Anti-skin Aging Research Articles

Bioenergetic analysis of aged‐phenotype skin in a rare syndromic cutis laxa

Skin aging is an inevitable phenomenon characterized by wrinkled skin and loss of elasticity. To date, several studies have been performed on skin aging to discover the underlying mechanisms and improve efficient preventive strategies and anti-aging therapeutics. Here, we aimed to investigate the modifications of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis which are the critical determinants of aging in aged-phenotype skin. Due to the complexity of the skin aging process, we performed bioenergetic measurements on aged-phenotype fibroblasts from an inherited cutis laxa syndrome which remarkably presents clinical features of normal aged skin. Bioenergetic analysis was performed on cutis laxa samples (n=3) and healthy samples (n=3) using Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. We also compared the sensitivity of cultured aged-phenotype fibroblasts to normal cells in glucose withdrawal. Our results show a significant increase in oxidative phosphorylation parameters but not glycolysis in the patient fibroblast cells implying increased energy demand and preferential dependence on mitochondrial respiration in those cells. Interestingly, we found the patient cells demonstrate hypersensitivity to glucose starvation, supporting their enhanced energy consumption. In summary, our work suggested increased energy demand and higher oxidative phosphorylation in aged-phenotype cells which can be considered in anti-skin aging therapeutic design.

Preventive Effects of Anthraquinones Isolated from an Endophytic Fungus, Colletotrichum sp. JS-0367 in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Stimulated Damage of Human Dermal Fibroblasts.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major causative factor of inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix degradation. ROS also cause skin aging and diverse cutaneous lesions. Therefore, antioxidants that inhibit the generation of ROS may be beneficial in the relief of skin aging and diseases. We investigated the anti-skin aging effect of anthraquinones from cultures of Colletotrichum sp., an endophytic fungus isolated from Morus alba L. using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We preferentially evaluated the preventive effects of anti-oxidative anthraquinones (1, 4) against the generation of ROS, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandins-E2 (PGE2). Among them, 1,3-dihydroxy-2,8-dimethoxy-6-methylanthraquinone (1) suppressed the generation of ROS, NO, and PGE2 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated HDFs. Compound 1 reversed the TNF-induced increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and a decrease in procollagen I α1 (COLIA1). It also suppressed inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, which upregulate inflammatory reactions. Mechanistically, compound 1 suppressed nuclear factor-κB, activator protein 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in TNF-α-stimulated HDFs. These results suggest that compound 1 may be beneficial for improving skin aging and diverse cutaneous lesions.

Potential Anti-Skin Aging Effect of (-)-Catechin Isolated from the Root Bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Stimulated Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during skin aging, including intrinsic (chronologic aging) and extrinsic aging (photoaging). Therefore, antioxidants that inhibit ROS generation can delay skin aging. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-skin aging effect of (-)-phenolic compounds isolated from the root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. We preferentially investigated the possible preventive effects of isolates against the degradation of skin extracellular matrix. Among the isolates, (-)-catechin suppressed the activity of collagenase MMP-1, and reversed the degradation of collagen induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in normal human dermal fibroblast. This action mechanism of (-)-catechin was validated by the suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced accumulation of ROS and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B (Akt), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The proinflammatory cytokines upregulate inflammatory reactions, and ultimately promote aging-related reactions. In this milieu, we demonstrated that (-)-catechin decreased the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. In conclusion, (-)-catechin is a candidate to ameliorate both intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging.

Anti-skin aging activities of green tea (Camelliasinensis (L) Kuntze) in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts

IntroductionSkin aging is a multifactorial process caused by chronological changes and environmental factors. Green tea, a processed tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze), possesses health benefits and has been used in traditional medicines and natural products. However, the anti-skin aging effect of green tea in clinical trials has been a controversial issue. To clarify this without the interference of systemic involvement, the objectives of study were to investigate the activities of green tea against skin aging in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts. MethodsGreen tea leaves were extracted to standardise the phenolic profile. The cytotoxicity and the anti-skin aging activities, including melanogenesis assay, antioxidant activity, collagen content analysis, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitory assay, were evaluated in cell culture. ResultsGreen tea in this study composed mainly of epigallocatechin gallate (1,903.77 ± 33.59 μg/mL), epigallocatechin (930.24 ± 27.04 μg/mL), and epicatechin gallate (607.84 ± 22.65 μg/mL). The cell viabilities of 0.5 % (0.0875 mg/mL) green tea, the noncytotoxic concentration, were 96.04 ± 6.76 and 93.44 ± 0.95 % in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts, respectively. Green tea exhibited the activities against skin aging, including the significant suppression of melanin production via inhibition of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activities, the potent antioxidant, and the significant matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition (p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe study results have shown that green tea may be a functional processed plant which could be used as an anti-skin aging agent in natural remedies, including food, health, and cosmetic products.

