juice

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to formulate an antimicrobial liquid soap containing 25% turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice. Lemongrass leaf juice and turmeric juice 25% were formulated into a liquid soap. Stability, pH and viscosity of the liquid soap were evaluated. For stability tests, the preparation was stored for 3 months at room temperaure. The pH test was measured by Hanna pH meter. The viscosity test,was measured by Brookfield viscometer.The antimicrobial activity of the liquid soap was measured by disc diffusion method using bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Eschericia coli, Microsporum gypseum and Candida albicans. Physical properties of the formulated liquid soap including pH, viscosity, and stability showed that it was stable for 3 months. The results of antimicrobial test of the liquid soap containing turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice showed that the inhibition diameter against Staphylococcus epidermis, Eschericia coli, Microsporum gypseum and Candida albicans were 22.89, 27.05, 24.30, and 33.05 mm, respectively, while the liquid soap without the juice were 20.76, 19.50, 20.50 and 21.46 mm, respectively. The soap was effective in inhibiting the growth of microbes. Combination of turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice increased the inhibitory zone diameter of the liquid soap for microbe. &#x0D; Keywords: Antimicrobial Agent, Lemongrass Leaf, Liquid Soap, Turmeric Leaf.

Temporal dynamics of gut microbiota in triclocarban-exposed weaned rats.

Widely used as an antimicrobial in antibacterial bar soaps, triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC) is effective against Gram-positive bacteria but shows little efficacy against Gram-negative strains, potentially altering the composition of indigenous microflora within and on the human body. To date, the consequence of continuous or previous nonprescription antimicrobial exposure from compounds in personal care products on commensal microflora is still elusive. Previous research has shown that TCC exposure during gestation and lactation induced dysbiosis of gut microbial communities among exposed dams and neonates. However, the impact of antimicrobial exposure specifically after discontinuation of the use of TCC on the gut microbiota has not been investigated. In this study, weaned Sprague Dawley rats (postnatal day, PND 22) were provided ad lib access to TCC-supplemented diet (0.2% w/w or 0.5% w/w) for 4weeks (phase I) followed by a 4-week washout period (phase II) to determine gut microflora changes both during continuous exposure to TCC and to determine the potential rebound following TCC withdrawal. Fecal samples were collected at baseline (PND 22) prior to TCC exposure and throughout phase I and phase II. The V4 region of 16S rDNA was sequenced from extracted total fecal DNA with the MiSeq platform. Exposure to both 0.2% w/w and 0.5% w/w TCC was sufficient to alter diversity of microbiota during phase I of treatment. This effect was further prolonged into phase II, even when TCC exposure was discontinued. Collectively, these data highlight the impact of both continuous and prior TCC exposure on gut microbial ecology and shed light onto the potential long-term health risk of daily nonprescription antimicrobial personal care product use.

Effect of Chemical Disinfectants on the Color Stability of Maxillofacial Silicones: An In Vitro Study.

To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection on the color stability of room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) maxillofacial silicone elastomer with and without pigment addition. Sixty specimens were obtained from a RTV maxillofacial silicone. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups according to pigments and disinfectant to be used (n = 10). NP-DW-nonpigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in distilled water (control). NP-S- nonpigmented silicone specimens to be rubbed with an anti-bacterial soap. NP-CHX-nonpigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%). P-DW-pigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in distilled water (control). P-S-pigmented silicone specimens to be rubbed with antibacterial soap. P-CHX-pigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%). Disinfection was conducted 6 times a day for 60 days simulating 1 year of usage. Color was evaluated after 60 days (disinfection period) using a reflectance spectrophotometer. Color alterations were calculated by the CIE L∗ a∗ b∗ system. Data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey test (α = 0.05). NP-S and P-S exhibited the highest color alterations, whereas NP-DW and P-DW the lowest color alterations. Disinfection procedures affect the color stability of maxillofacial silicone. Chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%) can be effectively used as a chemical disinfectant for maxillofacial prostheses. Antibacterial soap produced clinically unacceptable color changes in the silicone, hence is not advisable as a disinfectant.

Evaluation of ozonated water using ASTM E1174 for standardized testing of handwash formulations for healthcare personnel

Removal of bacteria by handwashing with ozonated water was evaluated using the ASTM E1174 standard test method. Thirty healthy volunteers were assigned randomly to three groups: ozonated water, antimicrobial soap and water, and non-antimicrobial soap and water. A 3 log10cfu reduction was achieved by washing hands with ozonated water or antimicrobial soap and water. However, ozonated water was not significantly superior to non-antimicrobial soap and water. Ozonated water may remove bacteria from the hands to at least a similar extent as that by non-antimicrobial soap and water in the absence of visible dirt or body fluid contamination.

