Antibacterial Activity Of Silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

How similar is the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles coated with different capping agents?

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most commercialised metal nanomaterials, with an extensive number of applications that span from antimicrobial products to electronics. Bare AgNPs are very susceptible to aggregation, and capping agents are required for their protection and stabilisation. The capping agents can endow new characteristics which can either improve or deteriorate AgNPs (bio)activity. In the present work, five different capping agents were studied as stabilizing agents for AgNPs: trisodium citrate (citrate), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextran (Dex), diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DexDEAE) and carboxymethyl-dextran (DexCM). The properties of the AgNPs were studied using a set of methods, including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy. Coated and bare AgNPs were also tested against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to analyse their capacity to suppress bacterial growth and eradicate biofilms of clinically relevant bacteria. The results showed that all the capping agents endow long-term stability for the AgNPs in water; however, when the AgNPs are in bacterial culture media, their stability is highly dependent on the capping agent properties due to the presence of electrolytes and charged macromolecules such as proteins. The results also showed that the capping agents have a substantial impact on the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs. The AgNPs coated with the Dex and DexCM were the most effective against the three strains, due to their better stability which resulted in the release of more silver ions, better interactions with the bacteria and diffusion into the biofilms. It is hypothesized that the antibacterial activity of capped AgNPs is governed by a balance between the AgNPs stability and their ability to release silver ions. Strong adsorption of capping agents like PVP on the AgNPs endows higher colloidal stability in culture media; however, it can decrease the rate of Ag+ release from the AgNPs and reduce the antibacterial performance. Overall, this work presents a comparative study between different capping agents on the properties and antibacterial activity of AgNPs, highlighting the importance of the capping agent in their stability and bioactivity.

Novel antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles combined with pterostilbene against Staphylococcus aureus via induction of apoptosis-like cell death and downregulation of ribosomal gene expression

AgNPs have been used as antimicrobial agents; however, the potential toxicity of AgNPs limits their application. Combining AgNPs with natural product Pterostilbene significantly enhanced the antibacterial effects and simultaneously prevented toxicity to cells.

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles functionalized with amikacin applied against multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the world's biggest health problems; therefore, improving the spectrum of action of antibiotics could be necessary to reverse this situation. Amikacin and silver salts have well-known antimicrobial properties. However, both drugs lost their effectiveness against some bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii. This work aims to develop a nanodrug from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized with Amikacin against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. MethodsAgNPs were produced using the bottom-up methodology and functionalized with Amikacin modified by the carbodiimide-based chemistry, forming AgNPs@Amikacin. Susceptibility tests were performed using Amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains to assess the bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential of the developed nanodrug. The clinical strains were induced to form a biofilm, and biomass quantification and the metabolic activity were determined. ResultsThe AgNPs have a hydrodynamic diameter of the particles with a bimodal distribution, with a size of 37.84 nm. The FT-IR spectrum of AgNPs@Amikacin exhibits vibrational modes corresponding to Amikacin, confirming the conjugation to AgNPs. Susceptibility testing demonstrated a minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of < 0.5 µg/mL. The AgNPs@Amikacin reduced the biofilm metabolic activity of Acinetobacter baumannii at rates ≥ 50%, characterized by the minimal biofilm inhibition concentrations. ConclusionsResults demonstrate a promising development of a new nanodrug with lower concentrations, less toxicity, and greater efficacy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from different green synthesis medium and their various particle sizes on antibacterial activity. The article review method compares the results of 11 studies obtained from the PubMed database, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect indexed by Scopus in the last five years. The search was conducted based on the phrases nanoparticles, antibacterial, Green synthesis, and AgNPs. Green synthesis of AgNPs with various plant extracts produces different sizes of nanoparticles. The smallest size AgNPs were obtained in the range of 5-15 nm and an average of 13 nm extracted using the leaves of the Pacific Yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). Meanwhile, AgNPs with the best antibacterial effectiveness were obtained from the Blume flower extract (Wedelia urticifolia) measuring less than 30 nm providing a zone of inhibition for S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacteria.