Enzyme-digested Colla Corii Asini (E'jiao) accelerates wound healing and prevents ultraviolet A-induced collagen synthesis decline and wrinkle formation in three-dimensional skin equivalents.

Cutaneous wound healing delay, collagen synthesis decline and wrinkle formation are the common features of skin aging. The aim of this study is to investigate repressive effects of Colla Corii Asini (CCA) (a traditional Chinese medicine which has been used for anti-aging) on hydrogen peroxide (300µM, 2h) and ultraviolet A (UVA) (3.2mJ/cm2)-induced skin aging in vitro. To simulate the in vivo condition of CCA, CCA was digested by gastrointestinal enzymes and added to human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and three dimensional (3D) skin equivalents at different concentrations. Cell viability assay showed that the enzyme-digested CCA (CCAD) exhibited significant preventive effects on hydrogen peroxide- and UVA-induced cell death. The in vitro scratch assay showed that CCAD was able to prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced wound healing delay in HGF cell sheets. Immunostaining and imaging analysis showed that CCAD could suppress UVA-reduced expression of type IV collagen and elastin in both HGF cells and the 3D skin equivalents. Using a tissue stretching system, wrinkles were formed on UVA-irradiated 3D skin equivalents. Without CCAD-treatment, the wrinkles on the skin were deep, whereas CCAD markedly reduced the depth of wrinkles. In conclusion, CCAD could protect skin cells from oxidative stress and UVA-induced harmful effects, accelerate wound healing, promote synthesis of collagen and elastin, and reduce wrinkles formation. CCAD might be developed as an anti-skin aging reagent in the cosmetic industry.

Alpha-neoendorphin can reduce UVB-induced skin photoaging by activating cellular autophagy

Skin aging is influenced by several genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. In particular, ultraviolet (UV) exposure is an important factor involved in inducing skin photoaging. Autophagy controlling homeostatic balance between the synthesis, degradation, and recycling of cellular organelles and proteins plays important regulatory roles in several biological processes, including aging. The opioid neuropeptide α-neoendorphin (named NEP) is an endogenous decapeptide (N-YGGFLRKYPK-C) that activates the kappa opioid receptor and exhibits certain anti-aging and anti-wrinkling effects on skin cells; however, its action mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of NEP on anti-skin aging and autophagy activation in human dermal fibroblast cells. Western blot results showed that NEP down-regulates the production of phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), whereas increases the expression of key autophagy-related molecules such as Beclin-1, Atg5-Atg12, and LC3-II. The immunocytochemical analysis performed with anti-LC3-II antibody also showed that the autophagic indicators, autophagosomes are formed by NEP. These results suggest that NEP can activate cellular autophagy through mTOR-Beclin-1-mediated signaling pathway. It was also revealed by CM-H2DCF-DA assay and Western blottings that NEP can reduce the production of ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) like with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), resulting in decreasing the expression levels of skin aging-related proteins, such as phospho-ERK (p-ERK), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and phospho-JNK (p-JNK). Furthermore, NEP could increase the type I procollagen production, while decreasing MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 activities. Taken together, the results demonstrate that NEP can reduce UVB-induced photoaging by activating autophagy.

