Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Methanolic Extract of Mangifera Indica Leaves on Inflammed Rats in Comparison to Indomethacin

In the context of inflammation and immunity, there are fragmented and observational studies relating the pharmacological effects of Mangifera indica leaves and its main active componentmangiferin. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of this leaf extract (MIE) in comparison to Indomethacin on inflammed rats. The methanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves in different doses, Indomethacin and normal saline were orally administrated in experimental and control groups of rats. Then acute inflammation was induced by administration of 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan in sterile saline solution into the sub-plantar surface of the right hind paw of each rat. Anteroposterior diameter of rat paw oedema was measured at 0 hour and at the end of 3 hours of Carrageenan injection. In the group treated with higher dose of methanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves, acute inflammation in rats was improved significantly. But in the group treated with lower dose acute inflammation was not improved significantly in comparison to Indomethacin administered group. The methanolic extract of Mangifera indica (MEMI) leaves has potential health benefits as it showed dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The mangiferin in the MEMI leaves inhibits COX 2 enzyme and exerts the anti-inflammatory effects. Mugda Med Coll J. 2024; 7(1): 26-33

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauwofia vomitera Leaves (MERVL) Using In-vivo Based Assays

Background of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021. Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 ± 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 ± 11.43) and Tannin (1466 ± 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 ± 4.21) Glycoside (315 ± 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 ± 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 ± 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 ± 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively. Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.

Membrane Stabilization, PhospholipaseA2, Albumin Denaturation, Protease Inhibition, as Viable Mechanisms for the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel Leaves

Background: The body uses inflammation as a defence mechanism to eliminate harmful stimuli like germs, damaged cells, or irritants and to initiate the healing process. However, the ongoing discovery of several medicinal plants and the testing of their bioactivity to produce information that will assist doctors and patients in making informed decisions prior to employing them have established.
 Aims: The study valuate the phosphatelipase A2, membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation, protease inhibition, and platelete aggregation activities as viable mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel leaf (MERVL).
 Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the phosphate lipaseA2, membrane stabilization model, albumin denaturation, protease inhibitor, assay.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021.
 Results: MERVL inhibited hypotonicity-induced haemolysis by 27.14, 41.10 and 65.70%, at the concentration of 0.4, 0.8 and, 1.0 mg/mL respectively.The highest percentage of inhibition (67.70%) was noticed at the highest concentration of the MERVL. These results were almost analogous to the standard drug (indometacin) used as it exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation. Protease activity was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at all concentrations which follow the similar tendency as standard drug used. The results showed that MERVL has anti-inflammatory activities.

Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Docking Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark on Acetic acid-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disorder that involves inflammation. This study was carried out to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of the methanol extract of Brideliaferrugineastem barkinAcetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis inmaleWistarrats. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 4 animals each, colitis was thereafter induced by intrarectal administration of4% (v/v)Aceticacidin all except group 1, which received distilled water. For post-colitis induction treatment group 2 received distilled water, groups 3, 4 and 5 were orally administeredthe extract at doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively while group 6 received sulfasalazine 500mg/kg orally.Post colitis induction, treatment lasted for 7 days and at the end of the experiment, colon samples were collected for estimation of antioxidant, inflammatory and histological parameters. Molecular docking study was also carried out to gain more insights about the promising anti-inflammatory compounds earlier identified in the extract.Results revealed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) attenuated the increased MDA, nitrite,TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Activities of SOD, CAT, MPO and GSH levelswere also, significantly (p<0.05) increased. Furthermore, molecular docking study revealed that α-amyrin may have contributed significantly to the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract because of its remarkable binding affinity for IL-6, iNOS, IL1-β,TNF-α and COX-2 relative to prednisolone and celecoxib. This study suggests that the extract attenuated acetic acid-induced colitis via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. .

Effect of bhavitha churna of Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn. Urban) in Hyperuricemia associated with Gouty arthritis of elbow joints - A case report

Hyperuricemia is a condition caused by inadequate protein metabolism resulting exceed of serum uric acid level. According to a recent survey, hyperuricemia affects 28.94% of people worldwide. Treatment of hyperuricemia is typically based on long-term administration of hypouricemic modern medications, which can lead to additional complications. Hyperuricemia can be referred as Amaja roga in Ayurveda. To correct metabolism through treatment with an efficient, treatable, and safe Ayurvedic drug is preferable because Ayurveda places a high value on understanding metabolic disorders. Previous studies has reported hypouricemic activity of leaf and anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of whole plant of Centella asiatica Linn. Urban. A clinical case of hyperuricemia with arthritis involving both the elbow joints along with right toe and ankle joint is being presented for the effect of bhavitha churna (processed powder) of whole plant of the drug Mandukaparni. Medicine was given at a dose of 2gm/day in the capsule form (2 capsules twice a day - 500mg/capsule). Bhavana involves churna being processed with liquid extracts to boost its potency. The treatment was conducted for three months along with one month follow-up without medicine. After the treatment, there was reduction in symptoms as patient reported with mild pain and no more swelling, tenderness and stiffness. Serum uric acid level was also reduced up to the upper limit of its normal range.

