anti-Russian Sanctions Research Articles

Legal Provision of Food Security: New Answers to Modern Challenges

In the current geopolitical conditions, the Russian agriculture faces risks, the overcoming of which requires new solutions in determining the state policy. The main leitmotif is import substitution. This has been the main task of the state agrarian policy since 2012. The anti-Russian sanctions of 2022 exacerbated the problems of agriculture, the genesis of many of which dates back to the agrarian and land reforms of the 1990s., and to overcome which modern measures of state support are aimed. Among the main problems of the Russian agro-industrial complex is dependence on imported seeds, foreign agricultural machines and spare parts. In addition, logistical ties with countries to which Russia has exported its products over the past few years have been disrupted. An analysis of the modernization of strategic planning documents at the regional level, in particular, in the field of seed production, is presented. The main ways of development of agriculture in the conditions of modern challenges and threats are outlined. Conclusions are drawn about changes in the strategizing of the state agrarian policy, clarification of target indicators, terms, development of state support measures that are adequate to the current global economic situation, transformation of the concept of state agrarian policy, which causes a change in the markets for domestic agricultural products, increasing the importance of the Russian Federation in providing global food supply, security, accelerated development of seed production and technical re-equipment of the agro-industrial complex.

Modern risks and threats for the Russian information technology industry in 2020–2022

An analysis of the experience of going through crises and the rapid adaptation of IT enterprises to the large-scale challenges of the global competitive environment allows us to declare a special competitive strength for high-tech sectors of the economy — the management of timely changes in business. Modification of Michael Porter's competitive forces model to include this new competitive force allows IT companies to more accurately plan business development and manage change proactively. The article provides an analysis of the risks, threats and experience of various crises in the IT industry in 2020–2022 from the COVID-19 epidemic to the unprecedented growth of anti-Russian sanctions and the withdrawal of American technology companies from Russia. The article draws conclusions about the complex relationship between the IT industry and significant industries that have begun digital transformation, the effectiveness of state support measures for the economy, and the possibilities of import substitution in the Russian IT technology market.

German–Polish Transfers on Eastern Policy? Research Deficits, Europeanisation Inputs, Empirical Testing

This article calls for more studies concerning German-Polish Eastern policy cooperation. Existing literature does not explain in detail whether German-Polish rapprochement on their Eastern policies resulted from their mutual concessions rather than simply from their similar assessments of certain Eastern European developments. However, the literature highlighs the countries’ individual interests and complementary influences within the European Union’s (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). This can potentially explain their bilateral policy transfers. Therefore, to design studies of such cross-transfers, the article re-discusses the under-researched model of Europeanisation through cross-loading. It theorises that even member states with divergent foreign interests can, paradoxically, engage in tactical coalition- and consensus-building. Here, the states recognise each other’s complementary coalition-building skills among their different allies as to help them broaden support for their own positions within the CFSP. Consequently, the article’s case study analyses German-Polish compromise-building behind their similar positions towards the EU’s anti-Russian sanctions from 2014. It argues that mainly Poland transferred from Germany’s milder approach towards the sanctions, thus recognising Germany’s stronger influence over this EU policy. However, also Germany adopted some Polish Russo-sceptical positions because it recognised Polish expertise in the context of the dominant CFSP-level critique of Russia.

АНТИРОССИЙСКИЕ САНКЦИИ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЭКОНОМИКИ СТРАН МИРА

The article is devoted to the essence of anti-Russian sanctions and their impact on the world economy. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in the current situation in the economy of all countries of the world there is a significant decline. Sanctions aimed at limiting the political and economic actions of the Russian Federation have led to significant losses not only in Russia, but also in all countries that have approved these sanctions. The article should help to understand the essence and content of anti-Russian prohibitions. Their impact and consequences in a number of countries are considered. Using the example of the leading countries of the world, we have studied exactly what is happening in the world and what the anti-Russian sanctions policy has led to.