Antiaging effect of Curcuma longa L. essential oil on ultraviolet-irradiated skin

ObjectiveEssential oil derived from the rhizome of Curcumin longa (CL-EO) has marked anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral activities. However, its effect on photodamaged skin has not yet been evaluated. In this study, the anti-skin photoaging activity of CL-EO was determined by performing an ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin aging assay. MethodsCL-EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The anti-skin aging effect was determined by topically applying 150 μl of CL-EO diluted to 1, 5, and 10% with ethanol to the dorsal area of UVB-irradiated nude mice every day except on Sunday for 8 weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. ResultsIn total, 56 compounds, which accounted for 94.36% of the contents of CL-EO, were detected. The major compounds in CL-EO were ar-turmerone (36.04%), curlone (8.78%), β-turmerone (7.05%), 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (5.69%), β-sesquiphellandrene (5.39%), germacrone (4.51%), ar-curcumene (2.19%), α-himachalene (2.14%), and ledane (2.13%). Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue sections revealed that CL-EO decreased epidermal skin thickness. Immunohistochemistry showed that CL-EO inhibited interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. ConclusionsThus, CL-EO can reduce cutaneous photoaging in a UVB-irradiated nude mouse model. Therefore, CL-EO could be used in the formulation of skin care and functional cosmetic products.

In Vitro Evaluation of The Antioxidant and Anti-Skin Aging Properties of Green Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides

Abstract Skin aging is a natural phenomenon witnessed by humans. However various intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to early skin aging. There have been a variety of approaches to combat skin aging one approach uses antioxidants that are known to fight oxidative stress as well as combat problems of aging. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from fresh water microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) are evaluated. Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated by hot water extraction method and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The biochemical composition of the extract showed carbohydrate content of 785.07 mg/g, 324.26 mg/g of sulphate and 393.32 mg/g of uronic acid. These extracts which are enriched with SPs were further used for checking antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties. Cr-SPs showed Superoxide anion scavenging activity of 38-92% at 0.1-2 mg/mL, 51-89% of nitric oxide scavenging ability at 0.2-2 mg/mL, 10-58% of hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability at 1- 10 mg/mL, and 28-68% of ferric ion reducing potential at 0.5-5 mg/mL respectively. Furthermore, Cr-SPs showed 90% anti-elastase enzyme activity at 1 mg/mL, 83% and 89% anti-collagenase and anti-hyaluronidase activities at 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL respectively. These promising antioxidant and anti- skin aging properties of Cr-SPs pave way to explore the potential of Cr-SPs in cosmeceutic and pharmaceutical formulations as anti-skin aging agents in a cost-effective manner.

Cytoprotective effects of a proprietary red maple leaf extract and its major polyphenol, ginnalin A, against hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes.

Phytochemicals from functional foods are common ingredients in dietary supplements and cosmetic products for anti-skin aging effects due to their antioxidant activities. A proprietary red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf extract (Maplifa™) and its major phenolic compound, ginnalin A (GA), have been reported to show antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and anti-glycation effects but their protective effects against oxidative stress in human skin cells remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the cytoprotective effects of Maplifa™ and GA against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). H2O2 and MGO (both at 400 μM) induced toxicity in HaCaT cells and reduced their viability to 59.2 and 61.6%, respectively. Treatment of Maplifa™ (50 μg mL-1) and GA (50 μM) increased the viability of H2O2- and MGO-treated cells by 22.0 and 15.5%, respectively. Maplifa™ and GA also showed cytoprotective effects by reducing H2O2-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells by 8.0 and 7.2%, respectively. The anti-apoptotic effect of Maplifa™ was further supported by the decreased levels of apoptosis associated enzymes including caspases-3/7 and -8 in HaCaT cells by 49.5 and 19.0%, respectively. In addition, Maplifa™ (50 μg mL-1) and GA (50 μM) reduced H2O2- and MGO-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 84.1 and 56.8%, respectively. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that Maplifa™ and GA reduced MGO-induced total cellular ROS production while increasing mitochondria-derived ROS production in HaCaT cells. The cytoprotective effects of Maplifa™ and GA in human keratinocytes support their potential utilization for cosmetic and/or dermatological applications.

Quercetin Directly Targets JAK2 and PKCδ and Prevents UV-Induced Photoaging in Human Skin.