Assessment of bacterial carriage on the hands of primary school children in Calabar municipality, Nigeria

BackgroundHand washing with soap and water is a good hand hygiene practice which reduces the chance of infection transmission through hand contact. This study was designed to determine the microbial hand carriage among nursery and primary school children in Calabar Metropolis and to assess the effect of hand washing in the reduction of bacterial hand carriage among these children.MethodsA total of 150 pupils aged 2–13 years were enrolled in the study from both private and public nursery and primary schools. Ethical approval was obtained from the Cross River State Ministry of Health, before the collection of the samples. Informed consent was obtained from the management of the schools and the parents and guardian of the children. A structured questionnaire was administered to the pupils for information on demography, hand hygiene practice, and their awareness on the importance of hand washing. Hand swabs were obtained from the pupils before and after hand washing respectively. Samples were subjected to culture, microscopy, and biochemical analysis. Data obtained in the study were analyzed by Epi-Info CDC, 2012 package.ResultsMales had the highest occurrence of the isolates 82 (62.1%) than females 50 (37.8%). This study recorded 88.0% prevalence of bacterial hand carriage among school children. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (68.9%) recovered before hand washing followed by Escherichia coli (25.0%). Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not found on the pupils’ hands after hand washing. There was a significant difference in the bacterial carriage after hand washing between the two soap types (χ2 = 19.9, p = 0.001) with Dettol soap subjects having a lower bacterial carriage (31.2%) than Tetmosol soap subjects (68.8%).ConclusionThe isolated bacteria were potential pathogens in humans. There was a significant reduction in bacterial carriage after hand washing with antibacterial soaps. School children should be educated on the need to wash hands with clean water and soap and dry with clean towels as this will reduce the risk of transmission of pathogenic bacteria orally or into open wounds.

Evidence‐based consensus on opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease

Evidence‐based consensus on opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease

Refocusing on standard precautions and other non-pathogen-specific initiatives to prevent nosocomial transmission of bacterial pathogens in the acute healthcare settings

Refocusing on standard precautions and other non-pathogen-specific initiatives to prevent nosocomial transmission of bacterial pathogens in the acute healthcare settings

Development of the composition and technology of a soap with sapropel

Hygienic treatment of hands is an effective means of reducing the spread of transient microflora and is considered as one of the most important procedures for preventing the infection transmission by the contact-household way. Hygienic treatment of hands is necessary in public catering establishments, treatment and prevention institutions, for immunity compromised patients, in the period of seasonal diseases, etc. Most antibacterial soaps are based on synthetic surfactants using such synthetic antibacterial additives as triclosan, triclocarbanum, farnesol, benzalkonium chloride, pyroctonolamine. Therefore, development of soaps containing natural substances in their composition is relevant.Aim. To develop a soap with sapropel, which would have the antibacterial effect and satisfactory sensory properties.Materials and methods. To make the soap the liquid corn and castor oils, solid palm and coconut oils, as well as argan oil were selected as a superfatting agent. Oil saponification was carried out with sodium hydroxide solution. The quality of the samples obtained was assessed by the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters (the qualitative number (the mass of fatty acids calculated with reference to the nominal weight of a soap bar of 100 g), the mass fraction of free caustic alkali, the mass fraction of sodium products calculated with reference to Na2O, the temperature of fatty acid (titer) gelation, the mass fraction of sodium chloride).Results and discussion. By the indicators of the saponification value of the selected components of the soap fatty base containing 43.8 % of palm oil and 25 % of coconut oil, 6.2 % of corn oil and 25 % of castor oil, and with the necessary consistency properties, soap ductility, high solubility and foaming in cold water the amount of alkali needed for making soap has been calculated. According to the results of determination of the soap consumer properties the concentration of argan oil has been chosen. As a result of studying the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the soap with 5 and 10 % of sapropel it has been found that the soap obtained by the cold method meets the standards for soap of the brand “Special” with disinfectants or therapeutic additives.Conclusions. The soap composition containing 5 and 10 % of sapropel has been proposed. In the laboratory conditions the cold and hot methods for obtaining the soap with sapropel have been tested. It has been found that the samples obtained by the cold method meet the requirements of the normative documentation in contrast to the soap with the unsatisfactory organoleptic parameters obtained by the hot method.

Triclosan lingers in toothbrushes

New research shows that compounds in toothpaste, including the antimicrobial agent triclosan, can build up in toothbrush heads and leach back out over time (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02839). Triclosan was once a common component of antibacterial soaps and body washes in the U.S. Last year, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration gave companies a deadline of Sept. 6, 2017, by which to stop marketing those products, citing concerns about triclosan causing antibiotic resistance and a lack of evidence that triclosan-containing soaps were more effective than soap and water alone. The compound’s use in toothpaste is still approved, though, because of reports that it reduces gum inflammation, gingivitis, and plaque. Because some nylons—materials commonly used in toothbrush bristles—can take up some compounds, including triclosan, researchers led by Baoshan Xing of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, set out to determine the fate of chemicals in toothpaste. They simulated three months

Antibiotic activity of Plectranthus ornatus Codd., a Traditional Medicinal Plant.

