Anti-inflammatory Substances Research Articles

Conservative Wound Treatment in DMT2 Patients Using Honey

Background : The number of diabetic patients in Indonesia is on the rise. In contrast to typical wounds in non DMT2 patients, chronic wounds in DMT2 patients heal more slowly, which makes it difficult to achieve complete primary wound healing. Thus, surgery is frequently required to achieve optimal healing. Patients' physical condition, age, comorbidities, and financial circumstances such as high medical costs frequently limiting patients from receiving comprehensive care, resulting alternative treatments are required to treat chronic wounds in DMT2 patients whom prefer conventional medications, addressing all circumstances. Honey, in addition to having fructose compounds, which has the benefit of increasing glucose homeostasis and insulin response, resulting in lower insulin and plasma glucose levels, also has been shown to contain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial substances that aid in wound healing. Thus, it may be an alternative therapy for chronic wound in DMT2 patients.
 Methods : A Case-series studies of four DMT2 patients who were referred to Plastic and Reconstructive Outpatient ward with chronic wound were evaluated on a monthly basis following conservative treatment using Nusantara local honey-coated gauze.
 Result : Secondary wound healing, which can be assessed from the epithelialization process started from the peri-wound area has been obtained through monthly observations.
 Conclusion : Honey is used as an alternative therapy for patients with diabetic foot ulcers due to its anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties in the wound healing process. Furthermore, honey is considered less expensive and more affordable alternative for patients with co-morbidities that is impossible to operate, or with financial limitations.
 Keywords: DMT2, Chronic wound, Honey

Carveol alleviates osteoarthritis progression by acting on synovial macrophage polarization transformation: An in vitro and in vivo study

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogeneous disease that affects the entire joint. Its pathogenesis involves hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synovial cells and polarization infiltration of macrophages, in which macrophages, as a potential target, can delay the progression of the disease by improving the immune microenvironment in OA. To investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of Carveol in cartilage and synovial macrophage reprogramming and crosstalk during the development of OA. RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was mainly used to stimulate macrophages to polarization towards M1 and M2 by LPS, IL4+IL13, respectively. Different concentrations of Carveol were given to intervene, and macrophage culture medium was collected to intervene mouse C57BL6J chondrocytes. ROS assay kit, western blotting, cellular immunofluorescence, scanning microscope and section histology were used to evaluate the effect of Carveol on anti-M1-polarization, M2-polarization promotion and cartilage protection. The mouse destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) model was observed by micro-CT scan and histology. We found that CA could inhibit the increase of macrophage inflammation level under the intervention of LPS and promote the production of M2 anti-inflammatory substances under the intervention of IL-4+IL13. In addition, Carveol activated NRF2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway and enhanced ROS clearance in chondrocytes under the intervention of macrophage culture medium. The phosphorylation of I-κBα is inhibited, which further reduces the phosphorylation of P65 downstream of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, Carveol inhibits mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules P-JNK, P-ERK and P–P38, and inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators. In vivo, Carveol can reduce osteophytes and bone spurs induced by DMM, reduce hypertrophy of synovial cells, reduce infiltration of macrophages, inhibit subchondral bone destruction, and reduce articular cartilage erosion. Our study suggests that synovial macrophages are potential targets for OA treatment, and Carveol is an effective candidate for OA treatment.

Toxicity of Anti-Inflammatory Substances in Hemigraphis Alternata Leaves: In Silico Study Using ProTox-II

Hemigraphis alternata is empirically used to treat wounds. Hemigraphis alternata leaves ethyl acetate extract can assist in resolving the inflammatory process by inhibiting enzymes that play a role in the inflammatory cycle. Twenty-two substances found in the leaves of Hemigraphis alternata were predicted to have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as an enzyme target. In-silico toxicology was carried out to acquire new anti-inflammatory drugs with low toxicity from 22 compounds. ProTox-II was utilized to measure the level of toxicity of these drugs at many endpoints. In this study, five compounds have LD50 > 5000 mg/kg body weight, toxicity class 5-6, and inactive for cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity and immunotoxicity parameters. They are 2-methyleneoctanenitrile, nerolidol, 2,7-dioxa-tricyclo[4.4.0.0(3,8)]deca-4,9-diene, 9,9-dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione, and phytol. Keywords: in silico, toxicity, Hemigraphis alternata, anti-inflammatory, ProTox-II

