Anti-ultraviolet Performance Research Articles

Starch as a smart, cheap, and green gatekeeper for the controlled release of propyl gallate from antioxidant biodegradable packaging films

Oxidative rancidity of food products and massive consumption of plastic packaging have put the necessity in manufacturing novel antioxidant biodegradable packaging films. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) antioxidant blown films, in which starch acted as a gatekeeper for the controlled release of propyl gallate (PG). PG was well integrated into the matrices and bound to starch molecules by hydrogen bonding. All films showed strong anti-ultraviolet performance, and higher oxygen barrier than the traditional polyethylene film. Increasing starch proportions promoted the swelling of films and the release of PG, thereby causing higher antioxidant activity at the same contact time to free radical solutions. Similar polarity made PG prone to partition and rapid migration into the food simulants with higher ethanol concentration and the high-fat-content peanut butter. The film with 20:80 w/w starch/PBAT proportion and 3% w/w PG content effectively suppressed the oxidation of peanut butter within 300-day storage. Findings demonstrated this strategy for manufacturing starch/PBAT antioxidant films as a long-term active packaging in food industry.

Pectin-nanolignin composite films with water resistance, UV resistance, and antibacterial activity

In this work, pectin-lignin nanoparticle (LNP) composite films were prepared, the physical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films systematically evaluated. The LNP were compatible with the pectin matrix, and the tensile strength (TS) and water contact angle (WCA) of the pectin-based films were enhanced by 164% and 56% at the optimum LNP loading of 3.0% (w/w). The results of dynamic WCA demonstrate the hydrophobic stability of pectin-LNP composite films. Even trace amounts of LNP (1.0%, w/w) were found to significantly improve the mechanical properties (TS improved 67.33%), hydrophobicity (WCA improved 48.83), and water barrier properties (the water vapor permeability decreased by 25.30%) of the pectin-based films. The tight entanglement and strong positive interaction between pectin and LNP promote the formation of dense structures, which is beneficial to the film properties. In addition, all pectin-LNP composite films almost completely shield the UVB (320-275 nm) and UVC (275-200 nm) spectrum, along with most of the UVA (400–320 nm) spectrum, which demonstrates their strong anti-ultraviolet performance. In terms of bioactivity, the addition of LNP significantly enhanced the DPPH radical scavenging ability (maximum boost is 6.33 times) and antibacterial ability (maximum inhibition rate was 78.79 for S.aureus and 47.80% for E.coli) of the pectin film. These results suggest that the pectin-LNP composite film are promising active packaging materials for food preservation/packaging applications.

Cellulose/Grape-Seed-Extract Composite Films with High Transparency and Ultraviolet Shielding Performance Fabricated from Old Cotton Textiles

Plastics displaying many merits have been indispensable in daily life and they still maintain the strong momentum of development. Nevertheless, petroleum-based plastics possess a stable polymer structure and most of them are incinerated or accumulated in the environment, leading to devastating impacts on our ecology system. Thus, exploiting renewable and biodegradable materials to substitute or replace these traditional petroleum-derived plastics is an urgent and important task. In this work, renewable and biodegradable all-biomass cellulose/grape-seed-extract (GSEs) composite films with high transparency and anti-ultraviolet performance were fabricated successfully from pretreated old cotton textiles (P-OCTs) using a relatively simple, green, yet cost-effective, approach. It is proved that the obtained cellulose/GSEs composite films exhibit good ultraviolet shielding performance without sacrificing their transparency, and their UV-A and UV-B blocking values can reach as high as nearly 100%, indicating the good UV-blocking performance of GSEs. Meanwhile, the cellulose/GSEs film show higher thermal stability and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) than most common plastics. Moreover, the mechanical property of the cellulose/GSEs film can be adjusted by the addition of a plasticizer. Briefly, the transparent all-biomass cellulose/grape-seed-extracts composite films with high anti-ultraviolet capacity were manufactured successfully and they can be used as potential materials in the packaging field.

