Antibacterial Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of extract and essential oil of Tagetes patula L. in vitro against Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2

This work aims to assess the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract of Tagetes patula against Ralstonia solanacearum the causal of potato wilt disease. Providing necessary information on the antimicrobial activity of the extract and essential oil on this phytopathogen, also contributing to knowledge in the phytopathology area. The antimicrobial activity was carried out through dilution both liquid medium and agar (perforation in well) at different concentrations. The content of flavonoids, polysaccharides, tannins and phenols present in the extract was quantified, and the oil was characterized through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The majority compound identified in the oil were piperitone (42.95%) and the extract mostly had polysaccharides (1.54 ± 0.18 mg EG/g DE). Both registered a minimum inhibitory concentration bacteriostatic of 50 μg/mL and the half maximal effective concentrations were 306 μg/mL (oil) and 352 μg/mL (extract). The oil had better yield through the dilution method in liquid medium at concentration of 500 μg/mL, and the hydroalcoholic extract had better bactericide yield of 200 μg/mL. It was concluded that the essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract with further applied studies could be a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to control R. solanacearum.

Evaluation of GC × GC-TOF-MS untargeted metabolomics, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Artemisia afra (Jacq.) purchased from three local vendors

ObjectivesAs microorganisms are developing resistance to therapies, the search for potent antimicrobial compounds continues. The potential of detecting new compound(s) with antimicrobial activities from extracts of Artemisia afra, a South African plant frequently used for the treatment of diseases and widely traded in the market was explored. A. afra was purchased from three vendors. Methods: The dried leaf powder extracted separately with butanol, chloroform, and water were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity using standard methods, and characterized for antimicrobial compounds using untargeted metabolomics. Results and Conclusion: All the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Butanol extract of vendor B sample was the most active against P. aeruginosa while the antibacterial activity of water extract of vendor A against S. aureus, E. coli, and E. faecalis was similar to butanol extract of vendor B. All other extracts were less cytotoxic than the chloroform extract of vendor B (LC50 value = 414.56 ± 4.81 µg/mL). GC × GC-TOF-MS detected 436 compounds, 280 identifications were confirmed with 34 having known antimicrobial properties. The concentrations of compounds varied among the vendors’ samples with the highest in all samples and particularly in samples from vendor C (14.85 µg/mg) being Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 1,7,7-trimethyl-(1S)-, an antimicrobial compound. While two compounds were undetectable in vendor A sample, four were undetected in vendor C sample and eleven compounds in vendor B sample. The antibacterial activity of extracts could not be related to the metabolites variations and concentration. The A. afra species purchased from vendors from the traditional medicinal market showed antibacterial potential. To our knowledge, this was the first study to report the metabolomics of A. afra in respect to antimicrobial activities.

English

The use of Grewia tenax and Albizia anthelmintica in treating different ailments is attracting significant attention as a primary health care option in Namibia. This study aims to document their ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethnobotanical uses of G. tenax and A. anthelmintica in treating respiratory conditions were documented. Organic (ethyl acetate) and aqueous extracts were screened for phytochemical composition using the thin-layer chromatography method. The total phenol content was determined using the Folin and Ciocalteu reagent method. In vitro antioxidant activity was based on the scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1-diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl free radical. Antibacterial activity of extracts (200.0 µg/ml) and antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method. G. tenax and A. anthelmintica are commonly used to treat pneumonic symptoms. Steam inhalation and decoction are the most common methods used in preparing remedies. While alkaloid, flavonoid, and coumarins were detected in all extracts, organic extract of A. anthelmintica showed higher total phenol content of 28.5 ± 0. 5 mg GAE/g. G. tenax organic extract showed higher in-vitro antioxidant activity of 83.3±0.1%. The pathogens showed resistance to 10 µg of penicillin G, and Co-Trimoxazol, however, A. anthelmintica organic twig extracts inhibited the growth of the bacteria with average inhibition ranging between 17.5±0.6 - 20.7±0.6, mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50.0 µg/mL. These findings are the first to report on the ethnomedicine of G. tenax and A. anthelmintica in Namibia and their effectiveness in killing pneumonia-causing bacteria. Key words: Phytochemical screening, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, pneumonia, antibiotic resistance, G. tenax, A. anthelmintica.