Morphological Changes when Hemoben is Used in Bleeding from Acute Wounds of the Face-Jaw Area

One of the main issues of modern medicine, surgery, traumatology, urology, gynecology, neurosurgery, oncology, otorhinolaryngology, maxillofacial surgery is to stop the mine flow during and after surgery. In recent years, the number of local mining equipment has been increasing. This raises the question of whether these agents should be chosen based on their efficacy and safety. The value of a local anti-mine agent is limited in most studies to the study of its hemostatic effectiveness, that is, its main criterion is the question of stopping primary and secondary mining. But when using these drugs for cleaning wounds, studying the effect of the drug on soft tissues on the surface of the wound will help to positively resolve the issue of primary wound burns.
 Currently, due to the increasing exposure to anti-inflammatory substances in modern medicine, the development of new effective types of them is becoming an urgent issue. In this matter, local hemostatic drugs are of great importance. Local hemostatic drugs are used both for diffuse bleeding and for bleeding from large vessels. Today, there are various locally used hemostatic agents with different chemical compositions. Various chemical substances and their mixtures are used for their production. When checking the effectiveness of these substances, their safety level, ease of use, price and other factors are taken into account.
 Despite the large number of local mine suppressants, among them there are very few drugs that can be used universally.Therefore, the creation of highly effective local mine deterrents is an actual issue.

Development of new methods for predicting hygienic standards for the content of medicines in the air of the working area on the example of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Introduction. Experts predict the hygienic standards of medicines in Russia in accordance with the methods common to all medicines (MG 1.1.726-98), developed more than 25 years ago on the basis of experimental materials obtained during the rationing of 66 medicines. By 2023, the content of more than 230 medicines of various pharmacological orientation has already been normalized in the air of the working area. Such an array of experimental materials makes it possible to study the relationship between the values of standard toxicological and pharmacological indicators and hygienic standards approved by law, already within the framework of individual pharmacological groups of drugs with the same mechanism of action, as well as to develop new forecasting approaches taking into account the specifics of pharmacological actions.
 The study aims to evaluate existing and develop new computational methods for predicting hygienic standards for the content of medicines in the air of the working area, taking into account the specifics of pharmacological action on the example of a group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
 Materials and methods. Scientists studied the pharmacological group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The main method of the study was a multiple correlation and regression analysis of the relationship between the values of hygienic standards and the values of toxicological and pharmacological parameters. As a mathematical model, the authors adopted a double logarithmic model. We evaluated the suitability of the mathematical model by Fisher's F-criterion, the statistical significance of the regression coefficients by the Student's t-criterion, the quality of approximation by the standard deviation, and the accuracy of the calculation by the average multiplicity of differences.
 Results. Experts have identified in a group of 15 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances normalized in the air of the working area, a reliable relationship between the values of toxicometry parameters and the values of therapeutic doses, on the one hand, and the values of hygiene standards, on the other. Scientists have developed and selected the most accurate and statistically significant formulas for calculating the safe concentrations of this group of drugs in the air of the working area. We found that the accuracy of the formulas developed by us, taking into account the specifics of the pharmacological action, is higher than that of the formulas from MG 1.1.726-98. From the formulas developed earlier, equations with greater accuracy for the hygienic rationing of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been identified.
 Conclusion. Taking into account the specifics of the pharmacological action of medicines when developing mathematical models for calculating the hygienic standard increases the accuracy of the forecast.

Discovery and verification of anti-inflammatory-related quality markers in the aerial part of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and in RAW 264.7 cells and a zebrafish model.

The root of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (BS) is officially recognized in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In contrast, the aerial part of BS (ABS), accounting for 80% of BS, is typically discarded, causing potential waste of medicinal resources. ABS has shown benefits in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases in China and Spain, and the material basis underlying its anti-inflammatory effects must be systematically elucidated for the rational use of ABS. We aimed to screen and validate the anti-inflammatory quality markers (Q-markers) of ABS and to confirm the ideal time for ABS harvesting. The chemical components and anti-inflammatory effects of ABS from 10 extracted parts were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell model. Anti-inflammatory substances were screened by Pearson bivariate analysis and gray correlation analysis, and the anti-inflammatory effects were verified in a zebrafish tail-cutting inflammation model. HPLC was applied to measure the Q-marker contents of ABS in different harvesting periods. Ten ABS extracts effectively alleviated the increase in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells. Forty components were identified from them, among which 27 were common components. Eight components were correlated with anti-inflammatory effects, which were confirmed to reverse the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in a zebrafish model. Chlorogenic acid, hypericin, rutin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin can be detected by HPLC, and the maximum contents of these five Q-markers were obtained in the sample harvested in August. The anti-inflammatory Q-markers of ABS were elucidated by chromatographic-pharmacodynamic-stoichiometric analysis, which served as a crucial basis for ABS quality control.