Extraction of lignin using scCO2 and preparation of high-performance composite films with poly(vinyl alcohol)

Lignin (SCEL) was separated from steam-exploded eucalyptus wood fibers using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)–ethanol/water composite medium, which was compared with traditional industrial alkaline extraction of lignin (AL) and high-temperature ethanol extraction of lignin (EL). All three kinds of lignin were spray-dried to form microparticles. The obtained SCEL, AL, and EL particles were mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) to prepare a composite film. Compared with the pure PVOH film, the transmittance of the composite film to ultraviolet light was reduced from more than 70% to less than 20%, and the tensile strengths of the SCEL/PVOH, AL/PVOH, and EL/PVOH films were increased by 79.2%, 39.1%, and 66.0%, respectively. The water contact angle was increased from 35.5° to 95.3°, 59.5°, and 66.7°, respectively. In terms of performance improvement, SCEL had a better effect. The SCEL particle size was small and uniform, and SCEL contained more S-type structural units and β-O-4 bonds, which is conducive to its uniform dispersion in the PVOH matrix and increases the contact area between lignin and ultraviolet light, thereby improving its anti-ultraviolet performance. The hydrophilic groups in lignin form a large number of hydrogen bonds with PVOH, which promotes the combination of lignin and PVOH, and at the same time exposes a large number of hydrophobic groups of lignin, which improves the mechanical properties and the hydrophobicity of the film.

Application and Safety Performance of Nanomaterials in Clothing Design Engineering

With the rapid development of social economy, people’s living environment has undergone tremendous changes. At the same time as social development, it will also be accompanied by many problems, such as environmental degradation, air quality decline, and frequent diseases. Studies have found that due to the destruction of the ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere cannot be effectively absorbed, which hinders the reduction, and the risk of skin cancer increases year by year. Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, bacteria multiply, and textiles are also polluted. Every year, a large number of textiles are discarded due to pollution, so people have new demands on the functionality of textiles. In recent years, with the breakthrough development of nanomaterials research enterprises, nanomaterials are increasingly used in textiles to meet people’s new needs for textiles. Nano-TiO2 has high antiultraviolet performance and self-cleaning performance and also has excellent performance in antibacterial and bacteriostatic issues. Toxicological experiments were carried out on nano-TiO2 materials. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of different cells in different concentrations of nano-TiO2 was very small, the cell viability was not less than 80%, and there was a certain concentration effect.

Transparent Cellulose-Based Film with High UV-Blocking Performance Fabricated by Surface Modification using Biginelli Reaction.

Efficient and sustainable ultraviolet (UV)-blocking materials are of great interest in many fields. Herein, novel cellulose-based UV-blocking films are developed via surface modification using the Biginelli reaction. The resulting films exhibited excellent visible transparency (80%) at 550nm and superhigh UV-blocking performance, which can shield almost 100% UVA and UVB. These features are very stable even the materials are being subjected to solvents, UV irradiation, and thermal treatment. This work provides a novel and facile strategy to fabricate functional cellulose-based films with superhigh anti-ultraviolet performance.

UV resistance, anticorrosion and high toughness bio-based waterborne polyurethane enabled by a Sorbitan monooleate

Sorbitan monooleate (SP) is considered to be a promising renewable polyol with unique molecular structures for the development and design of bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) with versatility and excellent mechanical properties. In this study, SP was used as a bio-based polyol in combination with castor oil to design and prepare a series of bio-based WPU with anti-ultraviolet, corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties. The influence of the hydroxyl ratios between SP and castor oil on the chemical structures and properties of bio-based WPU dispersions and the resulting WPU films was systematically studied. The resulting WPU films exhibited excellent mechanical properties and thermo-physical properties due to the presence of large amounts of hydrogen bonding and rigid furan ring, and high crosslinking densities. The bio-based WPU films could lift heavy objects 10,330 times their own weight. The resulting WPU coatings could resist ultraviolet radiation in the region (200–400 nm) and exhibited excellent UV resistance in outdoor practical application tests. In addition, these WPU coatings demonstrated effectively anticorrosive effect in which the anticorrosion period of the coating on the tinplate outdoors could be as long as 6 months in terms of corrosion potential, corrosion current and corrosion protection efficiency of the coating reached −0.507 V, 2.92 × 10−6 A, and 95.39%, respectively. This study provides a new and simple method for preparing bio-based WPU with excellent anti-ultraviolet performance, anti-corrosion performance and excellent mechanical properties.

