Anti-inflammatory Test Research Articles

Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of Choi (Piper chaba)

BackgroundThis experiment is conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper chaba roots.MethodsThe in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Piper chaba was carried out by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method which includes heat-induced hemolysis and hypo tonicity- induced hemolysis and also by another method of egg albumin denaturation assay.ResultsAnti-inflammatory activity study of crude ethanolic extract was performed using heat induced membrane stabilization method, hypo-tonicity induced HRBC membrane stabilization method and egg albumin denaturation method. Crude ethanolic extracts of P. chaba showed promising in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration dependent manner. Using acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) as standard drug and was compared with ethanolic extract to determine anti-inflammatory activity. Heat induced anti-inflammatory test revealed that crude ethanolic extract of P. chaba (500 μg/ml) and positive control ASA(500 μg/ml) have 52.667% and 78% respectively, hypo tonicity induced anti-inflammatory test showed 35.67% and 59% inhibition of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis. Egg albumin denaturation method also evaluated that crude ethanolic extract (1000 μg/ml) and ASA (1000 μg/ml) showed 60% and 97.12% inhibition of egg albumin denaturation.ConclusionThe plant of P. chaba of the genus Piper possesses promising anti-inflammatory activities.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Hyaluronic Acid Mediated Zinc Nanoparticles

Aim: The aim of the study is to interpret the hyaluronic acid mediated with zinc oxide nanoparticle and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
 Introduction: Hyaluronic acid has a role as ‘physiological selector’ for spermatozoa prior to intracy to plasmic sperm injection (icsi). They are mostly seen in the synovial joints and act as a shock absorber. The objective of this study is to analyse the results achievable by the introduction of a routine HA. Hyaluronic acid is an immune neutral polysaccharide that is ubiquitous in the human body, and it is crucial for many cellular and tissue functions. Nanoparticles are the compounds which respond to the applied magnetic fields, magnetic separation labelled cells, therapeutic drug, gene and radionuclide delivery and other biological entities.
 Materials and Methods: Hyaluronic acid mediated with zno nanoparticles were evaluated for its anti inflammatory activity and antioxidant potential using photometry analysis.
 Results and Discussion: Zinc nanoparticles shows a higher efficiency of antibacterial activity, but sublethal concentration causes adverse effects and results in increased biofilm formation of V. cholerae Hyaluronic acid mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle show good result in anti inflammatory activity as well as in antioxidant activity. The biosynthesis of the nanoparticle was done by addition of hyaluronic acid with zinc nanoparticles in a scarese amount. This was kept in the orbital shaker, hence they take a long time for the synthesis. The colour change was observed, hence the synthesized nanoparticles proceeded with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant tests.

Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities

AbstractWithania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant that is largely used in the Morrocan pharmacopeia for disease treatment. This work was conducted to investigate the chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities of W. frutescens. The chemical characterization of W. frutescens extract was done using HPLC; the anti-inflammatory test was performed with doses 300, 400 and 450 mg/kg, and the healing activity was assessed using two creams (extract 5% and extract 10%). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. The results of the anti-inflammatory test were more pronounced when compared with the reference drug with a maximum inhibition percentage of 82.20% ± 8.69 obtained at the dose of 450 mg/kg. Local application of 10% plant cream induced 80.17% ± 7.89 of inflammation inhibition when compared with the indomethacin drug 92.33% ± 11.27. The studied plant extract showed a promising healing activity with the following percentage: 99.03% ± 0.76 (extract 10%), 98.61% ± 1.91 (extract 5%), and 57.43% ± 2.97 (control); meanwhile, the value reached to 100% ± 0.02 for the drug that was used as a reference within the first 2 weeks. The plant studied in this work would be a promising source for conceptualizing effective drugs against inflammatory diseases.

