Anti-inflammatory Ingredients Research Articles

Studies on Quality Markers of Kaihoujian Spray for Anti-Inflammation Based on Gray Correlation Analysis Strategy.

Kaihoujian spray (KHJ) was originated from the classical prescription of Miao medicine, which was commonly used for acute and chronic pharyngitis. The prescription was composed of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix, Ardisiae Radix, Cicadae Periostracum, and menthol. However, in previous literature, only clinical studies have been reported. The Quality Marker (Q-Markers) of KHJ on anti-inflammation has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, a gray correlation analysis strategy combined with network pharmacology analysis was established for the investigation of Q-Markers in KHJ. A total of 52 components were identified or tentatively characterized in KHJ, including alkaloids, saponins, bergenin, flavonoids, amino acids, and their derivatives. Furthermore, regularity of recipe composition and gray correlation analysis revealed that the correlation degree of all peaks was greater than 0.5. The ranking of correlation degree was peak 1 > 6>9 > 8>7 > 10>4 > 5>11 > 3>2. Among them, peaks 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 were identified as anagyrine, matrine, sophocarpine, norbergenin, bengenin, 11-O-galloylbergenin, and trifolirhizin. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that EGFR, MMP9, MMP3, MMP1, and PTGS2 were the main targets of KHJ. Bergenin, matrine, sophocarpine, calycosin, and trifolirhizin were the main anti-inflammatory active ingredient in KHJ. These results proposed that bergenin, sophocarpidine, sophocarpine, and trifolirhizin could be the Q-Markers of KHJ on anti-inflammation. The process of discovering the Q-Markers would provide a promising method of quality control on KHJ.

Methanolic Phoenix dactylifera L. Extract Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Hepatic Injury in Male Rats.

This study investigated the ameliorative potential of methanolic date flesh extract (MDFE) against cisplatin-induced hepatic injury. Twenty male rats (weighing 180–200 g) were allocated into four groups: control; date flesh (DF) group (oral 600 mg/kg MDFE for 21 days); Cis group (7.5 mg/kg i.p. at day 16); and date flesh/cisplatin (DF/Cis) group (oral 600 mg/kg MDFE for 21 days and 7.5 mg/kg i.p. at day 16). Hepatic biochemical parameters in sera, and inflammatory and oxidant/antioxidant hepatic biomarkers were estimated. Hepatic histological changes and the immunohistochemistry of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were assessed. Pretreatment with MDFE decreased Cis-triggered liver biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and histological damage. Moreover, MDFE treatment reduced Cis-induced hepatic NF-κB, COX-2, and α-SMA protein expression. MDFE exerted a hepatoprotective effect when used concomitantly with Cis. Its effect was mediated via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients.

Study on The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Callicarpa nudiflora Based on The Spectrum-Effect Relationship.

Callicarpa nudiflora (C. nudiflora) is widely used to treat inflammation-related diseases in China. C. nudiflora mainly contains phenylethanol glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenes, diterpenes, iridoid glycosides, volatile oils, and other small molecules. Therefore, it is necessary to screen out anti-inflammatory active substances from C. nudiflora. In this paper, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to establish the fingerprint of C. nudiflora extracts. The anti-inflammation of C. nudiflora extracts were evaluated by the experiment of toes swelling in inflammatory rats. Then, the spectrum–effect relationship between the fingerprints and anti-inflammatory activities was researched by Pearson analysis and orthogonal partial least squares analysis to identify a group of anti-inflammatory compounds of C. nudiflora extracts. The differences of extracts are illustrated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis in pharmacological effects. Finally, 12 compounds, including catalpol (P1), caffeic acid (P2), protocatechuic acid (P9), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (P10), forsythiaside E (P12), protocatechualdehyde isomers (P14), forsythiaside B (P15), rutin (P16), alyssonoside (P21), verbascoside (P22), 2′-acetyl forsythoside B (P24), and isorhamnetin (P32) by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS, were determined as potential compounds for anti-inflammatory activity in C. nudiflora. In particular, six compounds were identified as active substances with the greatest anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, all compounds were tested for anti-inflammatory experiments or anti-inflammatory literature retrieval. In this study, a method for rapid screening of potential anti-inflammatory active ingredients of C. nudiflora was established, which can provide a reference for the future study of active compounds of C. nudiflora.

An Electrospun Scaffold Loaded with an Enteromorpha Polysaccharide for Accelerated Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice.

