Antioxidant Screening Research Articles

Green synthesis of nanosized N,N'-bis(1-naphthylidene)-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and its metal (II) complexes and evaluation of their biological activity

Condensation of ecofriendly synthesized 4,4’-methanedianiline with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde produced a (1:1) octopus-like Schiff base mixed ligand. Reaction with Co(OAc)2⋅H2O, NiCl2⋅6H2O, Cu(OAc)2⋅H2O and Zn(OAc)2⋅2H2O metals furnished their complexes in high yield and purity. All new structures were fully characterized by various spectroscopic and spectrometric measurements. The complexes exhibited high thermal stability up to 700 °C, leaving nearly 40% of their mass as residues. Antimicrobial screening results exhibited moderate activities towards all studied microbes. Antioxidant screening was concentration dependent, and their activities were in the order Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II) complexes. The NO inhibitory effect revealed that the nickel complex exhibited the highest activity, whereas the cobalt complex showed the lowest inhibition. All compounds showed a significant lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect against oxidative stress. The complexes significantly diminished the TBARS level, and the nickel complex exhibited the highest inhibition at p < 0.01. Antioxidants stress the oxidative damage induced by iron, indicating that the nickel complex has the highest reducing activity. The inhibitory effect against acetylcholine esterase showed that the copper complex has the highest activity. Membrane stabilization activities clearly indicated that most compounds can improve the integrity of the cells and stability of their membrane, and this result may be related to their antioxidant capacity to protect against cytotoxicity. The nickel complex exhibited a stronger total antioxidant capacity than the other complexes. The biological and antioxidant capacities of these complexes may make them promising candidates in pharmaceutical applications.

Impact of Antioxidant rich fractions isolated from moss Fissidens grandiflora on alcohol-induced oxidative stress

The present study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of selected ethanolic fractions of Fissidens grandiflora in ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Initially, ethanolic extract of F. grandiflora was fractionated using column chromatography. The preliminary antioxidant screening of these fractions identified two main bioactive fractions (F3 and F4), which were found to have significant radical scavenging and metal ion chelation properties compared with ascorbic acid. Based on the antioxidant profile, F3 and F4 were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in ethanol-intoxicated rats. The Wistar rats were grouped (n = 6) and treated with F3 and F4 (100 and 200 mg/kg), ethanol (5 g/kg, 20%w/v) and silymarin (100 mg/kg) orally for 28 days. The outcomes of the study found that chronic administration of ethanol significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) altered the liver parameters and oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT). The co-administration of F4 prominently ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by ethanol compared to F3. Histopathological studies further supported the significant protective action of F4. The present study demonstrates that the F. grandiflora possess significant antioxidant properties by augmenting the magnitude of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT and further reducing MDA levels.

In vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Meliaceae Plants Collection of Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Meliaceae are popularly used to produce terpenoid and limonoid compounds. These compounds have the potential as antioxidants, antimicrobials, insecticides, antipyretics, and anthelmintics. This research aims to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Meliaceae leaves extract of Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden plants collection. The dried leaves of 15 species of Meliaceae were extracted by methanol. In vitro antimicrobial tests were carried out on agar media inoculated by selected microbe. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity was assayed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. As a result, Aphanamixis polystachya against Aspergillus niger (35.21 mm) and Cladosporium sp. (46.21), Toona hexandra against Fusarium solani (37.31 mm), Dysoxylum cauliflorum against Candida albicans (38.19 mm), Chisocheton pentandrus against Salmonella typhimurium (39.53 mm), Sandoricum koetjape against Staphylococcus aureus (50.07 mm), and Toona hexandra against Streptococcus nutans (42.25 mm) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the antioxidant screening showed that Cipadessa baccifera, C. pentandrus, and Sandoricum koetjape exhibited strong antioxidant activity, while T. ciliata showed a very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 33.64 μg/mL. This study reveals an initial screening of the potential of various types of Meliaceae as a source of antioxidants and antibacterials. Furthermore, this information can be used as a new alternative for pharmaceutical companies and the industrial sector in the development of new products.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Chemical Identification and Antioxidant Screening of Bufei Yishen Formula using an Offline DPPH Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Q-Extractive Orbitrap MS/MS.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has high morbidity and mortality and presents a threat to human health worldwide. Numerous clinical trials have confirmed that Bufei Yishen formula (BYF), an herbal medicine, can alleviate the symptoms of COPD by reducing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation. However, the active components of BYF remain unclear. We developed an efficient ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Extractive Orbitrap mass spectrometry method to identify the composition of BYF and determine its antioxidant profile through an offline screening strategy based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH)-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 189 compounds were identified in BYF extract, including 83 flavonoids, 24 lignans, 20 alkaloids, 15 saponins, 11 terpenoid, 10 saccharides, eight lipids, seven organic acids, two coumarins, two amino acids, and seven other compounds. Among them, 79 compounds were found to have a potential antioxidant activity. In vitro validation indicated that the free radical scavenging activities of rosmarinic acid and calycosin were similar to that of the positive control (DPPH IC50 = 25.72 ± 1.02 and 147.23 ± 25.12 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, calycosin had a high content in serum after the oral administration of BYF, indicating that calycosin might be the major antioxidant compound in BYF.

Phytochemical Screening, and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Mangifera indica L. Leaves

The bio-constituents of medicinal plants are greatly influenced by the environmental conditions and growing seasons. This study aimed to uncover the presence of different metabolites and to investigate the biological properties of the leaves of Mangifera indica during summer and winter seasons. The extract of M. indica leaves for summer and winter using different solvent extracts (hexane, chloroform, and methanol) showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterol, saponins, steroids, and carbohydrates. Antibacterial activity of the methanolic leaf extracts for summer and winter were evaluated against the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). For S. aureus (ATTC 43300), the summer crude extract displayed lower antibacterial activity than the control streptomycin, with zones of inhibition of 14.17 and 16.67 mm, respectively. Winter extracts had a zone of inhibition of 12 mm, while streptomycin had a 13.67 mm zone of inhibition. For E. coli (ATCC 25922), the summer crude extract displayed higher antibacterial activity than the control gentamycin, with zones of inhibition of 18.05 and 17.5 mm, respectively. The winter extracts had a zone of inhibition of 8.5 mm, while gentamycin had a 14.5 mm zone of inhibition. Antibacterial screening showed positive results for both seasons; however, summer extracts showed a more potent effect. The antioxidant screening was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. Potent radical scavenging activity was exhibited for both summer and winter seasons with hexane and methanolic extracts for summer (IC50 of 19.53 μg/mL and 12.71 μg/mL, respectively) and winter (22.32 μg/mL and 14.35 μg/mL, respectively) in comparison to the control ascorbic acid, which produced an IC50 of 3.20 μg/mL. The summer leaf extracts had better radical scavenging IC50 capacity than winter extracts. In conclusion, hexane and methanolic extracts had significant antioxidant activity, while methanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Further studies are required against more strains of bacteria and cancer cell lines to test for potency.

Structural characterization and anti-oxidation activity evaluation of pectin from Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Pectins are nutrient components of plants and are widely used in the food industry. In this study, one major pectin fraction (WLJP-A0.2b) with Mw of 40.6 kDa was purified from Lonicera japonica Thunb. The structural feature and antioxidant activity of it was investigated. Monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, enzymatic hydrolysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra analysis indicated that WLJP-A0.2b consisted of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), and homogalacturonan (HG) domains, with mass ratio of 0.4:1.0:2.1. The RG-I domain contained highly branched α-L-1,5-arabinan, β-D-1,4-galactan and type II arabinogalactan (AG-II) side chains. The HG domain was released in the form of un-esterified and partly methyl-esterified and/or acetyl-esterified oligogalacturonides with degree of polymerization 1–8 after degradation by endo-polygalacturonase. Radical scavenging assays indicated that WLJP-A0.2b exhibited antioxidant activity through the synergistic effects of different pectin domains. Oligogalacturonides, especially de-esterified oligogalacturonides, showed better antioxidant activities than RG-II and RG-I domains. Moreover, de-esterified oligogalacturonides remarkably reduced H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species production in HEK-293T cells. These results provide useful information for screening of natural antioxidants from Lonicera japonica Thunb. and application of pectin in functional food field.