Anti-MRSA and Biological Activities of Propolis Concentrations Loaded to Chitosan Nanoemulsion for Pharmaceutics Applications.

Propolis is a naturally occurring substance with beneficial properties; bees produce it from various plant sources, and it is an anti-inflammatory and therapeutic resinous substance. This study aimed to enhance the biological features of propolis extract by loading it onto active film. Firstly, extraction was performed using three solvent systems, and their total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity was measured. Propolis ethanol extract (EEP) was evaluated for phenolic fraction content and then chosen to prepare a chitosan-loaded emulsion with several concentrations. The antibacterial, anti-mycotic, and anti-mycotoxigenic properties of the extract and nanoemulsion were assessed. PPE's cytotoxicity and nanoemulsion were evaluated using brine shrimp and cell line assays. Results indicate higher phenolic (322.57 ± 4.28 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid (257.64 ± 5.27 mg QE/g DW), and antioxidant activity of the EEP. The phenolic fraction is distinguished by 18 phenolic acids with high p-hydroxybenzoic content (171.75 ± 1.64 µg/g) and 12 flavonoid compounds with high pinocembrin and quercetin content (695.91 ± 1.76 and 532.35 ± 1.88 µg/g, respectively). Phenolic acid derivatives (3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenol acetate, and di-methoxy cinnamic) are also found. Concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng EEP loaded on chitosan nanoemulsion reflect significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and toxigenic fungi, particularly Fusarium. Among the four EEP-loaded concentrations, the nanoemulsion with 150 ng showed outstanding features. Using a simulated medium, 150 and 200 ng of EEP-loaded chitosan nanoemulsion concentrations can stop zearalenone production in Fusarium media with complete fungi inhibition. Also, it reduced aflatoxins production in Aspergillus media, with fungal inhibition (up to 47.18%). These results recommended the EEP-chitosan application for pharmaceutics and medical use as a comprehensive wound healing agent.

The link between the gut microbiome, inflammation, and Parkinson's disease.

As our society ages, the growing number of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) puts tremendous pressure on our society. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PD, so there is an urgent need to find new treatment options. In recent years, increasing studies have shown a strong link between gut microbes and PD. In this review, recent advances in research on gut microbes in PD patients were summarized. Increased potential pro-inflammatory microbes and decreased potential anti-inflammatory microbes are prominent features of gut microbiota in PD patients. These changes may lead to an increase in pro-inflammatory substances (such as lipopolysaccharide and H2S) and a decrease in anti-inflammatory substances (such as short-chain fatty acids) to promote inflammation in the gut. This gut microbiota-mediated inflammation will lead to pathological α-synuclein accumulation in the gut, and the inflammation and α-synuclein can spread to the brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, thereby promoting neuroinflammation, apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons, and ultimately the development of PD. This review also showed that therapies based on gut microbiota may have a bright future for PD. However, more research and new approaches are still needed to clarify the causal relationship between gut microbes and PD and to determine whether therapies based on gut microbiota are effective in PD patients. KEY POINTS: • There is a strong association between gut microbes and PD. • Inflammation mediated by gut microbes may promote the development of PD. • Therapies based on the gut microbiome provide a promising strategy for PD prevention.

Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) Fermentation Supernatant Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves are commonly used to enhance endurance and treat various diseases. This study evaluated the effect of kratom leaf fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157:H7. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were also performed. Antioxidant properties were determined by measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities. Nitric oxide and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were also measured. Aqueous kratom extract exhibited promising effects against free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, all fermented kratoms showed significant antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens and antibiofilm formation by S. aureus and MRSA. Furthermore, the eradication of established biofilms of fermented kratoms was observed in S. aureus (day 2, 50mg/mL) and E. coli (day 2, 100mg/mL and day 4, 50mg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that fermented and non-fermented kratoms could be nutraceutical sources of antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory substances against related diseases and can be applied further in dietary or cosmetic products with health-promoting effects.

Application of Kombucha Fermentation Broth for Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Processes.