ВЛИЯНИЕ НОВЕЙШИХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ШОКОВ НА РОЗНИЧНЫЙ СЕГМЕНТ ФИНАНСОВОГО РЫНКА РОССИИ

The purpose of the the study is to analyze the specifics of the manifestation of economic shocks in 2020 and 2022 and assess their impact on the state of the retail segment of the Russian financial market. The authors justify the need to clarify the significant factors influencing the financial behavior of retail investors, the level and direction of activity of individuals. Research methodology: based on the analysis of statistical data, the investment potential of national households is analyzed from the standpoint of their income, volumes and structure of expenses. As a result, the authors identified the criteria specific features of economic shocks and their impact on the investment behavior of the population. The conditions that contribute to the transformation of the behavior of retail investors in the context of economic shocks are determined. The trend of investment preferences of Russian households in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-Russian sanctions is studied and systematized. An assessment of changes in the investment preferences of Russians from insured bank deposits to stock market instruments is given, and the reasons for the increase in the macro- and microeconomic risks of this trend for investors and the national economy are established. The attitude of the population to financial risks during the period of global shocks is specified, the change in trends in its consumer and investment preferences is determined. The necessity of improving the mechanisms for managing the retail segment of the country's financial market is substantiated.

Российско-арабские отношения на фоне украинского кризиса

The author analyzes relations between Russia and Arab world after the Russian special military operation in Ukraine has started. Mostly, despite distinctions in the approach of different Arab countries they try to keep normal relations with Russia that helps to keep their independence in their foreign politics. Also they don’t refuse from the cooperation with Russia in the economic field including technical military one. Despite pressure of the West, especially of the United States, the key exporters of oil, Saud Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, don’t participate in anti-Russian sanctions. The Arab world would avoid participating in the today’s global conflict. In the author’s view such a position could be slightly compared with the attitude of the Central Asia states.

РАЗВИТИЕ ИНОСТРАННОГО ТУРИЗМА НА ДАЛЬНЕМ ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The Asian vector of Russia's policy has necessitated the development of various spheres of the economy of the Far East, one of which is tourism. Tourism in the modern world is a promising profitable industry, which is relied on by both highly developed and developing countries. Favorable factors of tourism in the Far Eastern territory have determined the importance of this direction, assigning it the mission of the locomotive of the economy of the Far Eastern Federal District. The success in this area largely depends on the economic development of the region, improving the welfare of the population, an attractive image of the territory, as well as the well-being of Russia as a whole. The authors investigate the current state of the tourism industry in the Far East. The analysis of current trends in its development is carried out. Identify problematic issues that require their solution. So, among the weaknesses of the industry, the authors name the negative image of Russia in the world, anti-Russian sanctions, difficult climatic conditions, high cost and distance of flights, insufficiently developed infrastructure of the territory, etc. They give an optimistic forecast to the prospects for the development of foreign tourism, based on the fact that many large investment projects are being implemented in the Far Eastern region, the territory has a great potential for natural and recreational resources, there is a neighborhood with Asian states with a high population, etc. The object of the study is tourism in the Far East. The subject of the study is the current state and prospects for the development of foreign tourism in the Far Eastern Federal District. The purpose of the study is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism industry in the Far East, to make a forecast of its development. Research methodology. As a methodological basis, an interdisciplinary approach is used in the work, which allows a comprehensive study of the economic, social and cultural aspects of foreign tourism in the Russian Far East. General scientific methods are used - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, etc., which make it possible to identify not only the factual side of the problem - the development of the tourism industry in the Far East, but also to trace its development in dynamics and make a forecast for the future. The method of comparative analysis made it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the resource component of the modern tourism business in the region. The complex use of these and other methods allows us to recreate an objective and dynamic picture of the subject of research

Развитие германского бизнеса в России в 2020 – 2021 гг.: мнение руководителей

The article presents the results of the survey of the heads of structural divisions operating in Russia – on the outcome of their activity in 2021 and expectations for 2022. Top-managers indicate the improvement of business climate in 2021 and express the optimism in relation to the situation in 2022. Most of them define their current business position in Russia as satisfactory or bad. The majority of them do not plan to attract additional labor force and to implement new investment projects in 2022. Respondents highlight three most acute current problems of the Russian market (rouble’s exchange rate, anti-Russian sanctions, bureaucracy), hope for maintaining or increasing the level of German-Russian relations under the new German government. They consider it impossible to put the gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 into operation in principle or without the fulfillment of preconditions, expect Russia’s role as an energy partner of the EU to weaken or stagnate by 2050, indicate the most promising business sectors and regions of the country.

