Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanol Extracts Research Articles

In vitro Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanolic Extract of ‘Calliandra Haematocephala’ against Selected Bacterial Strains

Introduction Herbals have been used as therapeutic agents for longer period in our Traditional medical system. Considering the emergence of the multidrug resistance, cost and adverse effects of the antibiotics these natural sources provide nice opportunities for new drug leads. Also the therapeut

APPLICATION OF HPLC-BASED METABOLOMICS TO IDENTIFY RETENTION TIMES ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS OF Stapylococcus aureus FROM KECOMBRANG FLOWER EXTRACT (Etlingera elatior)

Kecombrang (<em>Etlingera elatior</em>) is a well-known herb in Indonesia that is widely used in traditional medicine and as a flavour in local dishes. The aim of this study was to identify retention time of antibacterial components from kecombrang flower extract (<em>Etlingera elatior</em>) by HPLC-based metabolomics method. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts, chloroform, and water fractions was assessed by well-diffusion agar method against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Only chloroform fraction showed medium inhibition activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The HPLC chemical profiles of the fractions were then correlated to their antibacterial activity profile by means of Orthogonal Projection to Latent Sructure (OPLS) analysis. Peak area with retention time of 0.96 - 1.12 min present in chloroform fraction at UV 250 nm was found to significantly correlate to the antibacterial activity (Y related coefficient value 0.73).

SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SANGITAN (Sambucus javanica Reinw) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Eschericia coli DAN Salmonella thypi

Leaves of sangitan (Sambucus javanica Reinw) are often found but noticed. The leaf part of the sangitan plant is used to treat swelling, insecticides, antidiarrheal, antiinfectives, wounds, smoothing the skin as it contains flavonoid chemical compounds, glycosides, anthracton glycosides, saponins, steroids / triterpenoids and tannins. Screening results of ethanol extract of sour leaves (SambucusjavanicaReinw) contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, glikosida, antrakinon glycosides, saponins, steroids / triterpenoids and tannins. The extraction of sangitan leaves was done by maceration using 96% ethanol. Examination of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of sangitan leaves was done in vitro by diffusion method of wells with concentrations of 500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 mg / ml. This study used cotrimosazole as a comparator and 96% ethanol as a negative control. The extract of ethanol leaves sangitan showed anti bacterial activity against bacteria Eschericia coli and Salmonella thypi at concentration 500 mg / ml respectively 16,11 mm and 17,04 mm which is classified strong but when compared with antibiotic cotrimosazole 10 mg / ml visible diameter of inhibit ethanol extract Leaves sangitan still much lower that is 30,35 mm in bacterium Eschericia coli and 33,15 mm in Salmonella thypi bacteria whereas ethanol extract do not show inhibitory power.

IN VITRO COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA LEAVES WITH GENTAMYCIN, AMPICILLIN, NITROFURANTOIN, AND COTRIMOXAZOLE ON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION PATIENTS

  Objective: In vitro comparison of the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves with gentamycin, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and cotrimoxazole in bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI) patients.Methods: Ethanolic extract of neem leaves was prepared by the standard method. The antimicrobial activity against bacteria isolated from UTI patients was determined by agar well diffusion method and then mean zone of inhibition of neem extract was compared with a mean zone of inhibition of gentamycin, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and cotrimoxazole.Results: Among 200 samples which were included in the study, bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (60%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%), Enterococcus faecalis (5%), Proteus mirabilis (3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (6%). The result obtained was statistically analyzed by unpaired t-test. The difference in the mean diameter of the zone of inhibition between ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves and nitrofurantoin was statistically highly significant for K. pneumoniae (p<0.0001) and P. mirabilis (p=0.01) and insignificant for other bacteria. On comparing, the mean diameter of the zone of inhibition of ethanolic extract of A. indica (neem) leaves with ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, it was found to be statistically highly significant for all bacteria E. coli (p<0.0001), K. pneumoniae (p<0.0001), P. aeruginosa (p<0.0001) E. faecalis (p<0.001), and S. aureus (p<0.0001) expect P. mirabilis. The mean diameter of the zone of inhibition of ethanolic extract of A. indica (neem) leaves when compared with gentamycin was statistically highly significant for all the bacteria.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves has antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves is comparable to nitrofurantoin for bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. Ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves has similar antibacterial activity as ampicillin and cotrimoxazole for bacteria P. mirabilis. The antibacterial activity of gentamycin is less as compared to an ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves for all the bacteria.