Quercetin is a naturally occurring polyphenol present in various fruits and vegetables. The bioactive properties of quercetin include anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the effect of quercetin on skin aging and the direct molecular targets responsible have remained largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of quercetin against UV-mediated skin aging and the molecular mechanisms responsible. Treatment with quercetin suppressed UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prevented UV-mediated collagen degradation in human skin tissues. Quercetin exerted potent inhibitory effects towards UV-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. Further examination of the upstream signaling pathways revealed that quercetin can attenuate UV-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B (Akt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Kinase assays using purified protein demonstrated that quercetin can directly inhibit protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) kinase activity. Quercetin was observed to bind to PKCδ and JAK2 in pull-down assays. These findings suggest that quercetin can directly target PKCδ and JAK2 in the skin to elicit protective effects against UV-mediated skin aging and inflammation. Our results highlight the potential use of quercetin as a natural agent for anti-skin aging applications.

Anti‑photoaging and anti‑oxidative activities of natural killer cell conditioned medium following UV‑B irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts and a reconstructed skin model.

Conditioned media from various sources comprise numerous growth factors and cytokines and are known to promote the regeneration of damaged tissues. Among these, natural killer cell conditioned medium (NK-CdM) has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis and the migration of fibroblasts during the wound healing process. With a long-term aim of developing a treatment for skin photoaging, the ability of NK-CdM to prevent ultraviolet-B (UV-B) damage was assessed in neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and an in vitro reconstructed skin model. The factors present in NK-CdM were profiled using an antibody array analysis. Protein and mRNA levels in UV-B exposed NHDFs treated with NK-CdM were measured by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of NK-CdM was determined to assess its ability to suppress reactive oxygen species. The anti-photoaging effect of NK-CdM was also assessed in a 3D reconstituted human full skin model. NK-CdM induced proliferation of UV-B-treated NHDFs, increased procollagen expression, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression. NK-CdM also exhibited a potent antioxidant activity as measured by the total antioxidant capacity. NK-CdM inhibited UV-B-induced collagen degradation by inactivating MAPK signaling. NK-CdM also elicited potential anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the UV-B-induced increase in MMP-1 expression levels in a 3D reconstituted human full skin model. Taken together, the suppression of both UV-B-induced MMP-1 expression and JNK activation by NK-CdM suggests NK-CdM as a possible candidate anti-skin aging agent.

Anti-skin aging properties of protocatechuic acid in vitro and in vivo.

Protocatechuic acid has reported containing antioxidant effects. However, information on its other biological activities such as anti-wrinkle properties is limited AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate an antioxidant, collagen synthesis, MMP-1 inhibition (in vitro), and anti-wrinkle (in vivo) effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) as a potent ingredient for wrinkle-care cosmetic. Antioxidant effect was evaluated based on its scavenging activity for free radicals (DPPH, ABTS+). To evaluate the anti-skin aging potency of PCA, levels of MMP-1 and type I procollagen were measured using an ELISA kit in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. To further investigate if PCA could increase collagen synthesis, full-thickness human skin explants were immunostained with an anti-collagen I antibody. In an in vivo study, 22 female subjects were enrolled in a placebo-controlled trial. Facial wrinkle, especially crow's feet around eyes, was treated with lotion-containing 0.02% PCA for 8 weeks and compared with the placebo. In in vitro study, PCA showed high antioxidant activ ity. PCA also showed potential to induce the synthesis of type I collagen in human dermal fibroblast and skin explants. It inhibited MMP-1 secretion from UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast. An in vivo study, treatment with lotion-containing 0.02% PCA for 8 weeks significantly reduced the percentage of all skin wrinkle parameters. Based on the results of in vitro assays and in vivo skin testing in human subjects, PCA shows potential in anti-wrinkle or anti-skin aging treatments.

New Perspectives on the Efficacy of Gallic Acid in Cosmetics & Nanocosmeceuticals.

Gallic acid (GA-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a phenolic phytochemical, is a ubiquitous secondary metabolite found in most plants, with appreciable concentrations in grapes seed, rose flowers, sumac, oak and witch hazel. GA often results from the hydrolysis of terpenes and the polyphenol tannic acid. It exhibits powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activities. Most intriguing benefit has been reported to be on the skin. Due to these beneficial properties, GA and its derivatives (e.g. lipid-soluble phenols such as synthetic gallic esters aka gallates) have been extensively used as an adjuvant in a number of therapeutic formulations, as a substitute of hydrocortisone in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) and other skin conditions (hyperpigmentation, wound healing), and as a cosmetic ingredient. GA has a USFDA GRAS status (generally recognized as safe), exhibiting fairly low systemic toxicity and associated mortality at acute doses in many experimental models. Despite anti-skin aging benefits obtained with relatively safe GA formulations, few cases of gallate-induced skin allergic have been reported in humans. Therefore, approaches to improve the bioavailability and biodegradability of this poor-water soluble and non-biodegradable phenolic compound are warranted. This review has focused on the recently reported biological activities pertaining to the skin as well as the pharmacological properties of GA and its derivatives with special emphasis on its use in (nano-) cosmetic formulations. Since this is an evolving area of research, an adequate emphasis has been placed upon advantages and disadvantages of various nanoformulations.