The design and development of innovative multifunctional wound dressing materials in engineered biomaterials is essential for promoting tissue repair. In this study, nanofibrous wound dressing materials loaded with anti-inflammatory ingredients were manufactured by a promising electrospinning strategy, and their capability for treating diabetic wounds was also investigated. A scaffold blend consisting of an Enteromorpha polysaccharide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was fabricated. The in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the efficacy of PVA/EPP1 fiber. We found that PVA/EPP1 fiber accelerated the repair of a full-thickness skin wound in diabetic mice. The results suggest that this scaffold could effectively shorten the wound healing time by inhibiting inflammatory activity, which makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds caused by diabetes.

Electrospun multifunctional nanofibrous mats loaded with bioactive anemoside B4 for accelerated wound healing in diabetic mice

With the worldwide prevalence of diabetes and considering the complicated microenvironment of diabetic wounds, the design and development of innovative multifunctional wound dressing materials are much wanted for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds in diabetic patients. In the present study, anti-inflammatory ingredients loaded with nanofibrous wound dressing materials were manufactured by a promising blend-electrospinning strategy, and their capability for treating the diabetic wound was also systematically explored. A polymer blend consisting of Chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was electrospun into CS-PVA nanofibrous mats as control groups. In the meanwhile, a bioactive ingredient of Chinese medicine Pulsatilla, anemoside B4(ANE), with different contents were loaded into the electrospinning solution to construct CS-PVA-ANE nanofibrous mats. The developed CS-PVA-ANE wound dressing materials exhibited multifunctional properties including prominent water absorption, biomimetic elastic mechanical properties, and sustained ANE releasing behavior, as well as outstanding hemostatic properties. The in vitro studies showed that the CS-PVA-ANE nanofiber mats could significantly suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated differentiation of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage subsets, and notably reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as obviously decrease inflammatory cytokine release. The in vivo animal studies showed that the CS-PVA-ANE nanofiber mats promoted the healing of diabetic wounds by significantly enhancing wound closure rates, accelerating excellent angiogenesis, promoting re-epithelization and collagen matrix deposition throughout all stages of wound healing. The present study demonstrated that CS-PVA-ANE nanofiber mats could effectively shorten the wound-healing time by inhibiting inflammatory activity, which makes them promising candidates for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds caused by diabetes.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Anchusa italica Retz. in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells mediated by the Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnchusa italica Retz. (Boraginaceae) is an important medicinal plant for the treatment of meningitis and pneumonia in traditional Uygur medicines. Aim of the studyTo clarify the anti-inflammatory activity of A. italica, to reveal its molecular mechanisms, and to discover the anti-inflammatory active ingredients. Materials and methodsDried and crushed aerial parts of A. italica were extracted with 75% ethanol to yield crude extract (AICE) and AICE was fractionated to obtain petroleum ether extract (AIPE), dichloromethane extract (AIDE), ethyl acetate extract (AIEE), n-butanol extract (AIBE) and residues (AIW). By measuring the effects of AIPE, AIDE, AIEE, AIBE and AIW on cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cell lines, AIDE with the lowest cytotoxicity and NO contents was finally selected for further chemical and anti-inflammatory investigations. LC-MS/MS experiment was applied to analyze the chemical composition of AIDE. MTT and Griess methods were used to detect the cell viability and to quantify the nitrite levels in culture supernatants, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production was examined by ELISA assays. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), Nrf2-mediated quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), glutathione S-transferase A 1 (GSTA1) and glutathione S-transferase M 1 (GSTM1) mRNA. Western blot analysis was employed to examine the protein expression and enzymatic activities. ResultsIn preliminary anti-inflammatory screening, AIDE showed the lowest cytotoxicity and the most significant inhibitory effect on the production of NO (the inhibitory is 89%) induced by LPS among the tested five extracts. Thirty-three compounds including twenty-five triterpenoids were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. AIDE could inhibit LPS-induced the over-expression of NO, IL-6, PGE2, IL-1β and TNF-α and down-regulate the levels of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P38-MAPK (P38) and nuclear transcription factors κB-P65 (P65) phosphorylation. It promoted the mRNA expression level of HO-1, NQO-1, GSTA1 and GSTM1 and the protein expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1. After the treatment of AIDE, P65 nuclear translocation was inhibited and Nrf2 nuclear translocation was increased. In addition, the protein expression of pyrolytic relevant protein nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and IL-1β were decreased after the AIDE treatment. ConclusionsAnchusa italica Retz. exerted its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear transcription factors κB (NF-κB) and pyrolytic relevant proteins, down-regulating inflammatory factor levels, and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Triterpenoids might be its major active anti-inflammatory ingredients.