Germination improves sensory, phenolic, protein content and anti-inflammatory properties of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sprouts milk

Germination can minimize beany flavor, change phytochemical compounds, and functional properties. Better acceptance of germination-based products; likewise, soluble protein is good for diet-related to metabolic syndrome which is known to experience inflammation. Phenolic, one of the phytochemicals is antioxidant and has the potential to be anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to determine the effect of germination time on sensory, total phenolic, and soluble protein contents of red kidney bean sprouts milk (RKBSM), and its anti-inflammatory effect. The red kidney beans were germinated for 0, 10, 20, and 30 hrs. With a ratio of 1: 8, the red kidney bean sprouts and water were blended, filtered, and add with 5% sugar. The sensory test (color, taste, flavor, and viscosity) was performed by using the 5-point hedonic scale, extremely dislike (1) to extremely like (5); determination of total phenolic by the Folin-Ciocalteu, and soluble protein with Lowry method. The anti-inflammatory test using the hind paw edema method using carrageenan-induced rats. The selected formula was RKBSM with 30 hrs of germination with neutral-moderately like score sensory, and rich in phenolic antioxidants (583.85 mg/L), protein (6.54%), and soluble protein (33.65%), but low in fat (0.1%) and carbohydrates (4.48%). The higher the phenolic dose of the selected RKBSM (8 mg/Kg BW), the higher the anti-inflammatory potency (44.74%) and the motility score (1.42). Longer germination time, higher total phenolic, and soluble protein. Higher phenolic levels increased the anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rats.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Coumarin Derivatives as Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Agents.

New pyranocoumarin and coumarin-sulfonamide derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and/or anti-inflammatory activities. Coumarin-sulfonamide compounds 8a–d demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, while 7c,d, 8c,d, and 9c,d exhibited antimicrobial activity equal to or higher than the standard antimicrobials against at least one tested microorganism. Regarding the anti-inflammatory testing, pyranocoumarins 2b, 3a,b and 5c and coumarin-sulfonamide compound 9a showed more potent antiproteinase activity than aspirin in vitro; however, five compounds were as potent as aspirin. The anti-inflammatory activity of the promising compounds was further assessed pharmacologically on formaldehyde-induced rat paw oedema and showed significant inhibition of oedema. For in vitro COX-inhibitory activity of coumarin derivatives, pyranocoumarin derivative 5a was the most selective (SI = 152) and coumarin-sulfonamide derivative 8d was most active toward COX-2 isozyme. The most active derivatives met the in silico criteria for orally active drugs; thus, they may serve as promising candidates to develop more potent and highly efficient antioxidant, antimicrobial, and/or anti-inflammatory agents.

Phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root bark extract of Vepris nobilis Mziray (Rutaceae family)

Root bark powder of Vepris nobilis Mziray (family Rutaceae) collected from Mukura Sub-county, Ngora District, Eastern Uganda, about 300 km from the Capital City Kampala was extracted with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical analyses was carried out as well as in vivo anti inflammatory animal tests. The GC–MS analysis identified 37 compounds in the extract including fatty acids (45.08%), sesquiterpenes (40.38%), furaquinoline alkaloids (10.93%), a phenylpropanoid (2.37%) and a triterpenoid (1.31%). Interestingly, it revealed that at 400 and 600 mg of extract / kg of body weight, formalin induced paw oedema in mice was inhibited much better than by 25 mg of Diclofenac sodium /kg body weight. It was concluded that ethanolic root bark extract of V. nobilis has important phytochemicals that need to be evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity as potential lead compounds for anti-inflammatory drug development.

Oral Delivery of β-Lactoglobulin-Nanosphere-Encapsulated Resveratrol Alleviates Inflammation in Winnie Mice with Spontaneous Ulcerative Colitis

Resveratrol (RES) is a nutraceutical with promising anti-inflammatory properties for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the clinical effectiveness of resveratrol as an oral anti-inflammatory agent is hindered by its extremely poor solubility and poor stability. In this study, we encapsulated resveratrol in β-lactoglobulin (BLG) nanospheres and systematically analyzed their formulation parameters in vitro followed by a thorough in vivo anti-inflammatory testing in a highly specialized spontaneous murine UC model (Winnie mice model). Complexation of resveratrol with BLG increased the aqueous solubility of resveratrol by ≈1.7 times with 10% w/w loading. Additionally, the in vitro dissolution of resveratrol from the particles was found to be higher compared to resveratrol alone, resulting in >90% resveratrol dissolution in ∼8 h. The anti-inflammatory activity of resveratrol was examined for the first time in Winnie mice, a mouse model that closely represents the clinical signs of IBD. At a 50 mg/kg oral dose for 2 weeks, BLG-RES significantly improved both % body weight and disease activity index (DAI), compared to free resveratrol in Winnie mice. Importantly, histological evaluations revealed a similar trend with striking improvement in the pathology of the colon via an increase in goblet cell numbers and recovery of colonic epithelium. BLG-RES significantly increased the expression level of cytokine interleukin-10 (Il10), which confirms the reduction in inflammation potentially because of the increased dissolution and stability of resveratrol by complexation with BLG. This comprehensive study demonstrates the effectiveness of biocompatible nanomaterials such as BLG in oral delivery of poorly soluble anti-inflammatory molecules such as resveratrol in the treatment of IBD.