Treatment for sepsis and its complications in the clinic is primarily in the forms of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidant drugs. Kombucha, a traditional fermented beverage rich in tea polyphenols and organic acids, offers several benefits including bacteriostasis, anti-inflammation ability, and boosting the immune system. Currently, research on kombucha is primarily focused on its antibacterial and antioxidant properties; however, in-depth exploration of the involved mechanisms is lacking. Herein, turmeric, Paeoniae alba, and black tea were used as fermentation substrates to detect the bacteriostatic and antioxidant activities of the fermentation broth and evaluate its anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). The results showed that fermentation enhanced the antibacterial activity of turmeric against E. coli and S. aureus and that of Paeoniae alba against S. aureus. Turmeric black tea exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The fermentation broth of turmeric and turmeric black tea significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPSs. Our results showed that using turmeric and Paeoniae alba culture media as substrates can enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of fermentation broth and provide a new strategy for developing anti-inflammatory substances.

Role of Long Non-coding RNA HSD17B3-AS1 in Trauma for COVID-19.

COVID-19, an acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. The condition can lead to organ dysfunction and ultimately death through its onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Disease severity has been linked to proinflammatory cytokines which activate the NF-κB and STAT transcription factors in infected cells. It has been proven that lncRNAs play a very important role in reducing or increasing inflammatory factors. This makes them potentially valuable in recognizing pathogenesis pathways and therapeutic targets in COVID-19. Nanocurcumin is known as an antioxidant, tumor suppressor and anti-inflammatory substance, and it can be effective to reduce inflammation caused by the disease of COVID-19. This study analyzed Sequence Read Archive data from COVID-19 patients with acute versus milder symptoms, identifying dysregulated genes and non-coding RNAs. To verify this correlation, the expression of the candidate gene was evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in mouse models, while immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in mouse serum samples. Here we introduced a novel lncRNA called HSD17B3-AS1, suggested as a therapeutic target in COVID-19 patients with acute symptoms. Furthermore, we revealed nanocurcumin is reducing the expression of HSD17B3-AS1 which leads to reduced inflammation in mice. These results suggest that HSD17B3-AS1 plays a significant regulatory role in managing COVID-19, and the downregulation of HSD17B3-AS1 by Nanocurcumin presents a promising treatment option for minimizing complications in COVID-19 patients.

Artemisinin-More than a Malarial Drug

In Asia, Artemisia annua L. tea and press juice are used to cure malaria and its associated symptoms. Artemisia annua comes under the Anthemideae tribe, which includes the roughly 500 species of Artemisia L., is primarily distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. Due to the presence of numerous active components or secondary metabolites, artemisia typically exhibits a wide range of bioactivity. The drug’s active component, Artemisinin (ARS), was created as an antimalarial and is used all over the world. It’s interesting to note that the bioactivity is not just used to cure malaria. It is discovered that medications of the ARS type also exhibit anti-cancerous activity in vivo and in vitro. Artemisinin and its analogues have been demonstrated to reduce intracellular free iron levels in cancer cells, which are substantially higher than those in normal cells. Apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, tumour-related signal transduction pathways are responses to oxidative stress in cancer cells that are triggered by ARS and its derivatives. Artemisia annua L. extracts contain anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal antimicrobial substances. The purpose of this review is to illustrate how artemisinin retrieves various illnesses and conditions. Another objective of ours is to compile an up-to-date report on the various activities of artemisinin

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of salicylate 2-O-β-d-glucoside

Salicylate 2-O-β-d-glucoside (SAG) is a derivative of salicylate in plants. Recent reports showed that SAG could be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory substance due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and less irritation compared with salicylic acid and aspirin. The biological method uses renewable resources to produce salicylic acid compounds, which is more environmentally friendly than traditional industry methods. In this study, Escherichia coli Tyr002 was used as the starting strain, and a salicylic acid producing strain of E. coli was constructed by introducing the isochorismate pyruvate lyase gene pchB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By regulating the expression of the key genes in the downstream aromatic amino acid metabolic pathways, the titer of salicylic acid reached 1.05 g/L in shake flask fermentation. Subsequently, an exogenous salicylic acid glycosyltransferase was introduced into the salicylic acid producing strain to glycosylate the salicylic acid. The newly engineered strain produced 5.7 g/L SAG in shake flask fermentation. In the subsequent batch fed fermentation in a 5 L fermentation tank, the titer of SAG reached 36.5 g/L, which is the highest titer reported to date. This work provides a new route for biosynthesis of salicylate and its derivatives.