Hibiscus syriacus L. cultivated in callus culture exerts cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer via Notch signaling-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis suppression

BackgroundIn our previous study, Hibiscus syriacus leaf tissue was successfully cultivated in an optimized callus culture system, and subsequently extracted with 70% ethanol to prepare H. syriacus callus extract (HCE). The previous study suggested that the callus culture is useful method for obtaining the anti-inflammatory ingredients from H. syriacus. PurposeIn the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of HCE on the colorectal cancer (CRC) and its underlying mechanism of action using HT-29 cells and thymus-deficient mice bearing HT-29 xenografts. MethodsThe cytotoxicity of HCE was investigated by MTT and colonies formation. The underling mechanism by which HCE regulates specific proteins in HT-29 cells was evaluated by the proteomic analysis. These putative proteins were validated using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses. Subsequently, oral administration of HCE for 15 days further evaluating the anti-tumor activity by mRNA and protein expressions levels and tumor histopathology. ResultsResults of cell viability and colony formation assays revealed a significant cytotoxic effect of HCE at doses below 100 μg/ml against HT-29 cells, but not against normal cells. Through differential protein expression analysis, signaling pathways underlying anti-CRC activity were predicted in HCE-treated HT-29 cells: Notch signaling, cholesterol biosynthesis, and AMPK signaling pathways. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses indicated that the cytotoxic effect of HCE against HT-29 cells might be associated with the suppression of Notch signaling, which positively contributes to cholesterol biosynthesis. To our knowledge, this can be presented as the first study to demonstrate the detailed relationship between Notch signaling and cholesterol-AMPK signaling. Our in vivo result further corroborated the in vitro finding that 100 and 200 mg/kg HCE for 15 days exerts its anti-cancer effect via Notch signaling-mediated suppression of cholesterol synthesis without systemic toxicity. ConclusionOur findings can serve as a starting point for developing the novel anti-CRC agent using HCE, as a targeted medicine acting on regulating Notch signaling and cholesterol synthesis.

Stepwise tracking strategy to screen ingredient from Galla Chinensis based on the “mass spectrometry guided preparative chromatography coupled with systems pharmacology”

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGalla chinensis, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was widely used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) in folk prescriptions, however, its active ingredients and mechanism of action in the treatment of UC remain unclear. Aim of the studyThe aim of our study was to discover the lead compounds and anti-inflammatory active ingredients of Galla chinensis and clarify their molecular mechanism for UC treatment. Materials and methodsThe ingredients of Galla chinensis were prepared by column and mass spectrometry guided preparative chromatography. Besides, the relationship among the ingredients of Galla chinensis and targets was predicted by systems pharmacology. Additionally, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages were used as in vitro model. The cell viability, the level of the pro-inflammatory factors, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and trans epithelial electric resistance (TEER) values were detected to screen out the active ingredients of Galla chinensis. Moreover, 4% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice were used as the UC animal model. The disease activity index (DAI), pathological degree of colon tissue, activities of antioxidant-related enzymes and expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines were performed to assess the anti-UC effects of the active ingredients. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression level of inflammatory factors and antioxidant related genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). And the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway related proteins, intestinal mucosal proteins and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway related proteins in colon tissues were analyzed by Western Blotting. ResultsHerein, a stepwise tracking strategy was adopted to screen out the anti-inflammatory active ingredients of Galla Chinensis based on "preparative chromatography pharmacology combined with mass spectrometry guidance and system". 11 categories of ingredients of Galla chinensis were prepared and ethyl gallate (EG) was screened out the lead compound and anti-inflammatory active ingredient of Galla Chinensis through in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, EG had a significant therapeutic effect on ameliorating DSS-induced UC mice and protected intestinal mucosal integrity through Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. ConclusionEthyl gallate was the lead compound and anti-inflammatory active ingredient in Galla chinensis. And it was discovered for the first time that EG could treat mice with ulcerative colitis. This research not only found the lead compound of Galla Chinensis for UC treatment and determined the possible mechanism, but also provided valuable references for finding lead compounds from natural products by systems pharmacology coupled with equivalent components group technology.