Enhancing the Radical Scavenging Activity and UV Resistance of Lignin Nanoparticles via Surface Mannich Amination toward a Biobased Antioxidant.

In recent years, lignin specific activities, such as antioxidation and antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet performance, have drawn more and more attention. Nevertheless, the insufficient radical scavenging (antioxidation) activity has become one of the main drawbacks that limits its high-value application. In this study, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared via a facile acid treatment strategy. Subsequently, surface amination of LNPs (a-LNPs) was carried out through the Mannich reaction. Specifically, the antioxidant behavior of LNPs and modified LNPs was evaluated by DPPH/DMPO radical scavenging and in vitro HeLa cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging tests, which demonstrated that the antioxidation activity of a-LNPs was more evident than that of both LNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) commercial antioxidant. The mechanism of the radical scavenging ability of aminated LNPs was elucidated and proved to be related to the bond dissociation enthalpy of Ar-O···H, determined by the electron-donating effect of the substituted groups in the ortho-position. Meanwhile, the morphologies, solubilities, and UV-absorbing and antibacterial behavior of LNPs and a-LNPs were also studied, and the results showed that a-LNP sample exhibited higher UV resistance performance than LNPs. We expected that the modified LNPs with high antioxidation activity can serve as a safe and lower-cost biobased antioxidant.

Application of wool keratin: an anti-ultraviolet wall material in spray drying.

Low-molecular-weight keratin (LMWK) obtained from wool was employed as a wall material for the spray drying encapsulation of fish oil. Microcapsules with different LMWK contents were prepared, and their anti-ultraviolet performance and other features were studied. The results showed that LMWK was able to improve the encapsulation efficiency of fish oil because of its good emulsifying properties. When the LMWK content was increased from 0 to 10, 30 and 50%, the shelf life of the microcapsules under ultraviolet irradiation increased from 48 to 96h, 144h and 168h, respectively. The strongest absorption efficiency of LMWK is shown in the UVc band. The chemical structure of LMWK did not change during an ultraviolet accelerating ageing test.

Functionalization of silk fabric using hyperbranched polymer coated attapulgite nanoparticles for prospective UV-resistance and antibacterial applications

Herein, the Attapulgite nanoparticles (ATP NPs) coated silk fabric was prepared by impregnation method using hyperbranched polymer as addition agent. The ATP NPs and prepared silk fabrics were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The results of SEM, EDS, FTIR and XRD confirmed that ATP NPs were successfully coated on the surface of silk fabric. Not only did the treated silk fabrics possess excellent antibacterial property and antibacterial resistance, but also exhibited outstanding anti-ultraviolet performance, which can meet the requirements of multifunctional products.

Preparation and photo-responsive behavior of reversible photochromic polyurethane cement composites

A smart coating based on a polyurethane cement (PUC) substrate with photochromic behavior and anti-ultraviolet performance was obtained successfully by depositing photochromic sol–gel material on the PUC surface using a simple drop-coating method. The results revealed that the PM concentration considerably affected the photochromic properties. The total color change (ΔE*) was optimum (66) at a PM concentration of 20%. The chromogenic time of the photochromic PUC was 2.4 s, and the fading time was 30 s at room temperature. Furthermore, accelerated aging and abrasion tests suggested that the treated PUC composites had excellent anti-ultraviolet properties and mechanical stability. The results indicate that the proposed photochromic PUC is a promising candidate for many applications, such as road and bridge construction and green buildings.