Chemical Composition and In vitro Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effect of Nigella sativa L. Seed Extract

Nigella sativa L. is a plant with high medicinal profile in the treatment of diseases. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Nigella sativa L. seed extract. Seeds were purchased from supermarket and blended into powder using electric blender. The powder was macerated with 96% methanol. The extracts were then qualitatively screened to test the presence of secondary metabolites and agar well diffusion method was employed to study the antibacterial activity of extracts. In this evaluation, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to examine the cytotoxic effect of extract on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MTT assay was done on different extract concentrations for 3 days and the results were recorded daily. The findings revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The antibacterial activity was observed with the inhibition zones ranging from 11.3 ±1.1 to 16.3 ±1.5mm while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extract ranged between 0.5 and 1.25 μg/mL. The black seed extracts contain bioactive substances with germicidal activity and in vitro administration of black seed extract up to the dose of 100 μg/mL resulted no cytotoxic effect on PBMCs.

Antibacterial activity of muscle wall extracts of sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) from Chabahar coastal area, Iran, against pathogenic bacteria in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the muscle wall extracts of sea cucumber, Stichopus horrens, against Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Yersinia ruckeri bacteria in rainbow trout using the disk-diffusion and well-diffusion methods. In this study, nine sea cucumbers (with the mean weight of 1690 ± 12.18 g) were randomly obtained from two locations in Chabahar Bay, Iran in November 2018. The muscle wall of the body was extracted with each of the ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetone organic solvents. The antibacterial activities of extracts were determined. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of S. horrens in the concentrations at 8 and 12 mg/mL had an inhibitory effect on all the examined bacteria. Y. ruckeri and A .hydrophila bacteria were sensitive to the acetone extracts. The best property was recorded with the S.horrens ethyl acetate extracts, with the MIC value of 0.625 mg/mL against S. iniae and L. garvieae. The MIC values ranging from 0.626 to 1.25 mg/mL were also displayed with the acetone extracts against Y. ruckeri and A. hydrophila, respectively. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate extracts of S. horrens displayed the best spectrum of bactericidal effect obtained from four bacteria strains examined.

Phytochemical properties, antibacterial and anti-free radical activities of the phenolic extracts of Retama raetam (Forssk) Webb. & Berthel. collected from Algeria Desert

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical properties, antibacterial and anti free-radical activities of Retama raetam extracts which is growing in the South-East of the Algeria Desert. The chemical screening showed the presence of many secondary metabolites such as tannins catechin, sterols and terpenes, and the absence of gallic tannins compounds. The obtained results demonstrated that the methanolic extract has shown moderate total phenolic and flavonoids contents (31.59 ± 2.82 mg AG E/g extract and 14.35 ±1.02 mg Qu E/g extract respectively). In the free radical DPPH test, the values of IC50 were converging in all extracts of R. raetam. The antibacterial activity of extracts has been tested against ten bacterial strains, were registered as the best inhibition zones with Vibrio cholera, Micrococcus luteus and Serratia marcescen. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strains showed high resistance against most of all concentrations of extracts, and we noted the Gram-negative bacteria strains are the most sensitive to the different extracts of the plant. The qualitative analysis of extracts by using HPLC showed the contrast in presence of the phenolic compounds, such as in ethyl acetate extract registered absence of chlorogenic acid, also the absence of caffeic acid in 1-butanol extract. These results confirmed of the phenolic extracts of this plant are a source natural alternative to antibiotics and antioxidants.