Vitex trifolia L. modulates inflammatory mediators via down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in experimental rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceVitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia L.), commonly known as the three-leaved chaste tree, is extensively employed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat various conditions associated with inflammation. Aim of the studyThe present study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of V. trifolia L. in carrageenan (CA)-induced acute inflammation in experimental rats. Materials and methodsCA-induced rat paw edema model was adopted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract from leaves of V. trifolia L. (VTME) in vivo. Leukocyte infiltration into the site of inflammation was determined by histopathological analysis. Further, the effect of VTME on CA-induced local and systemic levels of specific cytokines was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, its impact on the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) was analyzed by employing the western blotting technique. ResultsVTME at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited the paw edema induced by CA (p < 0.05) and effectively reduced the inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. Further, VTME markedly inhibited the CA-induced levels of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in tissue, and that of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2/C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)3 and CINC-3/CXCL2 in tissue as well as in serum. On the other hand, VTME significantly upregulated the tissue concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, VTME significantly attenuated the CA-induced IκBα degradation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the potent anti-inflammatory effect of V. trifolia L. in vivo, providing insight into its molecular mechanism, which is mediated through down-regulation of NF-κB signal transduction.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel of Alhagi Camelorum with its Anti-inflammatory Activity

This paper emphasizes the anti-inflammatory effects of Alhagi Camelorum. Most of the diseases are caused by a continuous swelling, including cancer. There is hence a need to neutralize inflammation. A. Camelorum, a medicinal plant, has been historically utilized as a remedy in Ayurveda and other systems of folk medicine. Thus, several techniques were utilized by Wister rats to examine A. Camelorum anti-inflammatory properties. The plant material was crushed into a coarse powder in a grinder after drying and stored at a room temperature for further investigation. The powdered plant material of A. Camelorum was subjected to successive solvent extraction (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) in soxlet extraction method. Different extracts were analyzed using a traditional procedure to evaluate the various physicochemical properties. The HPTLC report is included to the file. It was discovered that the methanol and chloroform drug extract contained flavonoids (good anti-inflammatory properties) when quercetine was used as a marker. Topical gel of methanol and chloroform drug extract of A. Camelorum were prepared with Carbopol 934, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose. These gel formers have been created, tested, and gel chosen, which showed good propagation and consistency, to get the right consistency of the gel formulation. Gel containing methanol drug extract FM2 and FM10 formulation showed highest in-vitro release which were selected and subjected to carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Our study reveals the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of A. Camelorum were found to be significant.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract, Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Butanol Fraction of Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav is a traditional Indonesian plant that is empirically used to treat various diseases. Several studies have stated that Piper crocatum leaves extract has anti-inflammatory effects. Piper crocatum leaves contain different secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin-polyphenols, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper crocatum leaves extract and fraction on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Piper crocatum leaves (MEPC), n-hexane fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (HFPC), ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (EAFPC), and n-butanol fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (BFPC) against RAW 264 cell macrophages, 7 Lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS). Extraction of Piper crocatum leaves was the maceration method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method in the concentration range of 12.5;25;50;100;200 ug/ mL. The anti-inflammatory effects of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC and BFPC were tested against nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. NO levels were determined by the NO Colorimetric Assay Kit as measured by the ELISA plate reader. The viability test of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC from Piper crocatum leaves showed the concentrations that gave the percentage of viability above 80% were concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 g/mL. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC at concentrations of 100, 50, 25 μg/mL could significantly inhibit NO production with p<0.05 (p=0.000). The highest NO production inhibition effect was on EAFPC. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC have antiinflammatory effects, with the highest effect on EAFPC.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.) and Racomitrium Moss (Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid.) Growing in Korea.

Bryophytes contain a variety of bioactive metabolites, but studies about the anti-inflammatory effect of bryophytes are meager. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Marchantia polymorpha L. (liverwort) and Racomitrium canescens (Racomitrium moss) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HaCaT cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of liverwort and Racomitrium moss, the levels of nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced HaCaT cells were measured. The methanol extract of liverwort and Racomitrium moss significantly decreased LPS-induced NO production in HaCaT cells. When compared with Racomitrium moss extract, pre-treatment with methanol extract of liverwort markedly inhibited the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β at the concentration of 100 µg/mL with the exception of TNF-α. Further, liverwort extract markedly attenuated the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the culture medium. In addition, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions obtained from the methanol extract of liverwort showed remarkable inhibitory activity against the production of NO in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells. The LC-MS data revealed the presence of bisbibenzyl types of bioactive components in the methanol extract of liverwort. These data demonstrate that liverwort extract exhibits effective inhibitory activity against the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced HaCaT cells and may be useful for the treatment of inflammation-mediated diseases.