Natural flat cocoon materials constructed by eri silkworm with high strength and excellent anti-ultraviolet performance

Eri silkworm is easy to be raised and has high cocoon yield, the cocoon fails to be continuously reeled due to a loose structure, a large part of cocoon coat and an eclosion hole. In this work, a fifth instar larvae of eri silkworm was provided with only a flat cocooning place to spin to produce a flat cocoon, it was fed with the castor leaves sprayed with nano-TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO), Compared with the flat cocoon obtained without nanomaterials, the silk was not found to change in morphology and structure significantly. Nanomaterials promoted the transformation of the random coil/α-helix conformation of the silk to the β-sheet conformation to a certain extent, which formed a stable crystallization. Thus its strength value could increase by 15%–17%, the ultraviolet protection factor ( UPF) value of the flat cocoon with nanomaterials increased significantly, and the silk obtained made up for the lack of the strength in natural eri silkworm silk and poor resistance to sunlight. The flat cocoon features a stable structure, good formation, uniform thickness, and manual control. It can be directly used as raw material for processing flat textile products, which provides a feasible idea for the high-value utilization of the eri silkworm cocoon.

Design of functional cotton fabric via modified carbon nanotubes

PurposeOne of the intensively developed in recent years new materials are hybrid textiles modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT). In this paper, CNTs was modified by grafting dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl iodine. It was applied to the cotton to obtain the flame-retardant, water-repellent, ultraviolet-resistant and conductive multifunctional fabric.Design/methodology/approachThe modified CNTs were loaded onto cotton fabric by impregnation and drying. The CNTs-multi was synthesized by grafted dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl chain and applied to the cotton by dipping-drying method. The surface chemistry of functionalized CNTs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The combustion properties were evaluated using a microscale combustion calorimeter, match test and TGA analysis. Surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of fabric surface was characterized by static contact angle, and the UV resistance of the fabric was represented by the UPF value.FindingsDimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl chain were grafted on the surface of CNTs successively. The quantity of each component on the surface of CNTs was calculated according to XPS results. According to miniature combustion calorimeter data, both the value of maximum heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of CNTs -multi/cotton was about 65% lower than that of untreated cotton fabric. The residue after combustion of CNTs -multi/ cotton in the match test was more compact. The electrical conductivity of multi/ cotton is 225.6 kΩ/□, which is better than that of untreated cotton fabric. The UPF value of CNTs-multi/cotton reached 121, which was indicated that the anti-ultraviolet performance of CNTs-multi was greatly improved.Research limitations/implicationsModifying method to increase the functional component amuount on the CNTs surface still need to be explored, which could increase the hydrophobicity. How to further improve the functional effect and the general synthetic steps will be of great significance to the preparation of multifunctional modified cotton fabric.Practical implicationsThis modifying method can be used in any of multifunctional textile preparation process. The UV-resistant and flame retardant cotton fabric was revealed as a sample for use in outdoor sports such as clothes and tents.Originality/valueTo meet the needs of multifunctional cotton fabric, the modification of CNTs with dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl iodine has not been reported. The modified fabric has flame-retardant, UV-resistant conductive and conductive properties.