Metabolite Detection and Antibacterial Activity of Fungal Endophytic Extracts Isolated from Brotowali (Tinospora crispa) Plants using TLC-Bioautography Assay

Endophytic fungi may be a potent source of bioactive compounds and have a vast repertoire of diverse metabolites. One source of endophytic fungi host plants is a medicinal plant such as Brotowali or Tinospora crispa. Research corresponding to the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi extracts isolated from T.crispa taken from several regions in West Java has never been reported yet. While antibacterial methods to evaluate their activity as well as to identify the chemical compounds is a TLC-bioautography assay. This research is aimed to investigate the components of endophytic fungal extracts and their antibacterial activity using the TLC-bioautography assay method. In this study, eighty isolates of endophytic fungi have been successfully isolated from plant tissues of T.crispa from several regions in West Java. Antibacterial activity by using TLC (dot-blot) plates revealed that the fungal extracts could inhibit S. aureus (77 extracts) and E. coli (35 extracts) with inhibition zones ranging from 8-30 mm. The endophytic fungi extracts that showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S.aureus) were sixteen extracts, while nine extracts have good inhibition activity against Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli). Among the fungal extracts that have excellent ability against both Gram-positive and negative was namely TcBt1Bd-10 extract. Based on metabolites analysis using the TLC method, the possibility of the chemical compounds that played a role in antibacterial activity of the extracts, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids.

THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM LEAVES OF SOME THYMUS SPECIES (LAMIACEAE) AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUBSP. AUREUS STRAIN

A convincing number of investigations that indicate that thymol with other metabolites exhibited potent antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiparasitic properties prompted us to verify the antibacterial efficacy of four species and one interspecific hybrid of the Thymus genus collected in the western part of Ukraine against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 29213™) strain. Considering the points highlighted above and based on previous results obtained in our laboratory, in the current study, we decided to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of five ethanol extracts obtained from leaves of Thymus representatives against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 29213™) strain. Fresh leaves were washed, weighed, crushed, and homogenized in 96 % ethanol (in proportion 1:19) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar disk diffusion assay. The ethanol extracts obtained from leaves of Thymus plants showed different antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 29213™) strain. The antibacterial activity of extracts was greatest for Th. serpyllum followed by Th. pannonicus followed by Th. pulegioides, Th. alpestris, and then by Th. x porcii. Since the antibacterial effectiveness of medicinal plants varies dramatically depending on the phytochemical characteristics of plant families and subfamilies, it is not surprising to note the difference in this efficacy even when using samples taken from the same plant, but from two different regions. The antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extracts obtained from leaves of Thymus plants may be attributed to specific compounds or a combination of compounds. The present study lays the basis for future research, to validate the possible use of Thymus species as a candidate in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureusin medicine and veterinary.

Anti-aging potential, anti-tyrosinase and antibacterial activities of extracts and compounds isolated from Rosa chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’

Rosa chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’, a cultivar of Rosa chinensis Jacq., is one of major raw material of rose tea and possesses sufficient plant resources in China. However, the studies on the chemical constituents and cosmetic activities of R. chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’ are almost blank. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging, skin-whitening, and antibacterial potentials of extracts and chemical constituents of the flower by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, elastase inhibition, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial assays. Bioassay results suggested both 95 % and 65 % ethanol extracts possessed significant antioxidant, elastase inhibition, and anti-tyrosinase activities. The combined active extract was studied with bioassay-guided fractionation to give a new compound, kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-(2”,3”-O-digalloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) and fourteen known compounds (2–15). All compounds were firstly isolated from this species and subjected to the above mentioned bioassays. Ten compounds exhibited antioxidant activities with DPPH radical scavenging rate from 63.40 %–94.04 % under the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The antioxidant activities of 1, 2-phenylethyl 1-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside (12), vomifoliol (14), and 4, 4'-dimethoxy-3'-hydroxy-7, 9': 7', 9-diepoxylignan-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (15) were firstly found with DPPH radical scavenging rate of 83.24 %, 91.10 %, 63.40 %, and 77.75 %, respectively. The moderate elastase inhibitory activities of 12, ethyl gallate (13), and 15 were firstly found with the inhibitory rate of 43.69 %, 43.25 %, and 35.34 % at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Multiflorin B (3), 12, and 13 showed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities with the inhibition rate at 43.83 %–55.80 %, comparing with the positive control, α-arbutin (22.15 %). In addition, 1 showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC50 of 8.51 ± 0.26 μg/mL. Compounds 2–4 and 12–14 showed moderate antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Compounds 6 and 13 also exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Above results manifested that R. chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’ possessed potential application values in the development of natural anti-aging, skin-whitening and antibacterial products.

Antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of crude extract of <i>Carica papaya</i> leaf against selected pathogens

Carica papaya commonly known as paw paw belongs to the family of Curcubitaceae and commonly grown in tropical regions. It possesses antimicrobial, antihelmintic and antioxidant properties. The study assessed the antibacterial potency of Carica papaya against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Acetone and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Carica papaya were obtained using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was done using agar well diffusion methods. The Minimum inhibitory and Minimum bactericidal concentrations were done using standard procedures. The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of Carica papaya against the test organisms revealed that acetone extract showed maximum zone of inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 17.90±0.10mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae with a zone of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 mg/ml, the aqueous extract showed maximum zone of inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 15.50±0.50mm at 500 mg/ml and the lowest zone of inhibition was on Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 6.50±0.50mm at 100 g/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of acetone and aqueous extract was 40 mg/ml and 50mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts ranges from 40-60mg/ml. The qualitative phytochemical screening result revealed the presence of tannins, saponnin, alkaloids and steroid. The quantitative phytochemicals revealed 0.70% of flavonoids, 0.48% of alkaloids, 1.02% of tannin, 0.11% of steroids and 1.08% of glycoside. The result obtained revealed that crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves has antibacterial activities against the test organisms.
 Keywords: Carica papaya, Phytochemical screening, Pathogens, Antibacterial activity

Antibacterial screening of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date palm) seed extracts on some bacterial isolates associated with dental caries

Dental diseases refer to conditions of deterioration and disintegration of the oral cavity due to the activities of pathogenic microbes. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date palm) seed on selected bacteria isolates associated with dental caries namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. Bioactive components of the seed were extracted using water and ethanol as solvents. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was examined by agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were also determined using standard methods. All extracts were active against the tested isolates at the concentrations examined. L. casei was the most susceptible organism followed by S. mutans. S. aureus was the least susceptible. Ethanolic extract was more effective than aqueous extract at all the concentrations tested in the study. The MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts was 20 mg/ml while the MBC was 80 mg/ml respectively against all the bacterial isolates tested. It can be concluded that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the seed possess antibacterial potential against all the test organisms and could be useful in treatment of dental diseases and other related diseases caused by the bacteria isolates tested in the study.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Xeromphis nilotica bark extracts

This present study was carried out in Khartoum state-Sudan, during March 2019. The dried bark of Xeromphis nilotica was extracted successively with (Ethyl acetate, Ethanol) and (Methanol, Water). The phytochemical screening carried out on four different extracts of Xeromphis nilotica bark and it contain amount of secondary metabolites such as(Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Tannins, Phenols, Sterols & Triterpenes, Saponins, Flavonoids, Amino acids and Proteins were studied. The antibacterial activity of extracts were evaluated against four standard bacteria (Gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and (Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the results showed high inhibition zone (21mm) in methanol extract against Escherichia coli and low inhibition zone in aqueous extract against all bacterial strains tested.

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Bacillus spp. Associated with The Leaves of Some Medicinal Plants

Bacteria living inside the plant tissues produce an array of bioactive phenolic compounds similar to their host plants with a broad spectrum uses in medicinal and pharmacological industries. In this study, five species related to genus Bacillus i.e., Bacillus cereus Mp1, Bacillus zhangzhouensis Mp2, Bacillus drentensis Mp3, Bacillus vallismortis Mp4, and Bacillus velezensis CLT81 were isolated from the leaf tissue of Solenostema argel, Calotropis procera, and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The ethyl acetate extracts of these species were subjected to the evaluation of phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity. Results revealed that Mp1, Mp2, Mp3, Mp4, and CLT81 are potent source of natural bioactive phenolic compounds i.e., phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins with considerable antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Therefore, these Bacillus species may gain great benefit in the pharmaceutical industry as potential candidates for the development of new drugs.