Synthesis, biological evaluation of benzothiazole derivatives bearing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety as potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

Twenty benzothiazole derivatives bearing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among these compounds, 8h and 8l were appeared to have high radical scavenging efficacies as 0.05 ± 0.02 and 0.07 ± 0.03 mmol/L of IC50 values in ABTS+ bioassay, respectively. In anti-inflammatory tests, compound 8h displayed good activity with 57.35% inhibition after intraperitoneal administration, which was more potent than the reference drug (indomethacin). Molecular modeling studies were performed to investigate the binding mode of the representative compound 8h into COX-2 enzyme. In vitro enzyme study implied that compound 8h exerted its anti-inflammatory activity through COX-2 inhibition.

UJI AKTIVITAS INFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Galur wistar)

Background: Inflammation is a protective response of the body from the injury of the cell. Edema is one of the inflammation symptoms. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.) contains flavonoid a major of a bioactive constituent. Flavonoids inhibit COX-2 in inflammatory in mice. Objective: This study aims to investigate and to determine the anti-inflammatory activity and its effective dose extract. Method: Experimental. The extract was prepared by maceration method using ethanol 80%. An anti-inflammatory activity test was performed in five different groups. Each group consisted of 5 rats. The 1st group (negative control) was given 0,5% CMC-Na suspension, the 2nd group (positive control) was given diclofenac sodium 2,25 mg/kg BW, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were successively given the drumstick leaf extract as much as 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW. Each rat was then induced by 1% carrageenan and tested using the subplantar method. The inflamed paw volume was measured using plestymometer. The measurements were done for 3 hours long with intervals of 30 minutes. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Results: The results showed that the negative control had a significant difference with the other treatment groups which did not show any anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion: Extract of a drumstick at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW has a better anti-inflammatory effect than ethanolic of a drumstick at dose of 100, 150 mg/kg BW, but still under sodium diclofenac.

Formula of Yellow Kepok Banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana) Corm Extracts As Antiinflamation

<p><em><em>Bananas have many types and benefits. One of them is the Yellow Kepok Banana. Banana stem, leaf midrib, and corm contain phytochemicals compound as medicinal properties. The study aimed to determine the effect of the yellow kepok banana corm extract formula as an anti-inflammatory. Banana corm was cut into 0.3 x 1 x 3 cm pieces, dried in the oven with temperature 60 °C for 6 hours, then made 40 mesh powder. The powder extracted using 70 % ethanol by maceration technique for 24 hours, repeated three times. Anti-inflammatory testing was carried out on male </em>Sprague Dawley<em> white rats. A total of 24 white rats were divided into six treatment groups, consists of </em><em>different concentrations of the extract (10, 15, and 20 %), positive control (commercial ointment), negative control, and a normal control (giving a wound without being given any formula). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete, with four replications, data were analyzed using ANOVA and the </em>Post Hoc Games Howell Test<em>. The results showed that the yellow kepok banana extract formula had the potential for wound healing. The 20 % extract formula can accelerate wound healing in a day than the 10 and 15 % formulas. The speed is shown by wound healing without scars from the 20 %</em> <em>extract formula, which occurs earlier than other formulas. The anti-inflammatory activity of the 20 % formula was comparable to the positive control of commercial ointment. The anti-inflammatory activity of the yellow kepok banana ointment formula is related to the compound of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The results indicate that the yellow kepok banana corm extract has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.</em><br /></em></p>

UJI DAYA ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOLIK KULIT TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceum, Cav.) PADA MENCIT JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENIN

ABSTRACT
 Inflammation is a normal response to injury due to release of chemical mediators such as
 prostaglandins. Solanum betaceum Cav. skin contains flavonoid compounds. This study aims to
 determine the antiinflammatory power and the effect of variations in the dose of ethanolic extract
 of the skin of Solanum betaceum Cav on Swiss male strain mice caragenin-induced. The ethanolic
 extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin was obtained using remaseration method with 96% ethanol
 solvent. Antiinflammatory power test using edema formation method with induction of caragenin
 1% intraplantar 30 minutes before administration of the test material. Tests were carried out on 25
 mice records which were divided into 5 groups namely negative control (0.5% CMC Na
 suspension), positive control (diclofenac sodium suspension in 0.5% CMC Na dose 7 mg/kgBW)
 and given suspension respectively. Dutch eggplant skin ethanolic extract in CMC Na 0.5% dose 70
 mg/kgBW; 140 mg/kgBW; 280 mg/kgBW orally. The parameters observed were edema thickness
 measured using calipers at 30 minute intervals for 360 minutes. The results of edema thickness difference are used to calculate the Area Under Curve (AUC) and the percentage of
 antiinflammatory power (% AIP). Dat a were analyzed statistically with the One Way Anova test
 and continued by the Post Hoc Test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the
 ethanolic extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin contains flavonoid compounds and has
 antiinflammatory power. The greater the dose of ethanolic extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin,
 the greater the anti-inflammatory power.
 Keywords: Solanum betaceum Cav., antinflammation, caragenin

Chemometrics-Assisted Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from the Green Alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo.

The green alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo is a rich source of proteins, polyphenols, and bioactive small-molecule compounds. An approach involving chromatographic fractionation, anti-inflammatory activity testing, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling, chemometric analysis, and subsequent MS-oriented isolation was employed to rapidly identify its small-molecule anti-inflammatory compounds including hydroxylated fatty acids, chlorophyll-derived pheophorbides, carotenoids, and glycoglycerolipids. Pheophorbide a, which decreased intracellular nitric oxide production by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase, was the most potent compound identified with an IC50 value of 0.24 µM in lipopolysaccharides-induced macrophages. It also inhibited nuclear factor kappaB activation with an IC50 value of 32.1 µM in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced chondrocytes. Compared to conventional bioassay-guided fractionation, this approach is more efficient for rapid identification of multiple chemical classes of bioactive compounds from a complex natural product mixture.

In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil from Tanacetum balsamita L.

Tanacetum balsamita locally called Shahesparam is an aromatic plant that grows widely in Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Due to the widespread use of T. balsamita as a pain killer and relief of inflammatory based disorders in Iranian folk medicine and considering the high content of essential oil in T. balsamita aerial parts, we were prompted to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of T. balsamita essential oil (TBEO) for the first time. The carrageenan-induced Paw Edema was used for inflammation evaluation in rat, and hot-plate method was used for pain assessment in mice. Different doses of TBEO were administered. Morphine and Mefenamic acid were used as the standard drugs in anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory evaluation tests, respectively. TBEO (100 mg/kg) showed significantly anti-nociceptive activity in hot-plate test. The anti-inflammatory activity of TBEO was found to be more than mefenamic acid. The studied oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major component of the oil was characterized as carvone (39.8%) which might be responsible for the observed activities. The results suggested that TBEO possessed biologically active constituents that had significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects which support the ethno-medicinal claims of the plant application in the management of pain and inflammation.

In-vivo Anti-inflammatory testing of extracts and its fractions obtained from Saptaparn leaves (Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br)

Since antiquity, Alstonia scholaris commonly known as devil's tree or blackboard tree has been used for the treatment of many human ailments. The plant is used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Sidhha/Tamil types of alternative medicinal systems. Literature suggests that Alstonia scholaris is useful in treating malaria, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia, leprosy, skin diseases, tumors, chronic and foul ulcers, asthma, bronchitis etc. In order to validate these ethno-botanical practices the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts and various bioactive guided fractions of leaf of Saptparn (Alstonia scholaris, Apocyanaceae) tested. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and its various fractions were evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method for the determination of acute phase of inflammation. Indomethacin used as reference drug. The result of pharmacological studies (anti-inflammatory) indicated the methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema in comparison to the inhibition of edema by standard drug Indomethacin (10mg/kg). Maximum inhibition of rat paw edema was observed with methanolic extract of plant (400 mg/kg) at the end of 4th hour when compared to control group. The chloroform fraction (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) possess statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity. Maximum inhibition of rat paw edema was observed with chloroform fraction at 100 mg/kg at the end of 5th hour when compared to control group.