Exopolysaccharide from Bifidobacterium breve alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice via inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating intestinal flora

Exopolysaccharides are believed to alleviate colitis by maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but its specific action mechanism is worth exploring. Here, a type of exopolysaccharide (BBE) from Bifidobacterium breve composed with mannose, rhamnose, glucose, acetylglucosamine and galactose was isolated, along with sulfate groups and a steric helical structure. The protective effect and anti-inflammatory activity of BBE on intestine were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell experiments indicated that BBE significantly increased the survival ability of intestinal epithelioid cell line 6 under action of hydrogen peroxide. Vivo experiments revealed that BBE restored the intestinal injury caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice by increasing the contents of mucin and the expression of occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1. BBE administration significantly inhibited the expression of oxidative protein and pyrin domain 3 inflammasome complex in colitis mice. The intervention of BBE also restored the production of abnormal inflammatory factors and the decrease of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level caused by DSS. Besides, BBE also recovered the imbalanced intestinal flora by increasing the abundance of Muribaculaceae, and Lactobacillus as well as reducing the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides. The aforementioned results confirmed that BBE could effectively repair intestinal damage, thereby laying a foundation for the application of BBE as a potential anti-inflammatory substance.

Pharmaceutical Approaches to Normal Tension Glaucoma.

Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is defined as a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) values are constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment and represents approximately the 30-40% of all glaucomatous cases. The pathophysiology of this condition is multifactorial and is still not completely well known. Several theories have been proposed to explain the onset and progression of this disease, which can be divided into IOP-dependent and IOP-independent factors, suggesting different therapeutic strategies. The current literature strongly supports the fundamental role of IOP in NTG. The gold standard treatment for NTG tends to be based on the lowering IOP even if "statistically normal". Numerous studies have shown, however, that the IOP reduction alone is not enough to slow down or stop the disease progression in all cases, suggesting that other IOP-independent risk factors may contribute to the NTG pathogenesis. In addition to IOP-lowering strategies, several different therapeutic approaches for NTG have been proposed, based on vaso-active, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and/or neuroprotective substances. To date, unfortunately, there are no standardized or proven treatment alternatives for NTG when compared to traditional IOP reduction treatment regimes. The efficacy of the IOP-independent strategies in decreasing the risk or treating NTG still remains inconclusive. The aim of this review is to highlight strategies reported in the current literature to treat NTG. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments for this potentially vision-threatening disease. Further comprehension of NTG pathophysiology can help clinicians determine when to use IOP-lowering treatments alone and when to consider additional or alternatively individualized therapies focused on particular risk factors, on a case-by-case basis.

Polyphenols of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds cultivated in Southern Italy by a LC-HRMS method

In this work we examined the contents of 14 polyphenols in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) samples cultivated in Southern Italy by the optimisation and validation of a LC-HRMS method. The validation of the LC-HRMS method showed linearity results r2 > 0.989 and recovery values between 71 and 119% for a very wide range of concentrations. Ellagic acid was the most abundant polyphenol, with mean concentrations of 16271.86 ± 19798.53 μg/Kg, followed by apigenin (2749.51 ± 889.95 μg/Kg). A significant variability in ellagic acid contents was found between the areas of cultivation examined (p < 0.05). As far as we know, this work provides the first data on the polyphenols contents of white lupins cultivated in Italy. The comparison with other study confirms the role of the cultivation area for the determination of the polyphenol’s contents. The study also confirms white lupins as a promising source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances in a balanced diet.

In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Egg Albumin Denaturation Assay: An Enhanced Approach

As a physical reaction to injury, infection, or destruction, inflammation is characterized by heat, redness, discomfort, swelling, and abnormal physiological processes. The inflammatory process is a complicated series of relationships among soluble substances and cellular elements that frequently include connective tissue damage. An uncontrolled inflammatory response is the primary cause of a wide range of disorders, including allergies, cardiovascular dysfunctions, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, placing a significant financial burden on individuals and, in turn, on society. Steroids, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunosuppressants are some examples of common medications for controlling and suppressing inflammatory crises; but they have several side effects, particularly stomach irritation that can cause gastric ulcers. Using natural goods has had a significant positive impact on the development of modern medicine. On such background, plants have historically been an excellent source of medication, and there are several records on the use of herbs in traditional medicine to treat a variety of inflammatory illnesses. However, there has been no scientific attempt to verify these spontaneous uses reported in the literature. Therefore, to conduct more studies and gather more data, scientists need to develop low-cost, straightforward in vitro methodologies to assess the efficacy of natural anti-inflammatory compounds. With this context in mind, this methodology focuses on in vitro anti-inflammatory methodology that can be used to evaluate natural anti-inflammatory substances. They are cost-effective, easy to operate, and dependable with minor alterations.