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Bacillus spp. Associated with The Leaves of Some Medicinal Plants

Bacteria living inside the plant tissues produce an array of bioactive phenolic compounds similar to their host plants with a broad spectrum uses in medicinal and pharmacological industries. In this study, five species related to genus Bacillus i.e., Bacillus cereus Mp1, Bacillus zhangzhouensis Mp2, Bacillus drentensis Mp3, Bacillus vallismortis Mp4, and Bacillus velezensis CLT81 were isolated from the leaf tissue of Solenostema argel, Calotropis procera, and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The ethyl acetate extracts of these species were subjected to the evaluation of phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity. Results revealed that Mp1, Mp2, Mp3, Mp4, and CLT81 are potent source of natural bioactive phenolic compounds i.e., phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins with considerable antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Therefore, these Bacillus species may gain great benefit in the pharmaceutical industry as potential candidates for the development of new drugs.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extract from two species of mosses: Leucobryum aduncum and Campylopus schmidii

Abstract. Makajanma MM, Taufik I, Faizal A. 2020. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extract from two species of mosses: Leucobryum aduncum and Campylopus schmidii. Biodiversitas 21: 1751-1758. Plants produce a plethora of natural compounds of medicinal value. Although most plant-derived drugs have been identified in angiosperms, some species of mosses from the genera Leucobryum and Campylopus also exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two species of these genera, Leucobryum aduncum and Campylopus schmidii, that are common in Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Tangkuban Perahu, West Java. Plants were collected, dried, and extracted in n-hexane or methanol. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by determining the concentration of extract that resulted in 50% reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) in the DPPH assay. These concentrations were >2000 mg/L for L. aduncum extracts and 1329.02 ± 7.8 mg/L for C. schmidii extracts; these large values are consistent with little antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity was quantified as the ability of the extracts to inhibit the growth of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Nonpolar extracts of L. aduncum inhibited the growth of E. coli >50% at a concentration of 32 mg extract/L. Based on combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the antibacterial activity in the non-polar extracts of L. aduncum was attributed to the lipophilic compounds 1-nonadecene, 5-eicosene, and cyclotetracosane. Thus, L. aduncum is a promising candidate as a source of new antibiotics.

Finishing of cotton fabric with Psidium guajava herbal extract and testing its antimicrobial activity

Psidium guajava is commonly called Guava. It is spread throughout India. The tree has an enormous fiscal value since most of the parts like bark, leaves, seed and fruits are used as alternative medicine to treat a variety of diseases especially diabetes. In the present review, we try to give the information on phytochemical constituents and anti bacterial activity of extract obtained by Psidium guajava is given. In this study, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava were prepared using standard procedure. For antibacterial testing, bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used. Disc diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) studies were carried out to assess the antibacterial effect. Psidium guajava zones of inhibition of ethanolic extracts were in the range of 7.83+0.76 mm and 8.67+1.04 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively.

Antibacterial potential of plant extracts on ESBL and carbapenemase producing pathogens

The extensive spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogens is critically challenging the healthcare system with treatment options. Often, the physicians are left with no choice but to use high doses of antibiotics to combat infectious diseases in spite of the associated toxicity. In an attempt to investigate plant sources as an alternative source of drugs, the current study evaluated the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from six commonly available plants against 16 pathogens isolated from skin, respiratory and urinary tract. Among these, 14 multi drug resistant pathogens and 7 ESBL producers were identified. Also, 4 isolates showed both ESBL and carbapenemase production whereas 2 S. aureus isolates showed ESBL production and resistance to Streptogramins. The plants used in our study included garlic, cinnamon, Indian borage, clove, green tea and onion. The qualitative analysis of antibacterial activity was carried out by well diffusion method for water and methanol extracts of these plants. The results indicated garlic and Indian borage water extracts to be active against both gram negative and gram positive test pathogens. The observed zones of inhibition were in the range of 11-27 mm (Indian borage) and 9-21 mm (garlic) against the test pathogens. However, no synergy was observed when these extracts were combined.