UJI DAYA ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOLIK KULIT TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceum, Cav.) PADA MENCIT JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENIN

ABSTRACT
 Inflammation is a normal response to injury due to release of chemical mediators such as
 prostaglandins. Solanum betaceum Cav. skin contains flavonoid compounds. This study aims to
 determine the antiinflammatory power and the effect of variations in the dose of ethanolic extract
 of the skin of Solanum betaceum Cav on Swiss male strain mice caragenin-induced. The ethanolic
 extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin was obtained using remaseration method with 96% ethanol
 solvent. Antiinflammatory power test using edema formation method with induction of caragenin
 1% intraplantar 30 minutes before administration of the test material. Tests were carried out on 25
 mice records which were divided into 5 groups namely negative control (0.5% CMC Na
 suspension), positive control (diclofenac sodium suspension in 0.5% CMC Na dose 7 mg/kgBW)
 and given suspension respectively. Dutch eggplant skin ethanolic extract in CMC Na 0.5% dose 70
 mg/kgBW; 140 mg/kgBW; 280 mg/kgBW orally. The parameters observed were edema thickness
 measured using calipers at 30 minute intervals for 360 minutes. The results of edema thickness difference are used to calculate the Area Under Curve (AUC) and the percentage of
 antiinflammatory power (% AIP). Dat a were analyzed statistically with the One Way Anova test
 and continued by the Post Hoc Test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the
 ethanolic extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin contains flavonoid compounds and has
 antiinflammatory power. The greater the dose of ethanolic extract of Solanum betaceum Cav skin,
 the greater the anti-inflammatory power.

Aster yomena has anti-arthritic activity against septic arthritis induced by Candida albicans: its terpenoid constituent is the most effective and has synergy with indomethacin

In recent, various pharmacological activities of Aster yomena have been determined, but its anti-arthritic activity remains unknown until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether A. yomena has anti-arthritic activity against septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans, a major etiological agent causing septic arthritis. In experiments, three types of A. yomena extracts such as 70% ethanol extract (EEAY) and its n-buthanol fraction (BuF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) were tested. The color tests and the GC–MS analysis revealed that BuF and EAF contained terpenoid and polyphenolic, respectively. Results from the anti-inflammatory tests showed that BuF-activity at 50 μg/ml was closely equivalent to EEAY- or EAF-activity at 500 μg/ml, indicating that BuF was 10 times more potent than EAF and EEAY. In the mouse model of the arthritis, the footpad swelling of BuF (100 μg/mouse/time)-, and EEAY(1000 μg/mouse/time)-, and indomethacin (IMC; 30 μg/mouse/time)-treated mice groups decreased at a similar rate until the end of the observation. At Day 9, the highest peak of arthritic induction, there were app. 15.4%, 27.8%, and 48.2%—reductions of footpad swelling, corresponding to IMC-, BuF-, or EEAY-treatment, respectively. In terms of dosage comparison, the BuF effectiveness was assessed to be 10 folds more efficient than EEAY effectiveness. When compared to IMC potency, the BuF potency was almost twice more effective than the IMC. EAF’s anti-arthritic activity was alternatively determined because of its killing of test mice. The determination was done if EAF contains chlorogenic acid (CRA), which is known to have such anti-arthritic activity (Lee et al. in Int Immunopharmacol 8:1681–1685, 2008). The HPLC analysis revealed EAF contained CRA, a polyphenolic. This indicates CRA in EAF could be involved in the activity. BuF, the most effective extract, had synergy with IMC, a clinically available anti-inflammatory agent. The BuF synergism was exhibited at 12.5 time lower dose of EEAY in a similar pattern as EEAY was. In conclusion, for the first time, we provide insights into the potential of A. yomena against the septic arthritis. The terpenoid constituent is the most effective for the anti-arthritic activity and for synergy with IMC.

Antiinflammatory Activity from Marine Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Extract Using Human Red Blood Cells (HRBC) Stability Method

The biologic protection response against disruption in the body can be an inflammatory reaction. Medications commonly used to treat inflammation are steroids and non-steroids which, if used over a long period, can cause adverse side effects. Several studies have shown that microalgae can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. This research was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae extract. Extraction was carried out by multilevel maceration method using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol. TLC monitoring results showed that the Chlorella vulgaris extract contained flavonoid, phenol, alkaloid, and steroid saponin compounds. The anti-inflammatory activity test of the extract was carried out used Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) stability method with Na-diclophenac as a comparison standard. The results showed the inhibition value of red blood cell hemolysis (IC50) in n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts respectively 150,399; 83.852 and 92.349% with the inhibition value of Na-diclophenac standard of 55.149%. Chloroform extract is known to have the most active anti-inflammatory activity which is 83,852 ppm. The results of this study indicate that the chloroform extract in Chlorella vulgaris microalgae has the potential as an anti-inflammatory agent that can be developed as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug from natural marine materials. Keywords: anti-inflammatory, Chlorella vurlgaris, Human Red Blood Cells (HRBC)