STUDY ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACTS OF KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC 13313

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoids, quinones, and saponins. The TLC results prove the existence of flavonoids in the tested extract. The content of secondary metabolites that can act as an antibacterial, strengthen the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Klutuk banana against S. dysenteriae 13313 with MBC values in the range of 5-10%w/v. Potassium levels in the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits contain potassium as much as 2.919% (29 190 ppm).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Klutuk banana fruits is more potent as antibacterial against S. dysenteriae than as potassium supplier in hypokalemia therapy.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OFMALACCA FRUIT (PHYLLANTUS EMBLICA L.)ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND FRACTIONAGAINSTBACILLUS CEREUS FNCC0057 ANDSHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC13313

Diarrhea is a symptom of a disease, which is characterized by increased frequency of defecation (more than three times a day) with a more fluid of feces. In Ayurvedic medicine, the fruit of Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is often used as an antibacterial and antiviral against various infectious diseases. This study aims to determine:(i) the antibacterial  activities of ethanol extract and its fraction of Malacca fruit, and (ii) determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against diarrhea-causing bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus FNCC0057 and Shigella dysenteriae ATCC13313. The study was  conducted through several processes: (i) the determination of the plant and  preparation dried fruit, (ii) extraction of dried fruit, fractionated extract, antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract and its fractions, (iii) determination MIC and MBC from the most active fractions and (iv) phytochemical screening of fraction. The results showed that ethanol extract, water fraction and ethyl acetate  fraction of Malacca fruit has antibacterial activities against B. cereus FNCC0057 and S. dysenteriae ATCC13313, where the greatest activity was shown by the fraction of ethyl acetate. This fraction has MIC and MBC values of 0.187 - 0.375% (w/v) and and 0.09375 - 0.1875% (w/v) against B. cereus FNCC0057 and S. dysenteriae ATCC13313. The antibacterial activity of this fraction was probably derived from alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, saponin, monoterpene or sesquiterpene compounds. 

Preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of thirteen native species from Guayas province Ecuador

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. (Solanaceae); Albizia multiflora (Kunth) Barneby & J.W. Grimes (Fabaceae); Capparidastrum petiolare (Kunth) Hutch. (Capparaceae); Colicodendron scabridum (Kunth) Seem. (Capparaceae); Gronovia scandens L. (Loasaceae); Gustavia angustifolia Benth. (Lecythidaceae); Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. (Fabaceae); Psidium rostratum Mc Vaugh (Myrtaceae); Psidium guayaquilense Landrum & Cornejo (Myrtaceae); Psidium cf. rostratum Mc Vaugh (Myrtaceae); Salicornia fruticosa L. (Amaranthaceae); Simira ecuadorensis (Standl.) Steyerm. (Rubiaceae); Ruellia floribunda Hook. (Acanthaceae) were assayed. Alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids were the secondary metabolites most frequently found, while flavonoids, quinones, anthraquinones, steroids and saponins were present in less proportion. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to quantify the total phenolic content in the ethanolic extracts using a calibration curve of gallic acid. The range between 941.97±30.69 and 241.54±15.54GAE/mg dry extract, has been observed for Psidium guayaquilense and Acnistus arborescens, respectively. On the other hand, antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated using the disk diffusion agar method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802. P. rostratum, P. guayaquilense, P. cf. rostratum, R. floribunda and S. ecuadorensis were the most active extracts against the bacterial assays with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging between 20 and 100ppm. According to literature, it is most likely that this is the first report on phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of these species.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Stem Bark and Leaves of ­Berenuk (<i>Crescentia cujete</i> L.)