Multilateral financial institutions of the BRICS member countries in the context of new anti-russian sanctions

The topic is of current interest due to more economic and financial sanctions against Russia. The research takes its root in a standpoint that multilateral financial and economic institutions established on the basis of the BRICS’ agreements may become alternative sources of capital and finance in case of a full blockade of Russia as part of the world financial system. The practical significance of the research’s results sits in the development of approaches to forming a strategy for Russia in relations with multilateral financial institutions of the BRICS to support and finance selected fields of her economic activity under harsh economic conditions based on a targeted model of dealing with friendly and unfriendly countries. The article contains proposals and recommendations about potential adjustment of the Russian foreign economic strategy until 2025.

Targeting Russian high-tech products of SMEs for foreign markets under new anti-russian sanctions

The issue is relevant due to the ongoing implementation of economic and financial sanctions against Russia. The research is based on the hypothesis that targeted financial support of the SMEs as grants under the programs aimed at stimulating production of goods destined abroad leads to increasing exports of high-tech products of a particular category from the region where the recipient manufacturers’ facilities are located. The practical significance of the research’s results lies in the development of approaches and methodology to assess projects stimulating the exports of high-tech products by Russian SMEs based on the targeting of foreign markets, both friendly and unfriendly. The article formulates the proposals and recommendations as to corrections in the Russian foreign economic strategy until 2025.

African Oil and Gas Industries in the XXI century

The issues of international trade in hydrocarbons (as both fuels and raw materials) have complicated considerably because of anti-Russian economic sanctions adopted by the USA, EU, and their allies in spring of 2022 after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine. Many initiators of these sanctions have failed to avoid their negative consequences. It is true for the European states suffering from structural imbalances of energy systems since 2021, and still importing fossil fuels and their derivatives mainly from Russia in 2022. Europe looks urgently for alternatives to Russian natural gas and oil firstly in the geographically closest regions of Africa and the Middle East. This study analyses modern natural resource base, production and infrastructure facilities of African oil and gas industries. Despite vast prospects, they have lacked investments and remained rather underutilised in the current century. At present, it is next to impossible to overcome quickly the socio-economic, political and military obstacles to development in Africa, even in case the actual and potential hydrocarbon exporters manage to attract financial, technological and other external resources more intensively. It would take at least two-three years for the first tangible results increasing upstream flows and shipments of African hydrocarbons to Europe, and much longer to achieve a sizeable yet partial replacement of Russian exports. More optimistically, the study evaluates the long-term development of hydrocarbon industries in Africa especially the natural gas production and exports.

ПОДХОД К РАЗВИТИЮ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ СО СТРАНАМИ-ПАРТНЕРАМИ ЧЕРЕЗ МЕХАНИЗМ МНОГОСТОРОННЕГО КЛИРИНГА (Часть I)

This article considers the possibility of implementing clearing mechanism in international settlements with partner states of the Russian Federation aimed at developing external trade under toughened anti-Russian sanctions. We propose a method of defining the unit of account (clearing currency) based on the equation of exchange within the quantity theory of money using universally acknowledged indicators provided by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the International Trade Centre. In the first part of the article, we analyze the progress in the theoretical thought on the equation of exchange and contributions of K. Marx, S. Newcomb, I. Fisher and M. Friedman to unveiling (inter)dependencies between quantity of money and prices in an economy. In the second part of the article, we describe the method of caclulating the clearing currency values and exchange rates of national currencies to the unit of account and to each other using national shares in mutual trade turnover as the weights. Calculations for five groups of 25 partner countries of the Russian Federation are presented as examples, including member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) as well as BRICS candidates and SCO observer states and dialogue partners.