The Association of Anti-Inflammatory Diet Ingredients and Lifestyle Exercise with Inflammaging.

One of the latest theories on ageing focuses on immune response, and considers the activation of subclinical and chronic inflammation. The study was designed to explain whether anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle exercise affect an inflammatory profile in the Polish elderly population. Sixty individuals (80.2 ± 7.9 years) were allocated to a low-grade inflammation (LGI n = 33) or high-grade inflammation (HGI n = 27) group, based on C-reactive protein concentration (<3 or ≥3 mg/L) as a conventional marker of systemic inflammation. Diet analysis focused on vitamins D, C, E, A, β-carotene, n-3 and n-6 PUFA using single 24-h dietary recall. LGI demonstrated a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA but higher vitamin D intake than HGI. Physical performance based on 6-min walk test (6MWT) classified the elderly as physically inactive, whereby LGI demonstrated a significantly higher gait speed (1.09 ± 0.26 m/s) than HGI (0.72 ± 0.28 m/s). Circulating interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, TNFα and cfDNA demonstrated high concentrations in the elderly with low 6MWT, confirming an impairment of physical performance by persistent systemic inflammation. These findings reveal that increased intake of anti-inflammatory diet ingredients and physical activity sustained throughout life attenuate progression of inflammaging in the elderly and indicate potential therapeutic strategies to counteract pathophysiological effects of ageing.

Investigation of the Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Hudi Enteric-Coated Capsules in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Mice Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.

BackgroundHudi enteric-coated capsule (HDC) is a Chinese medicine prescribed to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its anti-inflammatory active ingredients and mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the active components of HDC and explore its potential mechanisms against UC by integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification.MethodsA DSS-induced colitis murine model was established to validate the efficacy of HDC by detecting disease activity index (DAI) and histopathological changes. Network pharmacological analysis was performed to identify the active compounds and core targets of HDC for the treatment of UC. The main compounds in HDC were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relative expressions of HDC’s core targets were also determined in vivo. Finally, molecular docking was applied to model the interaction between HDC and target proteins.ResultsIn an in vivo experiment, HDC, especially the middle-dose HDC, effectively reduced clinical symptoms of UC, including weight loss, bloody stool, and colon shortening. Besides, the severity of colitis was considerably suppressed by HDC as evidenced by reduced DAI scores. A total of 118 active compounds and 69 candidate targets from HDC closely related to UC progression were identified via network pharmacology. Enrichment analysis revealed that the key targets of HDC correlated with the expressions of PTGS2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Meanwhile, these cytokines were enriched in various biological processes through the IL-17/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The middle-dose HDC contributed more to ameliorating DSS-induced colitis through this signaling pathway than other dosages. Nine components binding to JAK2, STAT3, IL-17 and IL-6 were identified by molecular docking, confirming again the inhibition effects of HDC on the IL-17/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.ConclusionThe HDC treatment, particularly the middle-dose, exerted an anti-UC effect in a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-mechanism manner, especially inhibiting the IL-17/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway to downregulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Active Ingredients from Euodia ruticarpa Steam Distilled Essential Oil Inhibit PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cell Growth via Direct Action and Indirect Immune Cells Conditioned Media In Vitro.

Active constituents isolated from Euodia ruticarpa (ER) steam distilled essential oil (SDEO) against PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth remain unclear. To clarify the puzzle, ER SDEO was extracted and further resolved into six isolated fractions ERF1–F6 with Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration chromatography to analyze their biological activities. Active ingredients in the isolated fractions were analyzed with GC-MS. Potential isolated fractions were selected to treat PC-3 cells with direct action and indirect treatment by mouse splenocyte- (SCM) and macrophage-conditioned media (MCM). The relationship between PC-3 cell viabilities and corresponding total polyphenols, flavonoid contents as well as Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in SCM was analyzed using the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient (r). As a result, ERF1–F3 was abundant in total polyphenols and flavonoids contents with diverse active ingredients. Treatments with ERF1–F3 at appropriate concentrations more or less inhibit PC-3 cell growth in a direct action manner. Only SCM, respectively, cultured with ER SDEO and ERF1–F3 markedly enhanced the effects to inhibit PC-3 cell growth, suggesting that secretions by splenocytes might involve anti-PC-3 effects. There are significantly negative correlations between PC-3 cell viabilities and IL-2, IL-10 as well as IL-10/IL-2 ratios in the corresponding SCM. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the media cultured with ER SDEO isolated fractions positively correlated with IL-10 (Th2) and IL-10/IL-2 (Th2/Th1) cytokine secretion ratios by splenocytes, indicating that polyphenol and flavonoid components in ER SDEO isolated fractions promote Th2-polarized and anti-inflammatory characteristics. These new findings concluded that the inhibitory effects against PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth are attributed to active anti-inflammatory ingredients in ER SDEO and its active ERF1–F3 fractions through direct action and indirect treatment by modulating splenocytes’ cytokine secretion profiles.

Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Components of Qin Jin Hua Tan Tang by a Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach for Spectrum-Effect Relationships

Qing Jin Hua Tan Tang (QJHTT) exerts therapeutic effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by alleviating inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory components of QJHTT have not yet been reported. Our study aimed to screen the active anti-inflammatory components of QJHTT using a multivariate statistical analysis approach for spectrum-effect relationships. Different polar fractions of QJHTT were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to analyze the phytochemical components. Phytochemical fingerprints were generated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. In total, 24 peaks were observed in ten batches of QJHTT extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a xylene-induced ear-swelling mouse model. Additionally, the spectrum-effect relationship between the relative areas of the 24 peaks and pharmacological activity was investigated using multivariate statistical analysis. The potential anti-inflammatory ingredients obtained from the screening (multivariate statistical analysis) will be validated for their anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms utilizing a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model. QJHTT ethanol extract 1 exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity. Peaks 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16, which were closely correlated with anti-inflammatory activity, were identified as meranzin, baicalin, baicalein, chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and wogonoside, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities of meranzin, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonoside were verified in vitro. These four bioactive components significantly inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cell line. This research successfully screened the QJHTT anti-inflammatory active ingredient group. Meranzin, baicalin, baicalein, chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and wogonoside were predicted to be the anti-inflammatory active ingredient groups of QJHTT.

Compound Danshen Dripping Pill ameliorates post ischemic myocardial inflammation through synergistically regulating MAPK, PI3K/AKT and PPAR signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCompound Danshen Dripping Pill (CDDP), composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen and Borneol, is a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula which has made great achievements in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, but the profound mechanism of CDDP improving post ischemic myocardial inflammation hasn't been clearly discussed. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to explore the biological mechanism of constituents in CDDP synergistically improving post ischemic myocardial inflammation. Materials and methodsThe pharmacologic studies were applied to assess the cardio protection effect of CDDP in acute myocardial ischemic rats. To identify the anti-inflammatory ingredients in CDDP, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a dual-luciferase reporter assay for NF-κB inhibition were used. The network pharmacology and molecular docking assay were adopted to predict targets of anti-inflammatory ingredients and then the regulation effects of these active components on their targets were also verified. ResultsOur results indicated that CDDP exerted an excellent cardio protection effect by reversing echocardiographic abnormalities, attenuating histopathological lesion, ameliorating circulating myocardial markers and inflammation cytokines. Tanshinol, salvianolic acid B (Sal B), tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) and notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) were the pivotal anti-inflammatory ingredients in CDDP. The anti-inflammatory mechanism is that tanshinol and Sal B respectively targeted on PPARγ and JNK, while Tan IIA worked on AKT1 and NGR1 bound to PI3K. ConclusionsOur results firstly demonstrated that CDDP effectively ameliorated post ischemic myocardial inflammation through simultaneously modulating MAPK, PI3K/AKT and PPAR pathways in a multi-components synergetic manner.

Ingredients with anti-inflammatory effect from medicine food homology plants

Inflammation occurs when the immune system responses to external harmful stimuli and infection. Chronic inflammation induces various diseases. A variety of foods are prescribed in the traditional medicines of many countries all over the world, which gave birth to the concept of medicine food homology. Over the past few decades, a number of secondary metabolites from medicine food homology plants have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects. In the present review, the effects and mechanisms of the medicine food homology plants-derived active components on relieving inflammation and inflammation-mediated diseases were summarized and discussed. The information provided in this review is valuable to future studies on anti-inflammatory ingredients derived from medicine food homology plants as drugs or food supplements.