Anti-inflammatory activities of crude ethanol extract of Combretum zenkeri Engl. & Diels leaves

To augment orthodox anti-inflammatory drugs, which are scarce in some areas, local dwellers in some parts of Nigeria and Asia rely on herbal products such as Combretum zenkeri Engl. & Diels leaves for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of crude ethanol extract of C. zenkeri leaves (EECZ). EECZ was prepared and subjected to anti-inflammatory activity tests. The ability of EECZ to inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators in rats was used as a measure of its anti-inflammatory property. The inhibitory effects of EECZ on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, platelet aggregation and haemolysis of human red blood cells (HRBCs) were determined using standard methods. The phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity profile were also evaluated. EECZ at oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w. and at 6 h inhibited egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema by 67.36% and 86.19% respectively. The extract similarly inhibited PLA2 activity causing 58.23% and 60.24% inhibition at concentrations of 400 and 800 μg/ml, respectively. At 100–800 μg/ml, EECZ also significantly inhibited haemolysis of HRBCs. In a concentration-dependent manner, EECZ significantly inhibited CaCl2-induced platelet aggregation. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenol, saponins, steroids, tannins and glycosides were detected in EECZ. The acute toxicity test showed that EECZ is safe at doses less than 5,000 mg/kg b.w. This study shows that EECZ possess anti-inflammatory activities that could be through the inhibition of PLA2 activity and platelet aggregation, and membrane stabilization.

TEST OF ANTI-INFLAMATION ACTIVITIES OF PEPAYA LEAF (Carica papaya L.) EXTRACT ON MALE WISTAR RATS INDUCED BY CARAGENAN 1%

Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injuries caused by physical trauma, destructive chemicals, or microbiological substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of papaya leaf water extract (Carica papaya L.) on the feet of male Wistar rats which were induced by carrageenan 1%. The research method used is experimental. The stages of this study include plant identification, making dry simplicia powder, simplicia characteristics, extracting papaya leaves using water, simplicia phytochemical screening and papaya leaf water extract (EADP), as well as testing for anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory testing was carried out on 20 male Wistar rats induced with 1% carrageenan sub plantar. The test group was divided into five groups for the induction, comparison, EADP 50, 100, 200 mg/kg BW groups. The parameters observed were the volume of mouse leg udema measured by a pletismometer every 30 min for 5 h. Data obtained then calculated percent inflammation and percent inflammation inhibition. Furthermore, it was analysed by ANOVA with a confidence level of 95%. The results of the simplicia characteristics showed that the water content, water content of the sea water and soluble extracts of ethanol were 8.9%, 51.4% and 10.2% respectively. The results of simplicia and EADP phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, glycosides, and alkaloids. Observations of the percentage of inflammation in the induction group had the highest percentage of inflammation compared with the other test groups at time of 300 min (p 0.05). Whereas the percentage of inflammatory inhibition of all groups of test extracts has effectiveness comparable to the comparison group. EADP group 200 mg/kg BW is the best dose of extract as anti-inflammatory, where flavonoid compounds are thought to be responsible for decreasing the volume of inflammation in the legs of test animals.

Quinolizidine alkaloids from Sophora tonkinensis and their anti-inflammatory activities

Two new quinolizidine-based alkaloids (2 and 12), along with ten known ones (1, 3–11) were isolated from the roots of S. tonkinensis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data (including NMR, MS, IR, and UV), X-ray single crystal diffraction, electronic circular dichroism analyses (ECD), and comparing with related literatures. Compounds 1, 3–12 at non-toxic concentrations exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities according to in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory tests. Among them, (−)-anagyrine (4), sophocarpine (8), 14β-hydroxymatrine (10), and 7β-sophoramine (12) showed more potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activities, and 5α,14β-dihydroxymatrine (2), (−)-anagyrine (4), sophocarpine (8), and 5α-hydroxymatrine (9) exhibited better in vivo anti-inflammatory effects.