Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanol Extracts Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic extract of Cinnamon against clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococci can cause many forms of infection like superficial skin lesions, osteomyelitis and endocarditis and more serious skin infections ,nosocomial infection of surgical wounds.They are Gram-positive cocci 1µm in diameter.The aim of our study was to determine the antibacterial activity of cinnamon bark oil against Gram-positive isolates belonging to Staphylococcus

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara In-Vitro

<p><em>Streptococcus mutans</em> is a positive gram bacteria which cause dental caries. From the several previous studies, Gamal leaf has been predicted as the antibacterial agent because of their active substance such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. The objective of the study was to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>) for <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> in various concentrations. This study was a true experimental with post-test only control design. The determination of antibacterial activity in this study was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method with the various concentrations, there were 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%. The positive and negative controls in this study were 30 µg disk diffusion of chloramphenicol and the 96% of ethanol. The average inhibition of zone diameter in the concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% were 11.3, 12.3, 13.4, 15.3 and 19.2 mm, respectively. One Way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the value of p was 0.000, so there was a difference of growth inhibition zone of <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> in various concentrations of ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Gamal leaf (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>) have strong antibacterial activity, especially to <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> bacteria.</p>

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN DAN KULIT BATANG BERENUK TERHADAP Bacillus cereus

ABSTRACTThe plants (Crecentia cujete Linn) Are known to have antibacterial activity and can be used as a diarrhea drug due to microorganisms. Bacillus cereus is one of the bacteria that causes diarrhea.This aims to the study was antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves (EL) and bark broodstock (EB) on Bacillus cereus. EL and EB were extracted with ethanol 96% using maceration method. Antibacterial activity test was carried out with disk diffusion method in EL with a concentration of 30%, 60%, 90%, 120% and 150%, and in EB using concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% then antibacterial activity measurements were taken. by looking at the Diameter of the Inhibitory Area (DDH). The results of the EL and EB of antibacterial activity proved that EL and EB berenuk have antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus.Keywords: Antibacterial, Crescentia cujete Linn, Bacillus cereus.

Antibacterial activity of Ethanol Extract of Purple Passion Fruit Peel (Passiflora edulis Sims) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Abstract.North Sumatera is the central production of purple passion fruit in Indonesia. Passion fruit was processing into beverage product that produced passion fruit peel waste. The passion fruit peel has potential effect as a sources of medicine which is need to be examined such as its antibacterial effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the characterization of simplicia, phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of purple passion fruit peel against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The simplicia powder was examined its characteristic include water content, water soluble extract, ethanol soluble extract, total ash and acid insoluble ash assay. The extraction was process by percolation method using ethanol 96% , then tested antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using agar diffusion method with paper discs.The result showed that the simplicia characteristic of passion fruit peel were water content of 8.64%, water soluble extract of 31.69%, ethanol soluble extract of 13.02%, ash total of 7.89%, and insoluble ash in acid of 0.816%. The phytochemical screening simplicia and ethanol extract showed the presence of flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, tannin and steroid/triterpenoid.The antibacterial activity test showed that the ethanol extract has an effective inhibition at the concentration of 300 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, it showed dose dependent manner.
 
 Keywords: Passiflora edulis Sims, antibacterial, passion fruit peel, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
 
 
 

Test Activities Antibakteriekstrak Ethanol Young And Old Leaves Of The Soursop(Annonamuricata L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus

Soursop (Annona muricata L.) has been used for generations by some communities in Indonesia to treat diseases. Soursop leaves are used as an alternative treatment for cancer, by boiling them in the water and consuming it. In addition to the treatment of cancer, soursop plant is also used for the treatment of skin diseases such as boils. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of soursop leaves of young and old against Staphylococcus aureus, determine the content of secondary metabolites, and find out the diameter of inhibitory young leaves and old leaves of soursop in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. Soursop leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol 96%. The extract obtained was then carried out to phytochemical screening. Antibacterial activity test was conducted using disc the Kirby-Bauerdiffusion. This study used 6 concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. A positive control used soursop leaf extract of young and old while a negative one used DMSO 10%. Based on phytochemical screening, ethanol extract of soursop leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves of young soursop was higher in inhibitory diameter than the ethanol extract of old soursop leaves. It could be seen that a concentration of 500 mg/mL was equal to 10.87 mm and 8.68 mm; a concentration of 400 mg/mL was equal to 9.15 mm and 7.3 mm; a concentration of 300 mg/mL was equal to 8.34 mm and 6.30 mm; a concentration of 200 mg/mL was equal to 8.23 mm and 7.08 mm; a concentration of 100 mg/mL was equal to 6.32 mm and 6.18 mm, and a concentration of 80 mg/mL did not leave a diameter inhibitory to bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Young soursop leaf ethanol extract was more effective than the old soursop one against Staphylococcus aureus.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN DAN AMPAS TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis L. ) TERHADAP BAKTERI PENYEBAB JERAWAT (Propionibacterium acne DAN Staphylococcus epidermidis ) SECARA DIFUSI AGAR

Acne is one skin problem commonly known as acne vulgaris, that is a state where the skin pores are clogged. Some of the bakteria causing the growth on acne are Propianibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis . Green tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) is one of the plants that can be useful as antibacterial. This study aimed to obtained the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract leaves and sregs of green tea which has the potential to inhibit the growth of acne causing bacteria by the agar diffusion method. The simplisia of green tea leaves and dregs are macerated with ethanol 96% and obtained the weight of ethanol extract of green tea leaves 34.6 grams. In determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ethanol extract of the leaves and the dregs, the MIC value obtained is the same as the two test bacteria on the concentration of 0.1%; whereas, KBM value is on the concentration of 0.4%. The result of the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves at the largest concentration of 8% has an inhibitory zone diameter of 18.11 mm to Propianibacterium acne and 18.05 mm to Staphylococcus epidermidis . For the antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract the green tea dregs at the largest concentration of 8% has the largest average inhibitory zone diameter of 17.45 mm against Propinibacterium acne and 15.68 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis .

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of selected varieties of Piper betle L. (Betel leaf).

Piper betle L., is an evergreen perennial creeper belonging to family Piperaceae and is known to possess numerous medicinal properties. Current study focuses on evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of betel leaf. For the present study, distilled water, hexane, acetone and ethanolic extracts of two varieties of betel leaves: Meetha paan and Banarasi paan were used. Biochemical tests such as proximate analysis (moisture, ash, protein, lipids, minerals viz., sodium and potassium), antioxidant activity tests (DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, reducing power) and antimicrobial test (antibacterial and antifungal susceptibility test) against four pathogens viz., B. subtilis, E. coli, A. niger and S. cerevisiae were determined. Ethanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity (89.46% inhibition), while the aqueous extract exhibited lowest antioxidant activity (62.03% inhibition). With increasing concentration (5, 10, 25 and 50 µg/mL), the reducing power of leaf extracts also increased. The ascorbic acid was not significant in Banarasi paan (5.21mg/100 g) and Meetha paan (5.20mg/100 g). The highest antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract (Banarasi paan) may be attributed to the presence of phytosterols in the leaf varieties. Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential study will help to build a database and promote the utilization of betel leaf as a medicinal herb.

Antibacterial Activities Test of Combination of Ethanolic Extract of Betel Leaves (Piper betle L.) and Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus

Betel leaf extract and basil leaf extract contain phenol compounds, safonin, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils that act as antibacterials. Skin is very susceptible to infection or other skin diseases one of which is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research needs to be done to test the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of green betel leaf, basil leaf and combination of both extracts to S. aureus. The process of extraction of betel leaf and basil leaves was done with 96% ethanol solvent using maceration method. The combinations used in the sample solution were the concentration of ethanol extract of green betel leaf (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%) and basil leaf extract (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60 %, 75%). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity was tested for S. aureus with well diffusion method. The data obtained were tested statistically using Anova and Duncan's advanced test. The result of statistical analysis showed difference of drag zone (p <0,05) between various concentration of ethanol extract of green betel leaf, basil leaf and combination of both extracts to S. aureus. The smallest resin zone of ethanol extract of betel leaf and ethanol extract of basil leaves is at 0% concentration (S0 and K0) and highest at 75% concentration (S5 and K5). While the smallest zone of inhibition for the combination of ethanol extract of betel leaf and ethanol extract of basil leaves at concentration S0K0, S0K1 and S0K2 is 0 mm and highest at S5K5 concentration is 31,3 mm. The higher concentration of betel leaf extract, basil leaf extract and the combination of the two extracts, the inhibition of diameter zone will be better. It can be concluded that the combination of betel leaf extract and basil leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus better than single extract.