Optimization, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Hippophae salicifolia D. Don

• Hippophae salicifolia leaves extract yields smaller diameters Ag NPs than berries. • Leaves and berries extract mediated Ag NPs were monodispersed and spherical. • Berries and leaves aqueous extract mediated Ag NPs are smaller than methanol. • Ag NPs synthesized from methanol extract of leaves had higher antioxidant activity. • Ag NPs produced from methanol extract of leaves had higher antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were produced from methanol and consecutive aqueous extracts of the underutilized Northeast Indian-grown Hippophae salicifolia leaves and berries. The parameters used in the synthesis process, like extract concentration, AgNO 3 concentration, pH, temperature, and time, were optimized to achieve a higher yield of Ag NPs. PH was the most critical parameter in regulating the size and yield of NPs. Ag NPs were successfully synthesized at optimum conditions and characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, FTIR, XRD, EDX, FESEM, and FETEM. TEM analysis depicted that sea buckthorn leaves and berries extract mediated Ag NPs were monodispersed and spherical with an average particles size of 7.87 ± 2.9 mm to 13.86 ± 5 mm, revealing that Ag NPs synthesized from aqueous extracts are smaller in size than those synthesized from methanol. The synthesized Ag NPs were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Ag NPs produced from methanol extract of leaves exhibited the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity of 1.29 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 1.9 µg/mL, respectively. Leaves extract mediated Ag NPs showed better antioxidant activity than Pure ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Overall, the findings indicate that Ag NPs synthesized from Hippophae salicifolia leaves and berries extract to have significant antioxidant and antibacterial potential for controlling and preventing bacterial infections.

Augmented anticancer effect and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using Taxus wallichiana leaf extract.

Taxus wallichiana is an evergreen tree species found in the Himalayan region of Pakistan. The tree possesses important secondary metabolites such as Taxol that has been implicated in treating breast, ovarian and colon cancer. Therefore keeping in view the importance of this plant species, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Taxus wallichiana aqueous leaf extract and evaluated for their anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized for their optical, morphological and structural features using techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and were evaluated for their antibacterial activity and anti-cancer activity using U251 cell line. The study showed that the UV-absorbance peak of Ag2O NPs at 450 nm shifted to 410 nm, affirming the formation of leaf extract Ag NPs. Similarly structural studies revealed the crystalline nature of the cubic structure of the Ag crystal with an average crystallite size of 29 nm. FTIR analysis exhibited the existence of different functional elements including O-H and N-H and phenolic groups. Non-spherical glomerular shaped Taxus wallichiana Ag NPs were observed from SEM studies and EDX profile showed Ag as the main element along with constituent of biological origin. The synthesized Ag NPs showed significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxic activity of Ag NPs on U251 brain cancer cells showed a synergistic effect with 10 ug/mL concentration after 48 and 72 h incubation based on cell viability assay indicating promising glioblastoma drug potential.

Synergistic effect of copper, silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide on Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae

Bacterial blight disease of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae decrease crop productivity. X. axonopodis was isolated from infected fruits, stem and leaves collected from Pravara area on NAS medium. Pure culture was obtained by regular subculture and maintained on NAS medium. Trichoderma harizanium fungal biomass was generated for nanoparticle synthesis on liquid PDA medium. The aqueous cell free culture filtrate (CFCF) obtained by filtration. Nanoparticles were synthesized using 50 ml of aqueous CFCF in flasks by stirring appropriate amount of, CuSO4 (1–2 mM) solution in dark at 45 °C. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Trichoderma viride. SEM analysis proved silver nanoparticle size in the range 5–10 µm. Spread plate and colony count techniques proved significant antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Xanthomonas axonopodis.

Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using stem extract of Zanthoxylum armatum.

In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Zanthoxylum armatum stem extract. The characteristic absorption at 385 nm suggested synthesis of AgNPs which was further confirmed by SEM, with a size in the range of 46.66 nm to 60.12 nm and a spherical shape, having an FCC structure, analyzed by XRD. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phenol and secondary alcohol groups over the AgNPS. The elemental composition was further investigated by FESEM-EDX analysis which revealed the presence of silver in the synthesis nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms with a zone of inhibition of 21 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 17 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18 mm for Salmonella enteric, and 18 mm for Escherichia coli. Overall, the results showed that the green silver nanoparticles could be safe, as they are capable of potential antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Phytosynthesized by Citrus Fruit Peel Extracts

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Phytosynthesized by Citrus Fruit Peel Extracts