The dichloromethane extract of Plectranthus ornatus Codd., a tradicional medicinal plant, showed antibiotic activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.4 mg.mL-1 and 100 percent of biofilm inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animals with mastitis infections. Based on these antibacterial activities, in addition to ethnopharmacological reports from healing men and farmers in Brazil, an herbal soap was produced from this active extract and was tested both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo assays conducted on these herbal soaps led to results similar to those previously conducted with the active extract. These results indicated the great potential of this plant for use as an excipient by preparing herbal antibacterial soaps as an alternative veterinary medicine aimed at controlling bovine mastitis infections on small Brazilian farms.

Removal of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis after Hand Washing with Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Soap and Persistence of These Bacteria in Rinsates

Food handlers are important sources of contamination in the agricultural environment. This study was conducted (i) to evaluate the activity of antimicrobial soaps against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis using a hand washing model with soiled hands and (ii) to determine the survival and persistence of these bacteria in rinsates. Sterilized agricultural soil from tomato and pepper farms was inoculated with E. coli or E. faecalis at 103 or 106 CFU/g. Decontaminated hands were placed in contact with contaminated soil for 2 min and were then washed with soaps with or without antimicrobial compounds (citric extracts, chloroxylenol, triclosan, or chlorhexidine gluconate). As the control, hands were washed with sterile distilled water. The levels of bacteria remaining on the hands and recovered from the rinsates were determined using a membrane filtration method and selective media. Antimicrobial soaps removed levels of E. coli similar to those removed by distilled water and nonantimicrobial soap on hands contaminated with E. coli at 103 CFU/g. However, when hands were contaminated with E. coli at 106 CFU/g, more E. coli was removed with the chlorhexidine gluconate soap. When hands were contaminated with E. faecalis at 103 CFU/g, bacteria were removed more effectively with soaps containing chloroxylenol or chlorhexidine gluconate. When hands were contaminated with E. faecalis at 106 CFU/g, all of the antimicrobial soaps were more effective for removing the bacteria than were distilled water and nonantimicrobial soap. E. coli grew in all of the hand washing rinsates except that containing triclosan, whereas E. faecalis from the 106 CFU/g treatments grew in rinsates containing chlorhexidine gluconate and in the distilled water rinsates. Washing with antimicrobial soap was more effective for reducing bacteria on soiled hands than was washing with water or nonantimicrobial soap. However, persistence or growth of bacteria in these rinsates poses health risks.

183 Spatiotemporal Patterns and Social Determinants of Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Among Emergency Department Patients in North Central Florida

To investigate spatial and social demographic patterns of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin or soft tissue infection (SSTI) in patients presenting to the emergency department in North Central Florida. From August 2015-January 2017, pediatric and adult patients presenting to UF Health Shands Emergency Department in Gainesville, FL with an acute SSTI were prospectively enrolled in cross-sectional study. Both nasal and SSTI site specimens were collected and cultured for spa-typing. Geographic, social, medical, and other patient-level epidemiological data was collected. Department of Defense rural-urban classification system and 2010 Census data was used for spatial and geographic analysis. Multivariate analyses were conducted to test associations of determinants and microbiological result. 171 subjects were included, spanning 24 counties and 69 zip codes based on self-reported home residence. 121 (75.4%) of subjects enrolled reported living in rural zip codes. 50 (29.2%) subjects had MRSA positive wound cultures and 24 (14%) had MRSA positive nasal cultures. MRSA positive wound culture was associated with recent exposure to livestock (p=0.006) while nasal colonization of MRSA was associated with current alcohol consumption (p=0.041), current history of smoking (p=0.003), and antimicrobial soap use (p=0.024). Nasal colonization of MRSA or MSSA was a significant predictor of positive MRSA wound cultures (p=<0.001) and positive MSSA wound cultures (p=0.004), respectively. Subjects residing in rural zip codes were 2.6 (CI:1.07-6.33, p=0.033) times more likely to have MRSA positive wound cultures. There was no association between zip code classification and nasal MRSA colonization. The geographic distribution of CA-MRSA is not uniform and has a higher prevalence in less populated more rural areas, potentially highlighting a zoonotic association in CA-MRSA transmission. Although previous studies have also shown the association of nasal MRSA colonization and MRSA positive wound culture, this study suggests an association of nasal MSSA colonization and MSSA positive wound cultures which has not been previously well recognized. Associations with nasal MRSA colonization and social demographics provide insight to possible preventative therapies to reduce CA-MRSA infections. While the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps are disputed and regulated, the possible promotion of nasal MRSA colonization due to use requires investigation. Genetic spa-typing analysis will provide further insight regarding spatiotemporal transmission across communities.