Research on properties of modified nylon blend yarn and fabric

PurposeDue to the excellent functionality of graphene, the research on fiber modification by graphene has been receiving more and more attentions recently, and many research findings have been conducted. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the fiber modification method and corresponding modified fiber properties, but the research on processing of the modified fiber, especially the textile process, is little. Therefore, in the paper, the properties of one kind of textile GN fiber and the spinning method of the GN fiber blend yarn and the functionalities of corresponding fabric are studied.Design/methodology/approachIn the paper, the properties of nylon fiber modified by graphene (GN) were studied first. Then, according to the tested results, one new blending process of the GN fiber and cotton fiber was given, and corresponding properties of the blend yarns were tested and analyzed. Finally, the knitted fabrics were produced using the spun blend yarns, and the antibacterial property, electromagnetic shielding property, anti-ultraviolet performance, anti-static performance and conventional mechanical, and appearance thermal-wet comfort properties were tested and comparatively analyzed.FindingsThe tested results showed that the functionality of all fabrics was effective due to the addition of the graphene in the fiber, especially the antibacterial property. With the increasing of the GN fiber in the blend yarns, the functionality of all fabrics was also increased first and then achieved stability.Originality/valueOne new blending process of the GN fiber and cotton fiber was given. In the spinning, the combed cotton sliver was produced first, and then was torn into small parts of combed cotton sliver fiber by hand. Then, the treated GN fibers and cotton fibers were mixed for the first time, and corresponding GN/C carding sliver was produced. In this blend processing, the mixed cotton fiber was used to improve the sliver processing of the GN fiber. Then, in the drawing process, the required number of GN/C carding sliver and combed cotton sliver were fed simultaneously, and GN fibers and cotton fibers were mixed for the second time, and corresponding four kinds of GN/JC blend yarns were produced. In this blend processing, the mixed cotton fiber was used to regulate the blending ratio.

Synthesis and properties of cotton fabric functionalized by dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl group grafted graphene oxide

Purpose Nanotechnology has been able to bind to a wide range of functional textiles in recently. This paper aims to modify graphene oxide (GO) by grafting dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl iodine. It was applied to cotton to obtain a flame-retardant, water-repellent and ultraviolet-resistant multifunctional fabric. Design/methodology/approach The GO-multi was synthesized by grafted dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl chain and applied to cotton by the dipping-drying method. The surface chemistry of functionalized GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the fabric was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion properties were evaluated using a microscale combustion calorimeter, match test and TGA. Hydrophobicity of film and fabric surface was characterized by static contact angle, and the UV resistance of the fabric was represented by the ultroviolet procetion factor (UPF) value. Findings Dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl chains were grafted on the surface of GO successively. In the match test, the GO-multi/cotton kept the original outline of the fabric. According to the micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) data, the value of PHRR and THR of GO-multi/cotton was about 45 per cent lower than that of untreated cotton fabric. It was found from the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures that the residue of GO-multi/ cotton burned by the match method was more compact and the graphene lamellar structure remained more complete. The hydrophobic effect of GO-multi/cotton was improved compared to untreated cotton, but not better than the fabric treated by the perfluorohexyl chain-grafted GO. The UPF value of GO-multi/cotton reached 253, which indicated that the anti-ultraviolet performance of GO-multi was greatly improved after it was deposited on the cotton fabric. Research limitations/implications Although the hydrophobic effect was much higher than that of untreated cotton fabric, its hydrophobic effect was not satisfied, which may be due to the fact that the content of F element content was low. So, it is still needed to explore the modifying method to increase the functional component amount on the GO nanosheet. Practical implications This modifying method can be used in any of multifunctional textile preparation process. The hydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric revealed a sample for use in outdoor sports such as clothes and tents. Originality/value To meet the needs of multifunctional cotton fabrics, the modification of GO with dimethyl phosphite and perfluorohexyl iodine has not been reported. The modified fabric has flame-retardant, UV-resistant and hydrophobic properties.