Synergistic antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli

Nanotechnology is being investigated for its potential to improve nanomedicine for human health. The purpose of this study was to isolate carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli (CPGB), investigate the presence of carbapenemase resistance genes, determine their antibiogram and ability to biosynthesise silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and estimate the antibacterial activity of Acinetobacter baumannii-biosynthesised Ag NPs on CPGB alone and in combination with antibiotics. A total of 51 CPGBs were isolated from various specimens in the study. The automated Vitek-2 system was used to identify and test these strains' antimicrobial susceptibilities. The carbapenemase resistance genes were identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Under the CPGB, A. baumannii could biosynthesise Ag NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron were used to characterise Ag NPs. The antibacterial activity of Ag NP alone and in combination with antibiotics against CPGB was determined using the broth microdilution method, and their synergistic effect was determined using the checkerboard assay. blaNDM and blaOXA-48 were the most commonly reported, and 90% of the isolates produced multiple carbapenemase genes. Tigecycline proved to be the most effective anti-CPGB antibiotic. Isolates with more resistance genes were more resistant to antibiotics, and isolates with three genes (42%) had the most extensively drug-resistant patterns (38%). A significant relationship was discovered between genetic and antibiotic resistance patterns. Only A. baumannii produced Ag NPs out of all the isolates tested. Ag NPs with a size of 10 nm were confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, and TEM analysis. The Ag NPs were effective against CPGB, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 64 to 8 μg/ml on average. Surprisingly, the combination of Ag NPs and antibiotics demonstrated synergistic and partial synergistic activity (fractional inhibitory concentration between 0.13 and 0.56) against CPGB, as well as a significant reduction in antibiotic concentrations, particularly in the case of A. baumanii versus ceftriaxone (1024 to 4 μg/ml). The notable synergistic activity of Ag NPs with antibiotics represents a valuable nanomedicine that may find clinical application in the future as a combined remedy.

Structural characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using a low-molecular-weight Royal Jelly extract

In recent years silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) gained increased and widespread applications in various fields of industry, technology, and medicine. This study describes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) applying a low-molecular-weight fraction (LMF) of Royal Jelly, the nanoparticle characterization, and particularly their antibacterial activity. The optical properties of NPs, characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, showed a peak at ~ 430 nm. The hydrodynamic radius and concentration were determined by complementary dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The particle morphology was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the crystallinity of the silver was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial activities were evaluated utilizing Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and colony counting assays. The growth inhibition curve method was applied to obtain information about the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) required. Obtained results showed that (i) the sizes of Ag NPs are increasing within the increase of silver ion precursor concentration, (ii) DLS, in agreement with NTA, showed that most particles have dimensions in the range of 50–100 nm; (iii) E. coli was more susceptible to all Ag NP samples compared to B. subtilis.

Synthetic Conditions, Physical Properties, and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles with Exopolysaccharides of a Medicinal Fungus.

Natural polysaccharides are attractive and promising biomacromolecules for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with a broad spectrum of useful functions. This study aims to evaluate the synthetic conditions and physical properties of Ag NPs using three fractions of exopolysaccharide (EPS), namely EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3, produced by a medicinal fungus known as Cs-HK1, with variations in their chemical composition and molecular weight. Each of the EPS fractions had a unique set of optimal synthetic conditions (reaction time course, temperature, and reagent concentration), resulting in a specific range of Ag NP size distributions. The Ag NPs synthesized with the EPS-1 fraction had the smallest particle size (~160 nm) and the most significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (Gram−) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+), with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.2 mg/mL on E. coli and 0.075 mg/mL on S. aureus. The results proved the success of the scheme of this green synthesis scheme with all three EPS fractions and the potential antibacterial application of EPS-coated Ag NPs.

A study on the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles derived from Corchorus aestuans leaves and their characterization

In this current article, an eco-friendly green approach was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf extract of Corchorus aestuans and investigating its antibacterial activity toward different pathogens. The nature of synthesized C.aestuans silver nanoparticles (CA-Ag NPs) were analysed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). The antibacterial effects of synthesized Ag NPs were tested against different micro organisms by the disc diffusion method. The UV spectral analysis showed SPR Peak at 447 nm. XRD study confirmed the C.aestuans Ag NPs were crystalline of FCC structure and crystallite size of 18 nm was preferentially oriented along this plane (200). The FTIR spectrum reveals that the possible phytochemicals compound responsible for the bioreduction of silver ions. SEM images of C.aestuans silver nanoparticles of spherical shape with anaverage size was from 30 nm to 50 nm. EDX analysis affirms the presence of Ag at 3 eV. The C.aestuans Ag NPs have efficient antibacterial activity toward Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. Overall, these green synthesized C.aestuans Ag NPs showed the effective antibacterial property and they will play a powerful role in the medicinal field to cure infectious diseases.