Crescentia cujete L. (C. cujete) has been known as a medicine for various diseases that caused by microorganisms. This research was aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds and to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from stem bark and leaves of C. cujete. The phytochemical compounds in both extracts were identified by Harborne method, while antibacterial activity assay was performed by disc diffusion method with the concentration of bacteria 106 cfu/mL. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used in antibacterial assay. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained by using contact method. The phytochemical compounds analysis showed that ethanol extracts of C. cujete stem bark and leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The results of antibacterial activity test showed that both extracts have antibacterial activity with the highest inhibition showed by extracts with concentration of 100 %(w/v). The decreased percentage in the number of bacterial colonies on the extracts was less than 90 % so that the MIC value of both extracts against S. aureus could not be determined.

POTENSI ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTICANDIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.)

Leaves pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.) is one of the medicinal plants that have various properties. It can treat fever, antibacterial, hypo-allergenic, and central nervous system stimulants. Pegagan leaf can be used as an antibacterial because it contains flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica leaf on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as anticandida activity against the growth of Candida albicans. Simplicia Pegagan leaf extracted using remaseration methods with a solution of 70% ethanol. Antibacterial test method using the disc diffusion method (Kirby and Bauer Test). Concentration of test solution used was 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% extract in DMSO, with a positive control and a negative control chloramphenicol and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).  anticandida test used agar diffusion method and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) media. The concentration of the test solution was 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% extract in DMSO, ketoconazole as a positive control and negative control DMSO used. Diameter were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that ethanol extracts of leaves pegagan  (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.) concentration of 60%, 80%, and 100% have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Anticandida test concentration of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica leaf provides the greatest inhibition zone is a concentration of 60%. The ethanol extract of leaves pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urb.) qualitatively contains flavonoids, saponins and tannins.

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of rhizome from three ginger varieties against acne isolated bacteria

Abstract. Indrawati I, Miranti M, Mayfi IR. 2017. Antibacterial activity of rhizome extracts of three ginger varieties against acne-isolated bacteria. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 92-96. Antibacterial activity of rhizome extracts of three ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) varieties against bacteria isolated from acne was done. Three ginger varieties, namely emprit, gajah and red ginger, were tested to obtain the best concentration of ethanolic extracts among them in inhibiting the growth of the acne-isolated bacteria. This research used experimental approach by Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors of treatment, A x B. The first factor (A) were bacteria strain isolated from acne that consists of 3 levels. The second factor (B) was a varied concentration of rhizome ethanolic extract of three ginger varieties which consist of 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20% for emprit and gajah, while for the concentration used for red were 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%. Moreover, a synthetic antibiotic clindamycin 30 mg mL-1 was used as a comparison. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with 95% of confidence and then followed by Tukey test when the significance was detected. The results showed that the acne-isolated bacteria were identified as Propionibacterium sp 1 and 2 and Staphylococcus. The rhizome ethanolic extract of red ginger had the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. This finding was supported by the fact that the red ginger variety had a small value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Additionally, the measurement of clear zone revealed that the interaction between ethanolic extract of red ginger with a concentration of 12.5% ​​producing a clear zone of 13.5, 25.0 and 17.5 mm against Propionibacterium sp.1, Staphylococcus sp and Propionibacterium sp.2, respectively.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ACTIVITIES OF ANTI BACILLARY DYSENTRY SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE OF SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM AND DRACAENA ANGUSTIFOLIA LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACTS

Objective: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of bay (Syzygium polyanthum W.) and suji (Dracaena angustifoliaRoxb.) leaves against Shigella dysenteriae and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: Testing activities and comparative value activities performed by the agar diffusion method, whereas the determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done with the subculture media incubation test followed with microdilution method on Mueller Hinton Agar medium sterile. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The test results showed that the ethanol extract of both leaves had antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae with MBC values were in the range of 10-20% w/v. Value comparative effectiveness suji leaf ethanol extract to the bay leaf was 1:0.4. Potassium levels ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves were 1.027% and 3.795%, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves has antibacterial activity against bacteria S. dysenteriae ATCC 13313. Rated comparative activity of the ethanol extract of the suji leaves with bay leaves ethanol extract was 1:0.4 which means to generating resistor diameter equal to 1 part suji leaf ethanol extract equivalent to 0.4 parts of the ethanol extract of bay leaves. The minimum kill concentration ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves ethanol extract was in the range of 10-20% w/v. Both bay and suji leaves have potential as a supplier of potassium in patients with hypokalemia dysentery.Keywords: Bay leaves, Suji leaves, Shigella dysenteriae, Potassium, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEREHAU (Callicarpa longifolia Lam) TERHADAP Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