Utilization of Colored Extracts for the Formulation of Ecological Friendly Plant-Based Green Products

Green or sustainable cosmetics are products that contain natural ingredients obtained from renewable raw materials. Fruit peels represent a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. Polyphenols, e.g., flavonoids, have the ability to scavenge free radicals; thus they exhibit antioxidant activity. Recently, natural antioxidants have been in the limelight as being safe, effective, and versatile. In this study, antioxidant effects and the sun protection ability of apple (Malus domestica), banana (Musa sapientum), and orange (Citrus reticulata) peel extracts were evaluated in skincare formulations. The extraction of phenolic compounds was performed in three different solvents, i.e., ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor were determined for the fruit peel extracts. The acetone extract of apple and ethanol extract of banana peels contained polyphenols, i.e., 24.3 ± 1.5 and 26.7 ± 0.6 mg GAE per gram of the extracts, respectively. These extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and were incorporated into oil-in-water (O/W) cosmetic emulsions. All the formulated samples were found to be stable when subjected to centrifuging and thermal stress. Antioxidant activities of cream samples were above 80%, and the sun protection factor was above 15. The results have confirmed the applications of fruit peel waste in the formulation of photostable, antioxidant, and sun screen formulations. These creams would help to maintain skin health, protect it from UV radiation, and reduce the aging effect. Thus, fruit peel waste could present an ecofriendly and sustainable source of natural antioxidants for the personal care industry.

Rapid screening of antioxidant from natural products by AAPH-Incubating HPLC-DAD-HR MS/MS method: A case study of Gardenia jasminoides fruit

A new AAPH-Incubating HPLC-DAD-HR MS/MS method was developed for the rapid and high-throughput screening of antioxidants directly in natural products and applied to Gardenia jasminoides fruit. This method was assumed that the peak areas of compounds with potential antioxidant activity in HPLC chromatograms would be significantly reduced or disappeared after incubating with the AAPH which can release ROO at physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4). Additionally, the activity of antioxidants can be evaluated by comparing the peak reduction rates and the screened components can be further identified by HRMS/MS. Then, 17 potential natural antioxidants from the crude extract of GJF was screened. Among them, three major components including crocin I, crocin II and crocetin showed excellent ROO scavenging activity, which were further validated by the ORAC assay. In conclusion, our study provided a simple and effective strategy to rapidly screen antioxidants in natural products.

Establishment and application of antioxidant screening model based on zebrafish larva

Establishment and application of antioxidant screening model based on zebrafish larva

Elemental Analysis, Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus through In Vitro and In Silico Approaches.

Oyster mushrooms form an integral part of many diets owing to their characteristic aroma, delicious taste and nutraceutical value. In this study, we examined oyster mushrooms by direct arc optical emission spectroscopy for the presence of various biologically important elements. Furthermore, we screened phytochemicals present in Pleurotus ostreatus by applying GC-MS. Additionally, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of the ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus were studied. Moreover, we docked the phytochemicals and examined their binding affinities with EGFR, PR and NF-κB proteins, which are overexpressed in breast cancer. The elemental analysis showed the presence of Fe, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cr and Sr in the spectrum. Moreover, GC-MS data revealed the presence of 32 biologically active compounds in oyster mushrooms. The ethanolic extract displayed remarkable free radical scavenging activity (~50%) against DPPH. The mushroom has shown promising antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis). The present study also revealed that oyster mushrooms possess significant anticancer activity. The ethanolic extract inhibited the growth and proliferation of MCF-7 cells. It also induced cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and nuclear fragmentation, resulting in apoptosis of malignant cells. The molecular docking analysis showed that ligand 15 (Linoleic acid ethyl ester), ligand 27 (Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3. beta.,22E), ligand 28 (Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate, (3. beta.,22Z), ligand 30 (Ergosta-5,7,22-Trien-3-Ol, (3. Beta.,22E) and ligand 32 (gamma. Sitosterol) exhibited better binding affinities with EGFR, PR and NF-κB proteins. This result provides a strong ground for confirmation of the in vitro anticancer effect of Pleurotus ostreatus. From the present in vitro and in silico studies, it can be concluded that Pleurotus ostreatus is a useful source of essential elements and reservoir of bioactive compounds which confer its significant antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer properties.