Anti - UV Finishing of Cotton Fabrics with Lithospermum Extract

Lithospermum extract from Lithospermum is a kind of naphthoquinone, which has good anti-ultraviolet and anti-bacterial function. In this paper, the effects of different treatment temperature, time and ratio of liquid to liquid on the UV resistance of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extract were studied. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 60 ℃, extraction time 2 h, ratio of liquid to liquid of Lithospermum and ethanol 1:11. In this paper, the anti-UV finishing of cotton fabric was carried out, and the anti-ultraviolet and whiteness of the fabric were taken as the main indexes. The optimum process of the anti-UV finishing was as follows: the impregnation temperature was 70 ℃, the immersion time was 2h, 1:40. Compared with the uncoated cotton fabric, the fabric UPF value of the fabric was improved from 12.31 to 83.25, and the anti-ultraviolet performance was excellent, and it had certain bacteriostatic effect on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

Nano titanium dioxide/PAoQ-coated polybenzoxazol fibers for enhancing anti-ultraviolet performance

Inspired by the composition of adhesive in mussels, polydopamine has been widely used for surface modification of various materials. In accord with the formation mechanism of polydopamine coating, the catechol containing two o-phenol groups and triethylenetetramine (TETA) containing two primary amine groups were used to copolymerize and deposit a polyamine-o-benzoquinone polymers (PAoQ) film on the polybenzoxazol (PBO) fibers. In order to enhance the anti-ultraviolet performance of PBO fibers, rutile nano titanium dioxide particles (TiO2) were also decorated on the PBO fibers by the layer-by-layer self-assembling technique. The optimum modification conditions were obtained by orthogonal method. Morphological structure and chemical composition of the modified fibers were studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The UV-aging test results showed that under 144 h UV-light exposure at 340 nm, the modified PBO fibers’ strength retention was promoted to 80.8%, 34.4% higher than that of the original PBO fiber. The thermal stability of the modified fibers had no obvious change after modification with TiO2/PAoQ, while their carbon residue rate increased slightly.

Facile fabrication of chitosan active film with xylan via direct immersion

Chitosan film was immersed in NaOH solution with xylan to simply prepare active chitosan/xylan film. FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, AFM and XPS were used to evaluate the effects of xylan on the structure and morphology of chitosan film, and a wide variety of material characteristics of the chitosan/xylan composite films were investigated. The results showed that the xylan chains entered into the gap of chitosan film and became nodules, leading to strong hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between chitosan and xylan. Moreover, the introduction of xylan not only resulted in stronger crystallinity and a more compact structure of chitosan film, but also had an important effect on the properties of chitosan film. The tensile strength, breaking elongation and anti-ultraviolet performance of the chitosan/xylan films were improved greatly with the increasing concentration of xylan; the water vapor transmission rate, water absorption rate and oxygen barrier property of chitosan/xylan composite films were higher than those of chitosan film; chitosan/xylan composite films still showed hydrophobicity when the xylan concentration was more than 1 %. The chitosan/xylan composite film has more potential to be used as food packaging than pure chitosan film.

Correlation of Natural and Artificial UV Aging of B.mori Silk Fabric

Ultraviolet aging of B.mori silk fabric was carried out under natural and artificial weathering conditions. A series of properties evaluations such as whiteness, mechanical property, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy were applied to test on the structure and properties of B.mori silk fabric. The correlation between natural and artificial aging experiments was also investigated. The results showed that the whiteness index of B.mori silk surface declined with increasing aging time. The breaking strength decreased rapidly with the extension of aging time, and adopting the curve regression analysis method to analysis the correlation between two types of aging experiments. The accelerated factor obtained is about 12.33 between natural and artificial aging experiments. In addition, ultraviolet protection factor depicted the anti-ultraviolet performance enhanced. And FTIR spectra confirmed the intensity of characteristic peaks such as amide I and II, etc. decreasing in the aging process.

Preparation and Performance of Organic-Inorganic Complexed Anti-UV Finishing Agents

Two novel organic-inorganic complexed anti-UV finishing agents UV531/TiO2 and UV284/TiO2 were prepared, based on organic benzophenone UV-absorber UV531 and UV284 entrapped in TiO2 sol, and were then characterized by FTIR and TG. The cotton fabrics were finished with the complexed agents with a pad-dry-cure process and the anti-ultraviolet performance of the fabrics was analyzed. The results showed that UV531/TiO2 finished fabrics demonstrated good anti-ultraviolet performance and wash fastness.