27124 Impact of body mass index (BMI) on the efficacy and safety of halobetasol propionate 0.01%/tazarotene 0.045% (HP/TAZ) lotion in patients with plaque psoriasis

Patients with psoriasis have a higher prevalence of obesity, which may worsen psoriasis and negatively impact efficacy of systemic treatments. Inflammation may be the pathophysiological link between the two conditions. Fixed-combination HP/TAZ lotion—which contains two anti-inflammatory active ingredients—has demonstrated efficacy in psoriasis. Participants were stratified by BMI in this pooled, post hoc analysis of two phase 3 studies (<25 kg/m2 [underweight-to-normal], n = 69; 25-<30 kg/m2 [overweight]; n = 134; ≥30 kg/m2 [obese], n = 215). Adults with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and affected BSA 3-12% at baseline were randomized (2:1) to once-daily HP/TAZ or vehicle for 8 weeks, with 4-week posttreatment follow-up. Baseline disease severity was greatest in the ≥30 group. At week 8, HP/TAZ-treated participants in all 3 BMI groups had significant reductions in BSA (33.2% to 46.8%) vs vehicle-treated participants (-7.3 to +5.7%; P ˂ .01 all); significant differences were observed as early as weeks 2 or 4 and continued through week 12. Significantly more participants achieved treatment success, defined as ≥2-grade improvement in Investigator’s Global Assessment and score of clear/almost clear, with HP/TAZ (37.0%-48.3%) vs vehicle (8.8%-10.4%) in all 3 BMI groups (P ˂ .01 all). No significant differences across BMI groups were observed among HP-TAZ treated participants. Incidence of contact dermatitis (most common AE with HP/TAZ), increased with BMI (<25, 2.4%; 25-<30, 6.5%; ≥30, 10.3%). More participants in the ≥30 BMI group discontinued HP/TAZ due to adverse events. HP/TAZ lotion was efficacious in the treatment of psoriasis regardless of BMI, though individuals with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 may experience more adverse events.

Phytochemical analysis of Moringa Oleifera leaves extracts by GC-MS and free radical scavenging potency for industrial applications.

Natural extracts have been of very high interest since ancient time due to their enormous medicinal use and researcher’s attention have further gone up recently to explore their phytochemical compositions, properties, potential applications in the areas such as, cosmetics, foods etc. In this present study phytochemical analysis have been done on the aqueous and methanolic Moringa leaves extracts using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GCMS) and their free radical scavenging potency (FRSP) studied using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical for further applications. GCMS analysis revealed an extraction of range of phytochemicals in aqueous and methanolic extracts. In aqueous, extract constituents found with high percent peak area are Carbonic acid, butyl 2-pentyl ester (20.64%), 2-Isopropoxyethyl propionate (16.87%), Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-, (3.14%) (also known as Citramalic acid that has been rarely detected in plant extracts) and many other phytochemicals were detected. Similarly, fifty-four bio components detected in methanolic extract of Moringa leaves, which were relatively higher than the aqueous extract. Few major compounds found with high percent peak area are 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2- (hydroxymethyl)- (21.19%), Propionic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester (15.02%), Ethanamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- (5.21%), and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid etc. FRSP for methanolic extract was also recorded much higher than aqueous extract. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Moringa aqueous extract observed is 4.65 µl/ml and for methanolic extract 1.83 µl/ml. These extracts can act as very powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory ingredient for various applications in diverse field of food, cosmetics, medicine etc.

Enhanced uptake and anti-maturation effect of celastrol-loaded mannosylated liposomes on dendritic cells for psoriasis treatment

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease in which dendritic cells (DCs) trigger the progression of psoriasis by complex interactions with keratinocytes and other immune cells. In the present study, we aimed to load celastrol, an anti-inflammatory ingredient isolated from Chinese herbs, on mannosylated liposomes to enhance DC uptake as well as to induce DC tolerance in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Mannose was grafted onto liposomes to target mannose receptors on DCs. The results demonstrated that compared with unmodified liposomes, DCs preferred to take up more fluorescence-labeled mannosylated liposomes. After loading celastrol into mannose-modified liposomes, they effectively inhibited the expression of maturation markers, including CD80, CD86 and MHC-II, on DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, after intradermal injection with a microneedle, celastrol-loaded mannose-modified liposomes (CEL-MAN-LPs) achieved a superior therapeutic effect compared with free drug and celastrol-loaded unmodified liposomes in the psoriasis mouse model in terms of the psoriasis area and severity index, histology evaluation, spleen weight, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our results clearly revealed that CEL-MAN-LPs was an effective formulation for psoriasis treatment and suggested that this treatment has the potential to be applied to other inflammatory diseases triggered by activated DCs.