Pharmacological studies of Azadirachta indica leaves extracts

The present study was undertaken to explore the anticarcinogenic, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant screening of the hydro-methanolic leaves extract of Azardirchta indica using mouse skin papilloma model, disc diffusion and DPPH methods. In phytochemical screening, Azardirchta indica extract showed presence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrate, tannins etc. In anticarcinogenic studies, the Tumour incidence was 100% in control group which was reduced in treated group and remains 60.0%. in Control group the papilloma appeared early i.e on 5th week which was increased week wise and finally reaches upto 26 in numbers, whereas it was 9 on treated group by the same time. Results denote the anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the Azardirchta indica leaves extracts. The Azardirchta indica leaves extracts possessed potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity against the positive control Ascorbic acid. The antibacterial activities were also observed against the test organisms.

Antioxidant screening of Garcinia Forbesii originated from Sabah

Garcinia forbesii is a wild type of plant that have been long used traditionally with broad utilities in several fields like medicines, cosmetics, food and neutraceutics. Increasing awareness towards the use of phytochemicals and other plant derives products worldwide has broaden the study of bioactivities from several industrial sectors. Therefore, the present study aims to screen the antioxidant properties of fruits and leaves of Garcinia forbesii by extraction using various types of organic solvents which are methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The highest yield of crude extract is both from methanol extracts of fruits and leaves which are 9.26 ± 0.34 g and 7.04 ±0.21 g, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the leave extracts of G. forbesii in reducing power, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) followed the same order of methanolic > ethyl acetate > hexanic. Meanwhile, extract hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of the fruits of G. forbesii showed IC50 values at 1.05%, 3.35% and 4.44% while for leaves are at 1.19%, 2.4% and 8.94% respectively. Methanol is therefore a better solvent to extract most of the antioxidant components from G. forbesii leaves.

Design, Synthesis, in Vitro and in Silico Studies of Benzimidazole‐Linked Oxadiazole Derivatives as Anti‐inflammatory Agents

AbstractIn this study, 24 new benzimidazole‐oxadiazole hybrids were designed and synthesized as anti‐inflammatory agents. It was measured their stabilizing potentials against heat‐induced human erythrocyte membrane hemolysis for anti‐inflammatory activity. Compound 5 w bearing cyclohexyl as R2 group at the 2nd position of oxadiazole ring and 3,4‐dimethoxy phenyl at the 2nd position of benzimidazole showed the highest membrane stabilizing activity with IC50= 0.50 mM. Antioxidant activity screening of compounds synthesized by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assay methods was performed. Molecular docking studies of all compounds were performed against COX‐1 and COX‐2 with Glide XP. Moreover, to examine the protein‐ligand stability of the most active compound 5 w, molecular dynamics simulations of 100 ns duration were performed with COX‐1 and COX‐2 using Gromacs.

Comprehensive Evaluation and Comparison of Machine Learning Methods in QSAR Modeling of Antioxidant Tripeptides.