The multifaceted role of pectin in keratin based nanocomposite with antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activity

Despite several investigations on the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles, the toxicity presented by its surface charge and high dose limit its use. Hence, this work aims to produce a nanocomposite made up of keratin, pectin, ferulic acid and silver nanoparticles to overcome the limitations. The linkages between silver ions and pectin in the final nano-formulation, which coats the core of ferulic acid and keratin, are responsible for the multifaceted optimum properties of the nanocomposite, as demonstrated by FT-IR analysis. The nanocomposite had an ideal size (88.35 ± 20.67 nm), a low PDI (0.3440 ± 18), and negative zeta potential of about-16.5 mV. Yield, percentage encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading were determined to be 59.87 ± 2.1%, 89 ± 1.6%, and 1.4 ± 0.04%, respectively. The cubic structure, larger surface area, mixed crystalline cum amorphous nature, and superior thermal stability of the nanocomposite enabled 98.81 ± 2.0% cumulative ferulic acid release after swelling and erosion of the pectin outer shell at pH 5.5 buffer after 12 h. It improved the antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. With a modest dose of the nanocomposite, significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity demonstrated the synergistic effect of all the components of the nanocomposite at a lower concentration, probably decreasing its toxicity.

Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Flos Sophorae Immaturus extract

The current study proposes a green synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using various concentrations of Flos Sophorae Immaturus extract as reducing and capping agents. The UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize resulting brown nanopowder. The as-prepared Ag NPs had a high negative zeta potential value of ∼ -38 mv, indicating the existence of electrostatic stabilization. The average sizes of ∼27.8 nm, 28.5 nm, 34.3 nm and 36.5 nm were measured by TEM. Moreover, FTIR and XPS analyses validated the production and chemical composition of Ag NPs from silver nitrate. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs was examined against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus using agar well diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The antibacterial activity of the as-prepared Ag NPs from 4 mL extract was excellent against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus and the MIC values were 31.250, 15.625, and 31.250 mg/L, respectively. Based on these results, this study proposes a practical approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs in the industry and medical fields.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Aspergillus flavus and its Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics

Microbial antibiotic resistance is rapidly increasing as a result of overuse or misuse of antibiotics, as well as a lack of new, effective antibiotics. Alternative antimicrobial treatments, such as nanoparticles, and their potential for stronger synergetic effect when paired with other active chemicals, could be a viable option. This study is prepared to estimate the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that have been synthesized using the biomass-free filtrate of Aspergillus flavus. The formation of AgNPs was reported by color changed to a dark brownish-black after 72 hours of incubation. The AgNPs surface plasmon resonance peak was indicated in the UV–Vis spectrum at 427 nm. The synthesis of AgNPs with a nanoparticle size of 10 to 35 nm was validated using transmission electron microscopy. The increase in folding area was calculated to detect the synergistic potential of the combined AgNPs with a broad range of conventional antibiotics. AgNPs have broad-spectrum activity against all strains tested. The most sensitive strain was Escherichia coli (11 mm), whereas the most resistant strain was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as indicated by the lowest inhibition zone (7 mm). The lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration indicated was against K. pneumonia and Enterobacter cloacae (0.025 mg/mL, each), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.05 mg/mL), E. coli and Shigella sp. (0.075 mg/mL, each), and then S. aureus (0.1 mg/mL). Notable synergy was reported between AgNPs and either ampicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, azlocillin, or amoxicillin against S. aureus in the range between 29.3-fold to 8-fold. In addition, synergy was seen between AgNPs and either vancomycin, clindamycin, or erythromycin against P. aeruginosa (31.1-8.0-fold). Also, a maximum increase in IFA when erythromycin and vancomycin were synergized with AgNPs against E. cloacae was reported (IFA of 10.0 and 9.0, respectively). Similarly, AgNPs with either aztreonam or azlocillin against E. coli and amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone against Shigella sp. caused an increase in the fold area of inhibition of between 5.3-3.7-fold. This result may have an advantage in encouraging the use of combined AgNPS with conventional antibiotics in treating infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized on the Surface of Natural Aluminosilicate Nanotubes toward Ps. aeruginosa

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized on the Surface of Natural Aluminosilicate Nanotubes toward Ps. aeruginosa

Green-Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Based On Bioreductor Key Orange Extract As Antibacterial

Silver nanoparticles are nano-sized particles ranging from 1-100 nm which are commonly used as antifungal and antibacterial agents in various products. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from a natural bioreductant, namely key orange peel extract. The silver nanoparticle phase which was successfully synthesized and then XRD test was carried out was cubic in shape with the highest peak at 2θ : 38.1959˚; 44.4038˚; 64.5491˚ The lattice parameter of silver nanoparticles is a=b=c= 4.0861 . The resulting crystal structure of silver nanoparticles is cubic with a crystallite size of 39.84 nm, in addition to XRD test, XRF test was conducted to determine the main constituent components of silver nanoparticles, while the main component of synthesized silver nanoparticles was Ag of 97.66%. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was indicated by the formation of inhibition against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a clear zone formed around 12.091 mm. Therefore, the antibacterial inhibition formed from the silver nanoparticles synthesized in this study can be classified as a strong antibacterial property.