ОЦЕНКА ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. ЧАСТЬ 2. ОЦЕНКА ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ПРОДУКЦИИ ПО ВИДАМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

In the context of the escalating struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of assessing the potential of import substitution in the economy of the Russian Federation has become especially urgent for Russia. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact of prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and other countries in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions. Based on statistical data, an approach is proposed to assess the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties, which determine the interdependence of the countries of the Russia – China – USA strategic triangle. This allows us to give a forecast of the development of relations between these countries. The results of the study can be used to assess the potential of import substitution of the domestic economy and substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China and other countries can realize the potential of import substitution in the economy of the Russian Federation.

Impact Of Anti-Russian Sanctions On The Economy Of The South Caucasus Countries: Unexpected Effects And Consequences

The paper analyzes the dynamics and growth factors of the economies of the South Caucasus countries in the context of anti-Russian sanctions. Significant changes in trade relations, migration and investment are carefully analyzed. The conclusion is drawn about the advantages of developing trade and economic relations with the Russian Federation for the economies of the South Caucasus countries in the current situation. Taking into account new geo-economic risks and opportunities, the main problems of and prospects for Russia's bilateral cooperation with the countries of the region are considered

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТОВАРНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ПРОДУКЦИИ ДОБЫЧИ ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ИСКОПАЕМЫХ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. Часть 1. Оценка товарного потенциала импортозамещения продукции добычи полезных ископаемых

Subject/topic. In the context of the intensification of the struggle for leadership between the United States and China, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions for Russia, the task of realizing the potential of import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation becomes especially relevant. Goals/objectives. Assess the impact of the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China, as well as other countries in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions in the interests of realizing the potential for import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation. Methodology. The paper assesses the prospects for expanding trade and economic relations between Russia and China, as well as other countries in the interests of realizing the potential for import substitution of mining products to the economy of the Russian Federation in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions. Results. Based on statistical data, an approach is proposed to assess the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China, as well as other countries in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions in terms of import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation. Discussion/application. The proposed approach to assessing the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China, as well as other countries, makes it possible to predict the development of import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation. Conclusions/relevance. The results of assessing the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China in the context of relations between the countries of the «strategic triangle» Russia- China-USA, as well as between Russia and other countries can be used to assess the potential for import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation and substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China and other countries can realize the potential of import substitution of mining products in the economy of the Russian Federation.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТОВАРНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ПРОДУКЦИИ НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБОТКИ, МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ НЕМЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ, ПРОДУКЦИИ МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ И МЕТАЛЛООБРАБОТКИ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. Часть 2. Оценка возможностей Китайской Народной Республики по реализации товарного потенциала импортозамещения

In the context of the intensification of the struggle for leadership between the United States and China, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of assessing the potential for import substitution of refined petroleum products, mineral non-metallic products, metallurgy and metalworking products in the economy of the Russian Federation becomes especially urgent for Russia. The article proposes an approach to assessing the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China based on statistical data, taking into account the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions. The proposed approach allows us to forecast the development of import substitution of refined petroleum products, mineral non-metallic products, metallurgy and metalworking products, as well as its impact on the economy of the Russian Federation. The results of the assessment of the prospects for expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China in the context of relations between the countries of the "strategic triangle" Russia - China –USA can be used to assess the potential for import substitution of refined petroleum products, mineral non–metallic products, metallurgy and metalworking products in the economy of the Russian Federation and to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country. It is concluded that the People's Republic of China and other countries can realize the potential of import substitution of the studied types of products in the economy of the Russian Federation.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ВАЛЮТНОГО КЛИРИНГА В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ТОРГОВЛЕ В 1930–1980-Х ГГ.