Due to their multiple beneficial effects, antioxidant peptides have attracted increasing interest. Currently, the screening and identification of bioactive peptides, including antioxidative peptides based on wet-chemistry methods are time-consuming and highly rely on many advanced instruments and trained personnel. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis as an in silico method can be more efficient and cost-effective. However, model performance of QSAR studies on antioxidant peptides was still poor due to limited attempts in model development approaches. The objective of this study was to compare popular machine learning methods for antioxidant activity modeling and screening of tripeptides and identify the critical amino acid features that determine the antioxidant activity. 533 numerical indices of amino acids were adopted to characterize 130 tripeptides with known antioxidant activity from the published literature, and then 7 feature selection strategies plus pairwise correlation were used to screen the most important indices for antioxidant activity and model building. 14 machine learning methods were used to build models based on the feature selection strategies, respectively. Among the 98 models, non-linear regression methods tended to perform better, and the best model with an R2Test of 0.847 and RMSETest of 0.627 for tripeptide antioxidants was obtained by combining random forest for feature selection and tree-based extreme gradient boost regression for model development. Based on the predicted antioxidant values of 7870 unknown tripeptides, potentially high antioxidant activity tripeptides all have a tyrosine, tryptophan, or cysteine residue at the C-terminal position. Furthermore, the predicted antioxidant activity of six synthesized tripeptides was confirmed through experimental determination, and for the first time, the cysteine or tyrosine residue at the C-terminal was found to be critical to the antioxidant activity based on both QSAR models and experimental observations.

Synthesis, molecular modeling and antioxidant screening of new thioether-bridged thiadiazole and thiadiazolopyrimidine analogues

The N-aryl-2-((5-(2-cyanoacetamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide derivatives 3a-c were prepared and successfully reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA). The resulting N-thiadiazolyl-2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino)acrylamide derivatives 4a-c were cyclized in boiling acetic acid to yield the corresponding thiadiazolopyrimidine compounds 5a-c. The structural properties of synthesized compounds were studied using DFT/B3LYP level. The HOMO-LUMO energies were employed in determination of some chemical reactivity descriptors. Despite the close energy gap values (ΔEH-L) of the investigated compounds, the data showed that chloro derivatives has the highest energy gap while the methoxy derivatives were the lowest. The synthesized compounds were investigated to explore their antioxidant activities. The results showed that the N-thiadiazolyl-2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino)acrylamides 4a-c had higher inhibition IC50 values (24.27–31.64 µg/mL) than the thiadiazolyl cyanoacetamides 3a-c (34.26–39.33 µg/mL). However, thiadiazolopyrimidines 5a-c presented moderate inhibition with (IC50 = 40.21–44.19 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid and BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) as reference drugs with IC50 = 22.66 and 27.24 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were evaluated against (PDB Code-3ML5) using the MOE operation v10.2015.10 database. The inspected synthesized thiadiazole derivatives 3, 4 and 5 revealed H-bond linkages over the receptor through the disparate polar amino acids (Thr 200, Thr 199, Gln 67, His 94, and Lys 91) of larger pocket size of 3ML5. The results of the docking study presented a remarkable agreement with the practical results of the antioxidant activity.

Rutin protects against cyclophosphamide induced immunological stress by inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB-mediated inflammation and activating the Nrf2- mediated antioxidant responses

Rutin exists in many plants and has many pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immune regulation. In this study, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of rutin were revealed by cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced mice model. The expression level of the related genes and proteins was investigated by quantification real-time PCR and Western blotting methods, respectively. The results shown that rutin could significantly improve the damage of spleen and thymus caused by CTX, and very significantly (P<0.01) reduce the increasing content of TNF-α and IL-6. It also could significantly (P<0.01) decrease the relative expression level of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and p65 genes and proteins, and significantly increase (P<0.01) the expression of IκB gene, phosphorylated p65 and IκB proteins. Moreover, rutin could significantly (P<0.01) reduce the MDA content and enhance the SOD activity, and increase the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 genes and proteins in the livers. In conclusion, rutin can regulate the secretion of cytokines and protect immune organs by regulation the expression level of the related genes and proteins in the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway; and it can also play an antioxidative stress role by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. This research will lay a certain foundation for the screening of immunomodulators and antioxidants.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract from Combretum quadrangulare Collected in Vietnam