Antibacterial action of Silver Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from wound infection

This study aimed to assess antibiotics resistance and antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wound infection. A total of 100 samples of wound swab existed calm since wound patients who stayed the Al-Hillah, Teaching Hospital (wound unit) in, Babylon province, Iraq. S aureus was recognized biochemically and morphologically. A whole of 30(30%) of the whole specimens tested confident for S.aureus. Available of 30 S.aureus isolates, 8(26.6 percent) were MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility for 8 antibiotics for MRSA that appeared to Penicillin G and Cefoxitin was tested, and all isolates were resistant (100percent), Were susceptible to Rifampin, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin (62.5percent) Clindamycin sensitivity remained experimental in 75% isolates. Resistance to Erythromycin remained establish in approximately 62.5 percent of the population. Gentamycin resistance was found in 50% of the isolates. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alongside S.aureus demonstrates extreme broad-range antibacterial act in contradiction of recognized bacteria, with an rise inhibition zone diameter related to nanoparticle concentration The MIC of Ag NPs ranged from 50 to 100g/ml, while the MBC ranged from 100 to 200g/ml. Ag NPs is suggested as an effective anti-MRSA alternative. This experiment discovered that Ag NPs is highly recommended as an alternative anti-MRSA agent with significant inhibitory and antibacterial effect due to the methicillin resistant strains' high rate of resistance to Penicillin G and Cefoxitin (100%), Erythromycin (62.5%), and Gentamycin resistance (50%).

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Aqueous Extract of Carthamus oxycantha M.Bieb. Against Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotics resistant bacteria have become a global problem as a result of the unprogrammed use of antibiotics, resulting in bacterial strains resistant to many antibiotics, or to all available antibiotics. Plants are a good source of primary and secondary metabolites that have a major role in reducing silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The production of these nanoparticles were carried out by using aqueous extract of Carthamus oxycantha M.Bieb. This can be verified by color change of the reaction solution from yellow to dark brown because of the excitation of the surface plasmon resonance. AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, where they recorded the peak at 420 nm. Fourier Transformation-infrared (FTIR) was conducted to identify the effective plant group that contributes to the formation of AgNPs and it was found that proteins and phenols have the major role in the formation of those nanoparticles. Shapes and sizes of the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with a range of 50-80nm in size and spherical in shapes. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs were tested against Multi-Drug Resistant bacteria (MDR), Extremely antibiotics Resistant (XDR), and Pan drug-resistant (PAN) bacteria, was done in concentrations ranging from 1000-63 µg/ml. The results showed that there were significant variations between the concentrations, the tested bacteria also showed significant differences in its sensitivity to AgNPs. The results recorded a proportional relation between the type of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and it's resistant to AgNPs, therefore the most resistant bacteria to AgNPs in this study Enterobacter cloacae EN2 was resistant to all antibiotics (PAN), while Escherichia coli E11 recorded was the most sensitive bacteria to AgNPs and its resistant only to 3 antibiotics. unprogrammed use of antibiotics, resulting in bacterial strains resistant to manyantibiotics, or to all available antibiotics. Plants are a good source of primary andsecondary metabolites that have a major role in reducing silver nitrate to silvernanoparticles (AgNPs). The production of these nanoparticles were carried out by usingaqueous extract of Carthamus oxycantha M.Bieb. This can be verified by color changedof the reaction solution from yellow to dark brown because of the excitation of thesurface plasmon resonance. AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, whererecorded peak at 425 nm. Fourier Transformation-infrared (FTIR) was conducted toidentify the effective plant group that contributes to the formation of AgNPS and it wasfound that proteins and phenols have the major role in the formation of thosenanoparticles. Shapes and sizes of synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ScanningElectron Microscope (SEM) with a range of 50-80nm in size and spherical in shapes.Antibacterial activity of AgNPs were tested against Multi-Drug Resistant bacteria(MDR), Extremely antibiotics Resistant (XDR), and Pandrug-resistant (PAN) bacteria,was done in concentrations ranging from 1000-63 µg/ml. The result showed that theconcentrations from 1000-125 µg/ml inhibited all tested bacterial strains except the S1strain