The implementation of clearing arrangements in international settlements of the Russian Federation is one of the systemic solutions that allow developing external trade under toughened anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the Western states. This article analyzes the international experience of the 1930 s – 1980 s when clearing trade was used particularly intensively. We consider features of bilateral clearing in Western and Southern Europe as well as in USSR in the 1930 s, the proposition of J. M. Keynes in 1941–1944 to create the International Clearing Union and the proliferation of bilateral clearing agreements after World War II during the period of the 1940 s – 1960 s including those concluded between market and centrally planned economies. Particular attention is paid to the functioning of the European Payments Union (EPU) in the 1950 s, to the development of bilateral, trilateral and multilateral clearing within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the 1940 s – 1980 s, including the use of transferable ruble through the International Bank for Economic Co-operation (IBEC) as well as to the 40-year long Soviet-Finnish bilateral clearing trade experience.

Canada and the situation around Ukraine

Canada is one of the most active participants in the policy of the West towards Ukraine. It operates in all directions: expands its military presence in Europe, supplies Ukraine with non-lethal and lethal weapons, imposes tough anti-Russian sanctions, and accepts Ukrainian refugees. At the same time, Canada's political elite stands out for its harsh anti-Russian rhetoric. The purpose of the article is to summarize information about Canadian-Ukrainian relations during the Ukrainian crisis of 2022 (January-March 2022).

Direct German investments in the Russian economy: regional cross-section

Economic relations between Russia and Germany are developing in the context of such global challenges as the aggravation of the international political situation, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the economic recession against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic. The subject of this study is the regional peculiarities of the placement of German capital on the territory of Russia. The object of the study is 55 subjects of the Russian Federation, which are recipients of direct German investments. The authors focus on studying the dynamics, species and geographical structure of accumulated direct German investments in the context of individual subjects and federal districts. The article assesses the level of differentiation of direct German investments within individual federal districts, calculates sub-federal investment positions, identifies trends in investment cooperation between Russian and German enterprises carried out within the framework of special economic zones. It is established that the factors contributing to the placement of German capital in European Russia are the preferential localization of special economic zones in this part of the country, as well as the conclusion of special investment contracts on the basis of already functioning production facilities. According to the results of the study, the authors summarize that the current regional structure of German investments does not contribute to the achievement of such a task provided for by the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation as the reduction of interregional socio-economic imbalances. The scientific novelty of this study is to develop recommendations for expanding investment cooperation between Russia and Germany in the Far East, special attention is paid to the role of state institutions. The authors substantiate that the implementation of investment projects for the production of wind power units and assemblies, solar panels, as well as the construction of wind and solar power plants in the Far East should be considered as a promising area of cooperation between Russia and Germany.

Альтернативные направления экспорта-импорта по МТК «Север – Юг» в условиях экономических санкций

Due to economic anti-Russian sanctions, there is a large-scale reorientation of European and Baltic routes to the east (with a sharp increase in the load on the eastern polygon of Russian railways) and the role of the North - South transport and logistics corridor being formed is being revised. Such corridors modernize global logistics, especially with regard to transportation of raw materials, energy, semi-finished products and food products. The development of all routes of the North - South corridor will provide direct access to the producers of goods of export-oriented industries of the Eurasian Economic Union to the growing markets of Iran, Pakistan, India, the Middle East and East Africa. The article provides the overview and analysis of economic and logistical advantages of new routes tending to the International transport corridor «North - South» (ITC NS), to substantiate new trends in macro-statistics of export-oriented logistics flows of specialized products of the Urals and Siberia industries. The development of new directions for the export of raw materials and finished products in combination with modern logistics technologies will allow exporters of the Urals and Siberia to increase export volumes and its profitability, neutralize the negative impact of anti-Russian economic sanctions. The Kazakhstan - Turkmenistan - Iran route with the possibility of further transportation of products to Pakistan and India through the Chabahar port under construction and the existing ports of Bandar Abbas and Gwadar will be especially promising for Ural and West Siberian exporters of mineral raw materials and finished products.