GCMS analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex. Sims leaves

GCMS analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex. Sims leaves

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium samarangense Leaves

The ethanolic extracts of S. samarangense leaves were examined for antibacterial activity in vitro using broth microdillution method. The extracts showed effective against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica with MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) value 78 µg/ml and against multi strains of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Kocuria rhizophila with MIC value 2500 µg/mL, 2500 µg/mL and 156 µg/mL. Phytochemical screening of S. samarangense was observed for the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Anthocleista vogelii Planch Root Bark Extracts

This study sought to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanol extract and fractions of the root bark of Anthocleista vogelii Planch. The GCMS analysis of the n-hexane fraction (nHF) of A. vogelii revealed the presence of 12 volatile compounds. While the classes of compounds profiled in terpenoid rich fraction (TRF) using LCMS were majorly terpenoids (tarennoside, 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid, 5-megastigmen-7-yne-3,9-diol 9-glucoside, gibberellin A2 O-beta-D-glucoside, 15-Acetoxyscirpene-3,4-diol 4-O-a-D-glucopyranoside), organic/carboxylic acids and fatty acids. The results revealed good antibacterial activity of ethanol extract (EEx) against S. aureus at MIC = 2 mg/mL, but moderate activity by TRF (MIC = 8 mg/mL) although, the TRF had better antibacterial activity than EEX against E. coli (MIC = 8 mg/mL) and S. paratyphi (MIC = 8 mg/mL). The TRF had similar antifungal activity with EEX against T. rubrum (MIC = 4 mg/mL) and T. mentagrophytes (MIC = 8 mg/mL), but displayed better activity against C. albicans (MIC = 4 mg/mL). The nHF showed no antibacterial or antifungal activities. The antimicrobial activities of extract (EEX) and fraction (TRF) of A. vogelii root back validates its use in traditional medicine for treatment of typhoid, urinary tract infection, food poisoning, diarrhea, stomach aches and skin diseases.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis

One of the plants believed as traditional medicine by the Dayak tribes in Central Kalimantan was Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.). This plant was usually used as traditional medicine by society in Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan and empirically believed could cure skin disease such as wound infection. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Sangkareho was performed using disc diffusion technique, with four variations of concentration of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. In this present study showed that ethanolic extract of Sangkareho has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, wherein the resulting inhibition zone diameter was 7.3�0.8 mm, 8.3�1.2 mm, 10.5�0.5 mm, and 12.2�0.7 mm, respectively. Further research is needed to obtain an antibacterial activity of the fraction of Sangkareho.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Dan Fraksi Daun Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

Penyakit infeksi masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting untuk diperhatikan khususnya di negara berkembang. Daun Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) merupakan tanaman yang cukup dikenal yang bermanfaat sebagai antioksidan, antibakteri, dan antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia dan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat dan air daun manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara difusi dan dilusi
 Daun manggis diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96% kemudian dilanjutkan fraksinasi menggunakan metode ekstraksi cair-cair. Selanjutnya diuji aktivitas antibakterinya dengan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 12.5%, 25% dan 50%. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah ciprofloksasin 5μg/disk dan kontrol negatif Tween 80 5%. Uji dilusi dilakukan terhadap ekstrak yang paling aktif dengan melihat KHM dan KBM nya. Identifikasi golongan senyawa dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis.
 Hasil pengujian aktifitas antibakteri menunjukan diameter zona hambat terbesar pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus terdapat pada fraksi air daun manggis konsentrasi 50% dengan diameter zona hambat (10 mm). Hasil kadar hambat minimum KHM dan kadar bunuh minimum KBM pada konsentrasi 12.5%. Hasil uji KLT menunjukkan bahwa dalam ekstrak dan fraksi daun manggis mengandung senyawa flavonoid, saponin dan steroid.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun dan Kulit Batang Sawo (Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen)