Kerehau (Callicarpa longifolia Lam) is a plant that has traditionally efficacious as a cure colds and diarrhea. Part used as medicine are the leaves. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves kerehau on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Kerehau leaf extract prepared by maceration method using ethanol 70%, with a test concentration of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% and chloramphenicol 0.1% (w / v) as a positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide 1% (v / v) as a negative control. The results of antibacterial activity test with extract concentrations of 25%, 50% and 100% in Escherichia coli is 9.45 mm, 12.21 mm and 17.38 mm, for the positive control is 21.85 mm. The results of antibacterial activity test with extract concentrations of 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% in Staphylococcus aureus was 7.3 mm, 9.85 mm, 13.65 mm and 20.58 mm, for the positive control was 24.05 mm. The antibacterial activity was analyzed by One Way ANOVA showed significant differences between treatments

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KECOMBRANG Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm TERHADAP Salmonella typhi

Research Test Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Leaves kecombrang against Salmonella typhi aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves kecombrang against Salmonella typhi. The extract used is kecombrang leaf extract prepared by maceration using ethanol 95%, extracts obtained test chemical classes of compounds to determine the content of the active compound. Antibacterial activity test conducted at five concentrations of the extract is 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Inhibition zone measurement results are then analyzed using One Way ANOVA with SPSS 20 to determine whether there is a difference at each concentration. The results showed kecombrang leaf ethanol extract 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% produce inhibition zone diameter 3.9 mm; 6.5 mm; 6.75 mm; 7:45 mm; and 9:28 mm, 0 mm for the negative control and positive control 32.61 mm. The test results show the class of secondary metabolites kecombrang leaf ethanol extract contains tannin, saponin, and flavonoids. Of statistical tests concluded there were significant differences of treatment results in inhibition of the respective concentrations of ethanol extracts of leaves kecombrang

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cinnamon Bark, Honey, and Their Combination Effects against Acne-Causing Bacteria.

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the major skin bacteria that cause the formation of acne. The present study was conducted to investigate antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark, honey, and their combination against acne bacteria. The antibacterial activity of extract of cinnamon bark and honey were investigated against P. acnes and S. epidermidis using disc diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were attained using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) methods. The interaction between cinnamon bark extract and honey was determined using a checkerboards method. The results showed that the MICs of cinnamon bark extract and honey against P. acne were 256 µg/mL and 50% v/v, respectively, while those against S. epidermidis were 1024 µg/mL and 50% v/v, respectively. The MBC of cinnamon bark extract against P. acnes and S. epidermidis were more than 2048 µg/mL, whereas the MBC for honey against P. acnes and S. epidermidis were 100%. The combination of cinnamon bark extract and honey against P. acnes and S. epidermidis showed additive activity with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of 0.625. Therefore, the combination of cinnamon bark extract and honey has potential activity against acne-causing bacteria.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium polyanthum L. (Salam) Leaves against Foodborne Pathogens and Application as Food Sanitizer.

The aim of this study was to determine antibacterial activity of S. polyanthum L. (salam) leaves extract foodborne pathogens. All the foodborne pathogens were inhibited after treating with extract in disk diffusion test with range 6.67 ± 0.58–9.67 ± 0.58 mm of inhibition zone. The range of MIC values was between 0.63 and 1.25 mg/mL whereas MBC values were in the range 0.63 mg/mL to 2.50 mg/mL. In time-kill curve, L. monocytogenes and P. aeruginosa were found completely killed after exposing to extract in 1 h incubation at 4x MIC. Four hours had been taken to completely kill E. coli, S. aureus, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus at 4x MIC. However, the population of K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. typhimurium only reduced to 3 log CFU/mL. The treated cell showed cell rupture and leakage of the cell cytoplasm in SEM observation. The significant reduction of natural microflora in grapes fruit was started at 0.50% of extract at 5 min and this concentration also was parallel to sensory attributes acceptability where application of extract was accepted by the panellists until 5%. In conclusion, S. polyanthum extract exhibits antimicrobial activities and thus might be developed as natural sanitizer for washing raw food materials.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Roots of the Blessed Thistle (Cnicus Benedictus L.)