Phytochemical Properties, Extraction, and Pharmacological Benefits of Naringin: A Review.

This review describes the various innovative approaches implemented for naringin extraction as well as the recent developments in the field. Naringin was assessed in terms of its structure, chemical composition, and potential food sources. How naringin works pharmacologically was discussed, including its potential as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective substance. Citrus flavonoids are crucial herbal additives that have a huge spectrum of organic activities. Naringin is a nutritional flavanone glycoside that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a few chronic disorders associated with ageing. Citrus fruits contain a common flavone glycoside that has specific pharmacological and biological properties. Naringin, a flavone glycoside with a range of intriguing characteristics, is abundant in citrus fruits. Naringin has been shown to have a variety of biological, medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Naringin is hydrolyzed into rhamnose and prunin by the naringinase, which also possesses l-rhamnosidase activity. D-glucosidase subsequently catalyzes the hydrolysis of prunin into glucose and naringenin. Naringin is known for having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor-fighting effects. Numerous test animals and cell lines have been used to correlate naringin exposure to asthma, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and osteoporosis. This study focused on the many documented actions of naringin in in-vitro and in-vivo experimental and preclinical investigations, as well as its prospective therapeutic advantages, utilizing the information that is presently accessible in the literature. In addition to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, naringin's structure, distribution, different extraction methods, and potential use in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and animal feed sectors were discussed.

Feeding and Nutritional Factors That Affect Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Sheep and Goats.

The purpose of this quantitative review is to highlight the effects of feeding strategies using some mineral, vitamin, marine oil, and vegetable essential oil supplements and some agri-food by-products to reduce SCCs in the milk of sheep and goats. According to the results, only specific dietary factors at specific doses could reduce SCCs in the milk of dairy sheep and goats. The combination of Se and vitamin E in the diet was more effective in sheep than in goats, while the inclusion of polyphenols, which are also present in food matrices such as agro-industrial by-products, led to better results. Some essential oils can be conveniently used to modulate SCCs, although they can precipitate an off-flavoring problem. This work shows that SCCs are complex and cannot be determined using a single experimental factor, as intramammary inflammation, which is the main source of SC in milk, can manifest in a subclinical form without clinical signs. However, attention to mineral and vitamin supplementation, even in the most difficult cases, such as those of grazing animals, and the use of anti-inflammatory substances directly or through by-products, can improve the nutritional condition of animals and reduce their SCCs, offering undeniable benefits for the milk-processing sector as well.

Spectrum-Effect Relationship between HPLC Fingerprint and Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Chloranthus fortunei (A. Gray) Solms-Laub.

The predominant objective of the research is to establish the anti-inflammatory and analgesic spectrum-effect relationship of Chloranthus fortunei (A. Gray) Solms-Laub (CF), to reveal the pharmacodynamic basis of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of CF. The fingerprints of ten batches of CF from various origins were established by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluated for similarity, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of CF were evaluated with the xylene-induced ear swelling in mice and the acetic acid torsion test, while the anti-inflammatory and analgesic spectrum-effect relationship of CF was evaluated by gray relational analysis (GRA) and partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) to effectively elucidate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance basis of CF. The ten batches of CF HPLC fingerprints established in this work successfully identified a total of 13 common peaks that refer to 4 components, with peak 1 being neochlorogenic acid, peak 3 being chlorogenic acid, peak 5 being cryptochlorogenic acid, and peak 10 being rosmarinic acid. The HCA results presented that the ten batches of CF samples were clustered into 3 categories, which was consistent with the PCA results. Simultaneously, the results of the spectrum-effect relationship also indicated that neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid were the possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic substances of CF. In order to better understand the anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance basis of CF, this experiment established the anti-inflammatory and analgesic spectrum-effect relationship of CF, which can provide a scientific foundation for the quality evaluation and further research as well as the usage of CF herbs.