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract from Combretum quadrangulare Collected in Vietnam

Screening of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Phytochemicals Composition of Various Plant Parts of Cichorium Intybus

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential as well as the phytochemical composition of root, seed and leaves of Cichoriumintybus. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by detecting the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl DPPH radical scavenging potent of the constituents found in various plant parts of Cichorium intybus,whereas for analyzing in-vitro antimicrobial activity, agar well diffusion method has been opted. The antimicrobial activity of plant was tested against both pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic species of bacteria by analyzing the corresponding inhibition zone exhibited by various extracts of plant parts against the bacterial growth. Apart from this, the present study also involves the quantitative phytochemical evaluation of total ascorbic acid in root, seed and leaves of Cichoriumintybus. The antioxidant potential of the plant was found to be comparatively lower in seed and leaves of plant than in root in accordance to the determined IC50 value . From the antimicrobial activity analysis, it was concluded that majority of times the non-polar extracts of all plant parts were found to be more effective in inhibiting growth of bacteria. Most significant activity has been exhibited against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ascorbic acid content in plant was found in the range of 2.253±0.867 to 12.594±2.05µg/ml. From the results of the conducted research, the importance of plant as an antimicrobial and anti-oxidative agent has been established. So, the plant can further be introduced as a potential drug for herbal medicine in the treatment of human disorders.

Hepatoprotective and in Vivo Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Phenol Rich Leaf Extract of Amaranthus spinosus

This study was designed to evaluate the total phenol content, in vivo and antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity of methanol leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus. 15 wistar albino rats having an average mean weight of 104.64 kg was divided into five groups consisting of three animals each group. Group A served as normal control, group B served as negative control, group C served as positive control while group D and E served as test control administered with different doses of Amaranthus spinosus. Hepatotoxicity was induced using CCL4 injected interperitoneally for groups 2-5. The experimental period lasted for seven days after which the animals were sacrificed and their blood collected for analysis. The phenol content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. The in-vivo antioxidant screening as also estimated determining the concentration in serum of SOD, CAT and MDA and the liver function test was evaluated by also determining the concentration in serum of ALT, AST and ALP spectrophotometrically. The results obtained were presented as mean ± SEM. There was significant increase in the SOD activities of treated groups compared to the negative control group. Result showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in the catalase activity of the groups administered 400 and 200 mg/kg of the extract compared to the negative control group. Also there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase of MDA level in the untreated group (negative control) compared with the normal control. Interestingly, other groups treated with the leaf extract at different doses reflected a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the level of MDA with respect to the untreated group. For hepatoprotective activity, the groups treated with different doses of A. spinosus leaf extract were observed to have a very significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in the levels of these enzymes bringing their values closer to that of the normal control. However, the ALP level of the negative group was not ..............

Synthesis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of some novel N‐substituted derivatives of 3‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐[trifluoromethyl]styryl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole

AbstractThe new series of various N‐substituted pyrazoline derivatives containing benzo[b]thiophene and styryl with trifluoromethyl substitution at meta‐ position were synthesized. Compound 1‐(3‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐[trifluoromethyl]styryl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐2‐chloroethan‐1‐one (3b) was further substituted with various thiols. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were characterized by UV, IR, NMR, and Mass and had been screened for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The in vitro antioxidant screening revealed that hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) activities of compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3f, 3i, 3j, 4a, and 4c are stronger than the other compounds and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the compounds were tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus Niger. The compounds 3d and 3e exhibit good activity against P. mirabilis. Compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3 h, 3i, 3j, and 4a showed significant activity against S. aureus. Compounds 3e and 3f showed very good activity against A. flavus. Compounds 3e, 3f, and 4c showed good activity against A. Niger.