(E)-2,6,10-Trimethyldodec-8-en-2-ol: An Undescribed Sesquiterpenoid from Copaiba Oil.

The use of copaiba oil has been reported since the 16th century in Amazon traditional medicine, especially as an anti-inflammatory ingredient and for wound healing. The use of copaiba oil continues today, and it is sold in various parts of the world, including the United States. Copaiba oil contains mainly sesquiterpenes, bioactive compounds that are popular for their positive effect on human health. As part of our ongoing research endeavors to identify the chemical constituents of broadly consumed herbal supplements or their adulterants, copaiba oil was investigated. In this regard, copaiba oil was subjected to repeated silica gel column chromatography to purify the compounds. As a result, one new and seven known sesquiterpenes/sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified from the copaiba oil. The new compound was elucidated as (E)-2,6,10-trimethyldodec-8-en-2-ol. Structure elucidation was achieved by 1D- and 2D NMR and GC/Q-ToF mass spectral data analyses. The isolated chemical constituents in this study could be used as chemical markers to evaluate the safety or quality of copaiba oil.

Cylindrical Microparticles Composed of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Targeted Delivery of a Small Molecule and a Macromolecular Drug to the Lungs: Exemplified with Curcumin and siRNA.

The transport of macromolecular drugs such as oligonucleotides into the lungs has become increasingly relevant in recent years due to their high potency. However, the chemical structure of this group of drugs poses a hurdle to their delivery, caused by the negative charge, membrane impermeability and instability. For example, siRNA to reduce tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion to reduce inflammatory signals has been successfully delivered by inhalation. In order to increase the effect of the treatment, a co-transport of another anti-inflammatory ingredient was applied. Combining curcumin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles in nanostructured cylindrical microparticles stabilized by the layer-by-layer technique using polyanionic siRNA against TNF-α was used for demonstration. This system showed aerodynamic properties suited for lung deposition (mass median aerodynamic diameter of 2.85 ± 0.44 µm). Furthermore, these inhalable carriers showed no acute in vitro toxicity tested in both alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages up to 48 h incubation. Ultimately, TNF-α release was significantly reduced by the particles, showing an improved activity co-delivering both drugs using such a drug-delivery system for specific inhibition of TNF-α in the lungs.

The effects of lemon verbena extract and hydrolyzed collagen supplementation, either alone or in combination, on subjects with mild arthritis of the knee joints

Background Extracts of lemon verbena have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and may represent a safe nutritional alternative to improve joint health and mobility in subjects with osteoarthritis. Previous research has shown that the administration of 10 grams of collagen hydrolysate per day for at least 3 months has a beneficial impact on pain symptoms and joint function. This study examined the impact of administering low-dose hydrolyzed collagen (HC), standardized lemon verbena extract (LV), and a combination of both ingredients (LV+HC) on joint health in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study in volunteers with mild arthritis of the knee joints was performed. Subjects either received 5 g of HC (Fortigel, Gelita AG, Eberbach, Germany, n = 20), 1 g of LV (Lemon verbena extract, standardized to 10% anoxymins, n = 18), 1 g of LV plus 5 g of HC (LV+HC, n = 20) or placebo (PLA, 5 g microcrystalline cellulose, n = 17) for a period of six month. Treatment effects on perceived pain and functionality were evaluated at weeks 0 (pre-test), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 (post-test) using the Lequesne index, in addition to a weekly assessment by the WOMAC Index. Results The Lequesne score-difference index showed faster significant improvements (p<0.05) in the LV and LV+HC groups (week 6) in comparison to HC (week 9) and PLA (week 18) and higher individual responder rates (defined as score difference ≥3.5 compared to baseline), reaching 70% at the end of study for the LV+HC group, compared to 38% for LV and 64% for HC. The LV+HC group showed greater improvements in mobility and knee-function in comparison to the individual ingredients (LV+HC 37%, LV 26%, HC 28%). The faster onset of beneficial effects in the LV+HC group was confirmed by the WOMAC index. Conclusion: Supplementation of HC, LV or a combination of LV and HC can significantly improve parameters of pain and functionality in subjects with mild arthritis of knee joint. Combining HC with an anti-inflammatory ingredient might increase the responder rate and decrease the time needed for the onset of the beneficial effects.