Extraction conditions for Rosa gallica petal extracts with anti-skin aging activities.

The anti-skin inflammatory activities of rose petal extracts have been described in our previous study. Because skin inflammation is closely linked to skin aging, our study investigated the effects of Rosa gallica petals on skin aging-related activities such as skin whitening and anti-wrinkle properties. Each sample was prepared via extraction using different ethanol ratios with the objective of evaluationg optimal extraction conditions for industrial application. Aqueous 50% (v/v) EtOH extract of R. gallica petal significantly suppressed tyrosinase activity, melanin production, and solar UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1, a hall mark of wrinkle formation. In addition, the aqueous 50% (v/v) EtOH extract showed the highest antioxidative effect and had highest flavonoid contents, consistent with the reported anti-aging effects. Overall, our findings suggest that R. gallica petals extracts exhibit anti-aging effects. Furthermore, 50% EtOH extraction, in particular, was optimal for the highest anti-aging, and anti-oxidative effects as well as to obtain the highest flavonoid content.

Characteristics and in vitro anti-skin aging activity of gallic acid loaded in cationic CTAB niosome

Physicochemical characteristics and in vitro anti-skin aging activity of gallic acid loaded in niosomes were investigated. Gallic acid was loaded in neutral (Brij 52/cholesterol at 7:3) and cationic CTAB niosomes (Brij 52/cholesterol/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at 7:3:0.65). The maximum loading capacity and entrapment efficiency of gallic acid were 3.5, 4.48 ± 2.10 in neutral and 50%, w/w, 10.94 ± 0.78% in cationic CTAB niosomes, respectively. All gallic acid loaded in niosomes showed the unilamellar structure under transmission electron microscope with size range of 131.23–508.03 nm at initial and after storage for 3 months. The highest remaining percentage of gallic acid at all storage temperatures after 3 months was about 77% when loaded in the cationic CTAB niosome, whereas gallic acid in solution was about 64%. The release profiles of gallic acid loaded in neutral and cationic CTAB niosomes revealed the gradual release in 24 h. The cytotoxicity of gallic acid loaded in neutral and cationic CTAB niosomes appeared the non-cytotoxic effect in B16F10 melanoma cells and human skin fibroblasts. The cationic CTAB niosome loaded with gallic acid demonstrated the highest anti-skin aging activity, including melanin suppression effect (55.92 ± 4.92% of control) by inhibition of tyrosinase (53.18 ± 3.67% of control) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (24.61 ± 7.92% of control), antioxidant (87.03 ± 0.99% cell viability) and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (38.46 ± 1.53% of control). This study has demonstrated the superior stability and anti-skin aging activity of gallic acid loaded in cationic CTAB niosome for potential utilization in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

Non-enzymatic softening of Calendula officinalis L. Petals and its anti-skin aging effect for food materialization

UVB에 의한 MMP-1의 과발현이 카렌듈라 꽃잎을 처리하여 주면 농도의존적으로 감소하였다. 이를 통해 연화시킨 카렌듈라 꽃잎이 UVB에 의한 피부의 광노화를 억제시킬 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 가열과 산처리의 복합처리를 통한 카렌듈라 꽃잎의 연화에서 처리시간, 온도, pH에 따른 연화 수준을 punctual test를 통해 ...