Aktivitas Antidiare Daun Harendong (Malestoma malabathricum L)

Diarrhea still become main health problem especially in several developing countries including Indonesia. Hharendong leaf have been used by people traditionally as the treatment of various Gastrointestinal tract disorders including diarrhea. The purpose of this study was tested antidiarrhea and antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of the three selected plants. The extraction was conducted using reflux method with ethanol 96% as solvent. Extract was fractinated by liquid-liquid extraction methods using n-hexane and ethylacetate solvents gradually. Antimicrobial activity assays was performed by using broth microdiluiton methods toward extract and fractions of plants selected. Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhi. were used as microbes test. Antidiarhhea activity was tested to diarrhea animal induced by castor oil. Dosage test was given one hour before induction then carried out observations of feces (frequency, consistency and weight). Transit intestinal method was also performed in this experiment with comparing the length of the intestinal through by marker with the total length of the intestine. Antidiarrhea activity result have shown that Harendong leaf extract at the doses 50 and 100 mg/kg BW showed decreased of frequency ,consistency and weight of feces better than another extract. Ethylacetate fraction of the leaf harendong showed antibacterial activity to Shigella dysenteriae ( MIC of 128 µg/ml), dan Salmonella typhi (MIC 512 µg/ml), and fraction n-heksan of the leaf harendong showed antibacterial activity to Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi the MIC 512 µg/ml.

Lt;emgt;Strychnos spinosalt;/emgt; as a potential anti-oxidants and anti-microbials natural product

Plants have been used for medicinal purpose for thousands of years. Phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol leaf extract of Strychnos spinosa was evaluated. Antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated against Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antioxidant activities was determined using DPPH free radical- scavenging assay. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of phenol, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and alkaloids at a concentration of 233.24±24.73, 183.46±2.35, 27.09±0.61, 559.40±31.40 and 15.17±0.32 mg/100g respectively. The extract shows dose dependent antimicrobial activities with diameter zone of inhibition range between 10.00±1.00 to 26.50±1.00 mm. The extract was more sensitive against S. mutans, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes but less active against S. pneumonia. MIC of the extract ranged between 1.25 to 5 mg/mL while the MBC ranged between 2.5 to 20 mg/mL. The extract shows dose dependent antioxidants activity with the highest radical inhibition of 43.47±2.50 % at 100 µg/mL compared to 90.12±1.61 % of the standard (Ascorbic acid). The results obtained support the use of S. spinosa in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Extraction of metabolites from Calendula officinalis and evaluation of their colorant and antibacterial capacity

In this work, different bioactive compounds were obtained from Calendula officinalis by using conventional soxhlet extraction, shaker-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of different extraction time and temperature on the quantity of bioactive compounds obtained was investigated. The extracts obtained were further analyzed by UV–visible spectrometric analysis. The effect of extraction technique on both the colorant power of carotenoids and antibacterial capacity of the flavonoids was evaluate. Colorant power was evaluated by UV–visible spectrometric and dyeing ability in dairy product. Antibacterial activity of extracts was developed against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by diffusion technique in well. Outstanding extraction results were obtained by ultrasound extraction technique performed during 2 hours, at 30°C and with 96% ethanol, for bioactive compounds evaluated. The same treatment showed the best result in colorant power and dyeing ability. The extracts obtained by ultrasound had a slightly inhibitory effect of growth on E. coli in comparison with the other techniques, while none of the extracts obtained from the different techniques reported a significant inhibition on the growth of S. Typhi. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is considered as an alternative process for obtaining the bioactive compounds from C. officinalis with high concentration, colorant power and antibacterial activity.