Sawo (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) merupakan tanaman yang hidup di daerah tropis, berbuah sepanjang tahun dan penyebarannya cukup luas di Indonesia. Kandungan metabolit sekunder pada daun dan kulit batang sawo yaitu flavonoid, fenolik dan saponin yang diketahui mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstraketanol daun dan kulit batang sawo terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun dan kulit batang masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25% dan 3,125%, serta kontrol positif klindamisin dan kontrol negatif DMSO. Diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk pada pengujian ekstrak etanol daun sawo terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes dengan konsentrasi 50% masing-masing adalah 14,18±0,13 mm dan 15,33±0,25 mm. Sedangkan diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk pada pengujian ekstrak etanol kulit batang sawo terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes dengan konsentrasi 50% masing-masing adalah 14,22±0,15 mm dan 18,30±0,23 mm. Hasil analisis data menggunakan statistik ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) antara variasi konsentrasi ekstrak. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun dan kulit batang sawo memiliki aktivitas dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Edible Seaweed Eucheuma spinosum Against Staphyloccocus aureus

The current work aims to determine antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Eucheuma spinosum against Staphylococcus aureus . These were showed through inhibition zones formation, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The MIC was determined using dilution test tube method, and the MBC was calculated using streaking method. Qualitative test was applied to determine phytochemical compounds in ethanol extract of E. spinosum . Results showed that ethanol extracts of E. spinosum at concentrations of 1%; 2%; 5%, and 10% (v/v) resulted in inhibition zones of 1.98; 4.14; 7.42; and 10.27 mm, respectively. In addition, concentration of 10% (v/v) was the MIC, and 15% (v/v) was the MBC values of E. spinosum extracts against S. aureus . The phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids and saponins were the main components detected. Alkaloids positive tests were observed by the formation of brown sediment with Wagner’s reagent, yellow sediment with Mayer’s reagent, and orange sediment with Dragendorff’s reagent. Saponins positive results were detected by the formation of stable foam when the extracts reacted with water and HCl. Overall, these results suggested that E. spinosum extracts have antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, i.e. S. aureus .

Antibacterial Activity of Polygonum pulchrum Blume Ethanol Extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The emergence of resistant bacteria strain has become a global health concern. It encourages the exploration of potential antibacterial agents, particularly from natural sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of root, stems, leaves, and flowers of Polygonum pulchrum Blume against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, through disc diffusion method using cup-plate method. Inhibition zone against S. aureus from roots, stems, leaves, and flowers ethanol extract were 3.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.25 mm, and 2.62 mm, respectively, while the inhibition zone against E. coli were 2.25 mm, 2.12 mm, 1.62 mm, and 1.75 mm, respectively. In conclusion, ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and flower of P. pulchrum Bl possessed weak antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.Keywords: P. pulchrum Bl, antibacterial, E. coli, S. aureus, cup-plate technique

Antibacterial Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed and Peel Alcoholic Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Health Centers

Introduction: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit with numerous phytochemical bioactive compounds. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peels and seeds were investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Tabriz health centers (2017). Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of pomegranate seed and peel were prepared and GC-MS chromatogram analyzed using Agilent 7890B gas chromatography. The antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated by agar diffusion and microbroth dilution methods against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (n = 10), S. aureus (n = 10) and standard strains. Results: The ethanolic extracts of pomegranate seed and peel showed inhibitory effects on clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of pomegranate peel and seed extracts were 12.5 and 25.0 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of pomegranate peel and seed extracts were found to be 25.0 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. In all of the studied bacterial isolates, the MICs and MBCs values for pomegranate seed extract were significantly higher than those for pomegranate peel extract (P < 0.05). The mean inhibition zones and MICs values indicated that the antibacterial activity of pomegranate peel extract had more potent effect on studied bacterial isolates compared with pomegranate seed extract. Conclusions: According to the findings, the pomegranate peel and seed extracts showed antibacterial activities against bacterial isolates in this study; however, the peel extract had a stronger antibacterial effect than the seed extract. Therefore, further studies including cell toxicity assay and in vivo investigations are recommended. © 2018 The Author(s).

Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) as an Innovative Green Technology for the Effective Enrichment of Galician Algae Extracts with High Quality Fatty Acids and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties.

Marine organisms are potentially prolific sources of high qualify fatty acids that represent useful leads in the development of new nutraceutical agents. In this work, we investigated the lipid composition of six algae species from the Northwest of Spain (Ulva intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Fucus vesiculosus, Dictyota dichotoma, Cystoseira baccata and Himanthalia elongata) and compared the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Furthermore, Fucus vesiculosus (F. vesiculosus) PLE using five solvents of different polarities (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and ethanol:water 50:50) at three temperatures (80 °C, 120 °C and 160 °C) was investigated. F. vesiculosus ethanolic PLE extract presents considerably higher capacity of inhibiting 50% of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) (IC50 = 7.17 μg/mL) in comparison with the rest of macroalgae studied. Moreover, the potential antimicrobial activity tested on E. coli and S. aureus shows that F. vesiculosus extract produced the best inhibition (IC50 was 2.24 mg/mL (E. coli) and 1.27 mg/mL (S. aureus)). Furthermore, regarding the different solvents and temperatures used to investigate F. vesiculosus PLE, results showed that this technique using ethyl acetate is a selective method to enrich long chain fatty acids (oleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) with ω-6/ω-3 ratios close to 2.7.

Biological and phytochemical studies of different leaves extracts of Pteropyrum scoparium

Pteropyrum scoparium (P. scoparium, Sidaf) is a medicinally important plant available in most of the tropical countries including Sultanate of Oman and locally it is used to treat dyspepsia and blood purifying agent. The aim of the present study is to prepare leave extracts of different polarities and to evaluate their phytochemicals, total phenols content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The leaves of the plant were extracted with absolute ethanol by maceration method at ambient temperature for one week. The extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness by using rotary evaporator. The residue was suspended in equal volume of ethanol: water and fractionation with hexane, chloroform, and butanol, respectively. The total phenols content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of four prepared extracts were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar disc diffusion methods. The highest amount of phenols content was found in hydro alcoholic extract and the lowest content was in hexane to be in the order of hydro alcohol > butanol > chloroform > hexane extract. The main antioxidant activity was found in residue from butanol and the minimum activity was in that from chloroform, the order of antioxidant activity; butanol > hydro alcoholic > hexane > chloroform extract. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and its derived fractions of the plant against one Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and one Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria strains were qualitatively assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones. All the extracts of the selected plant at most of the concentrations did not exhibit potent antibacterial activity. The phytochemical studies of the prepared extracts, showed that all the extract contains saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. In addition to that, the chloroform, butanol and hydro-alcohol extract contains tannins and glycoside. In conclusion, all the crude extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. It could be used as natural antioxidant instead of synthetic one.

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF JALOH (SALIX TETRASPERMA ROXB.) LEAVES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Objective: This study aims to determine antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of jaloh (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.) leaves against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA).Methods: Extract was obtained by maceration method of jaloh (S. tetrasperma Roxb.) leaves dried powder with 96% ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial activities of extract were tested by Kirby–Bauer method against SA and PA. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal–Wallis test for significant difference level p&lt;0.05.Results: Based on the regression test, the equation of regression curve of extract antibacterial activity on SA and PA, respectively, was y=350.456x-229.579 and y=331.866x-272.069. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SA and PA from the equation of regression curve, respectively, were 4.5193 and 6.6039 mg/mL.Conclusion: Based on the MIC value, ethanolic jaloh leaves extract had a weak antibacterial activity against SA and PA.