Sulfuretin, a natural Src family kinases inhibitor for suppressing solar UV-induced skin aging

This study suggests sulfuretin as an ant-skin aging agent. Sulfuretin significantly reduces solar UV (sUV)-increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and c-Jun phosphorylation in human dermal fibroblasts as well as skin tissue. An examination of the underlying mechanisms showed that sUV-activated MAPK signaling pathways are blocked by sulfuretin. Interestingly, sulfuretin directly inhibits the kinase activity of selected Src family. Because the amino acid sequence of Hck kinase which used kinase array is 230–497, it was assumed that sulfuretin interacts with this conserved domain of Src family kinase. It was also found that sulfuretin directly binds to sulfuretin with the lowest binding energy of −8.9 kcal/mol and free energy of −10.07 kcal/mol. Additionally, Hck protein was precipitated with sulfuretin-conjugated Sepharose 4B beads in HDFs cell lysate. Overall, present findings indicated that sulfuretin plays the role of anti-skin aging agent by acting as a general Src family kinase inhibitor in human skin.

Identification of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1-Suppressive Peptides in Feather Keratin Hydrolysate.

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen and elastin in the dermis of normal skin, is a key strategy for anti-skin aging. In this study, we identified five low-molecular-weight (LMW, <1 kDa) MMP-1-suppressive peptides in feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) obtained by anaerobic digestion with an extremophilic bacterium. FKH was first subjected to ultrafiltration, followed by size-exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chemically synthesized peptides identical to the sequences identified suppressed MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). To investigate the impact of the MMP-1-suppressive peptides on the signaling pathway, we performed antibody array phosphorylation profiling of HDFs. The results suggested that the peptide GGFDL regulates ultraviolet-B-induced MMP-1 expression by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways as well as histone modification. Thus, LMW feather keratin peptides could serve as novel bioactive compounds to protect the skin against intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Skin Anti-aging Assays of Proanthocyanidin Rich Red Rice Extract, Oryzanol and Other Phenolic Compounds

Red rice is a variety of rice that has more nutritious than white or brown rice. It is also a good source of many potent anti-aging phytochemicals. However, the compounds in red rice extract that exhibit skin anti-aging properties have not been investigated. In this study, the main bioactive compounds in red rice extract (RRE) including proanthocyanidin, catechin, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol were studied in order to determine their anti-skin aging properties. The effects on skin degradation were assessed by inhibitory enzymatic activity against collagenase and matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The production levels of collagen and hyaluronic acid obtained from human skin fibroblasts were determined by ELISA. Anti-melanogenesis activity of the bioactive compounds were investigated in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. The activity of collagenase and MMP-2 was strongly inhibited by proanthocyanidin and catechin, while hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol had no effect. Moreover, proanthocyanindin and catechin significantly induced collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human fibroblast cells. Proanthocyanidin and oryzanol reduced the melanin content in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Proanthocyanidin, but not oryzanol, significantly decreased cellular tyrosinase activity. However, the bioactive compounds obtained from red rice extract had no effect on mushroom tyrosinase activity. In addition, proanthocynidin and catechin, exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, whereas oryzanol slightly inhibited this action. Taken together, these results suggest that proanthocyanidin, catechin, and oryzanol are the bioactive compounds in red rice that exhibit the greatest levels of anti-skin aging properties.

Improvement of skin condition on skin moisture and anti-melanogenesis by collagen peptides from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales

Milkfish Chanos chanos is considered as the fourth largest aquaculture product. Collagen peptides from milkfish scales (MSCP) were used to evaluate the characteristics including moisturizing, transepidermal water loss rate (TEWL), anti-skin aging estimation by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, anti-melanogenesis, and sun protection factor (SPF). MSCP revealed the excellent capacity of moisture absorption and was increased to 20% moisture absorption rate after 4 h at 44% and 65% relative humidities. This result also corresponds to the result of TEWL. On gelatin zymography assay, the inhibition of MMPs treated with MSCP at 1 mg/mL was observed, preventing the gelatin from degradation. Moreover, the effectiveness results of MSCP in inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production were 752.4 and 887.1 µg/mL, respectively, at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). However, the SPF of MSCP spread at a dose of 20 mg/cm2 was only 1.09, thereby indicating that MSCP was not suitable as a sunscreen alone. MSCP was recognized as safe according to the cell cycle distribution analysis of flow cytometry. Consequently, MSCP could be modulated as moisturizers, anti-skin aging and skin-whitening agents for applications of cosmeceuticals. Thus, the milkfish scales can be converted into the useful by-products and decrease the environmental pollution.