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Roots of the Blessed Thistle (Cnicus Benedictus L.)

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and fraction of Rambutan leaf (Nephelium lappaceum) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiresistant

Background: Nosocomial infection is a hospital-acquired infection that can cause various severe diseases. The main bacteria that causes nosocomial infection is Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiresistant (PAMR). The Rambutan leaf (Nephelium lappaceum) is known to have antibacterial activity because it is suspected to have the content of flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins. Aims and Objectives: This research was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract and the most active fraction. Materials and Methods: The research was started by extraction and then fractinationed by liquid-liquid extraction to obtain ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane fraction. After that, antibacterial activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method, and the value of MIC and MBC was determined by the microdilution method. Results: The result showed that ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction of the Rambutan leaf had antibacterial activity against PAMR, of which the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction. The value of MIC and MBC of the extract and ethyl acetate fraction was in a concentration 2.5% w/v and 5% w/v against PAMR. Conclusions: The antibacterial activity of this extract and fractions against PAMR was probably derived from flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF TECTONA GRANDIS, MANGIFERA INDICA, AND ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE

Objective: World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely upon herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary healthcare. For most of the herbs, the specific ingredient that causes therapeutic effect is not known. Bacterial infections are one of the prominent causes of health problems, physical disabilities and mortalities around the world. Plants have been used in medicine as antimicrobial agents since ancient times could provide a promising solution for drug-resistant species. The present study involves comparison of the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract leaves of Tectona grandis (teak), Mangifera indica (mango), and, Anacardium Occidentale (cashew).Methods: Authentication, morphological studies and phytochemical screening studies on alcoholic extracts of leaves were carried out. Antibacterial activity was carried out by using different concentrations of extracts on bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using agar well diffusion method and results were compared.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, tannins and flavonoids. Antibacterial activity was observed in the concentration range of 25-100 mg/ml for all the extracts except T. grandis leaves. They are effective at 50-100 mg/ml concentration.Conclusion: Comparison of results reveals that leaves of T. Grandis have less antibacterial activity compared to M. Indica and A. Occidantale extracts.Keywords: Teak, Mango, Cashew Leaves Extracts, Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial activity

English

Medicinal plants constitute natural source of antimicrobial drugs that will provide essential compounds to fight against disease. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Moringa stenopetala, Thymus serrulatus, and Terminalia brownii were investigated against selected pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In vitro antibacterial activities of the ethanol extracts were tested at a concentration of 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml by using agar disc diffusion method and zone of inhibitions were determined. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for plants that showed antibacterial activity (>15 mm zone of inhibition). The results indicated that only T. serrulatus and T. brownii exhibited antimicrobial activity against one or more test pathogens. Both extracts of these plants showed strong and dose dependent activity when compared with M. stenopetala which demonstrated no activity. Interestingly, T. serrulatus showed broad spectrum activity against the tested bacteria. Therefore, ethanol extracts of T. serrulatus and T. brownii showed promising antimicrobial activity justifying their usage in traditional medicine.   Key words: Antibacterial, Ethiopia, Moringa stenopetala, Terminalia brownii, Thymus serrulatus.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Asparagus suaveolens aerial parts

This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activities and antibacterial activities of Asparagus suaveolens (A. suaveolens) aerial parts. Antioxidant properties were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Antibacterial activity of the extract was assessed by micro-dilution method and 2008 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoea) reference strains were used for this purpose. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids and steroids, reducing sugar, proteins and coumarins. An effective free radical scavenging activity of 71% was observed for chloroform fraction at 2.5mg/mL. Butan-1-ol fraction had 79% inhibition of hydrogen peroxide and 55% reducing power at 2.0mg/mL compared to all other fractions but less than the standards. The n-hexane fraction had moderate growth inhibition against F, O and P 2008 WHO N. gonorrhoea reference strains with MIC values of 1.3mg/mL, 0.12mg/mL and 1.63mg/mL, respectively. The MBC values of the same fraction had moderate activities against the same strains. This promising anti-N. gonorrhoea properties of A. suaveolens aerial parts observed confirms its traditional use in the treatment of gonorrhoea infections by Bolahlakgomo Village commuters of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.