In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Marrubium vulgare L. and Marrubium deserti de Noé Species Growing in Algeria

Marrubium vulgareL. andMarrubium desertide Noé have been widely used by the local population for wound healing and disinfection. The arial parts of both species were reported to relieve pain and inflammation. However, insufficient data in the literature supports the traditional use of these species. For this, the present study investigated the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts prepared fromMarrubium vulgareL. andMarrubium desertileaves in order to confirm their traditional use. The total phenolic and flavonoids content were also measured by Folin– Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. And the anti-inflammatory activity was tested using several in vivo models including: xylene ear edema test, paw edema induced by carrageenan assay and anti-pleuritic test. The results showed that methanol extracts prepared from both species contain many secondary metabolites known for their interesting biological activities. Crude extracts had high levels of polyphenols (195 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g extract; 184 ± 0.78 mg GAE/mg of extract) and flavonoids (93.12 ± 0.17 mg QE/g extract; 28.48 ± 0.40 μg QE/mg of extract) forMarrubium vulgareandMarrubium deserti, respectively. The assessment of anti-inflammatory activity showed that the oral administration of MeOHE at a dose of 200 mg/kg to rats treated with carrageenan causes a significant decrease (87.3 ± 0.25%; 86.4%) of inflammation compared with standard diclofenac (positive control) which showed 85.52 ± 0.47% of protection. In the xylene ear edema test and antipleuretic assay, MeOHE showed significant antiinflammatory activity. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the speciesMarrubium vulgareandMarrubium desertihave potent in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and could constitute an important source of therapeutic agents. However, further biological investigations are required in order to elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Mollugo cerviana Methanolic Extract in LPS-induced Acute Inflammatory RAW 264.7 Macrophages.

The management of acute inflammation, which arises from complex biological responses to harmful stimuli, is an important determinant in the recovery from an otherwise detrimental outcome such as septicemia. However, the side effects and limitations of current therapeutics necessitate the development of newer and safer alternatives. Mollugo cerviana is a common medicinal herb of the Indian subcontinent and has been traditionally used for its fever mitigating anti-microbial and hepatoprotective action. We have already reported the rich presence of radical scavenging phytochemicals in the plant extracts and their strong antioxidant properties. In the present study, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract (ME) of the areal parts of M. cerviana in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammatory cell culture model. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells were stimulated by the bacterial endotoxin LPS at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potential of ME were carried out. The concentration of M. cerviana extract up to 150 μg/ml was found to be non-toxic to cells (MTT and NRU assay). LPS induces acute inflammation by binding to TLR-4 receptors, initiating a downstream signalling cascade that results in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Extract treatment at 100 μg/ml suppressed LPS-induced gene expression (qPCR) and secretion (ELISA) of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and the chemokine CCL2, leading to dampening of the acute inflammatory cascade. LPS-induced elevation of ROS level (DCFDA method) was significantly reduced by extract treatment. Nitric oxide production, as indicated by nitrite level, was significantly reduced post extract treatment. This study demonstrated that M. cerviana methanolic extract has a potent antiinflammatory effect in the in vitro acute inflammation model of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. There is no reported study so far on the anti-inflammatory properties of M. cerviana in an LPSinduced acute inflammatory model, which closely mimics a human bacteremia response. Hence, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of this extract as a source of anti-inflammatory lead molecules.

Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extracts from the Antarctic lichen, Amandinea sp. in LPS-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish

The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of an extracts isolated from the lichen. Amandinea sp. was collected from the Antarctic and extracted with methanol. The basic screening of the anti-inflammatory property of the extracts was done using the NO assay. The extracts showed very little cytotoxicity, and reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and inflammatory mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The extracts also reduced the cytosolic p-IκB-α level and the level of the nuclear factor p65. We examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts using zebrafish in vivo. The extracts reduced the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-induced zebrafish larvae and inhibited the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in a tail-cutting induced model. These results are similar to those obtained in vitro with RAW 264.7 cells. Collectively, the data suggest that the extracts may contain one of more compounds with anti-inflammatory effects. Further studies are required to identify the candidate compound/s and to understand the mechanism of action of the extract.

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Limnophila repens (Benth.).

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of Limnophila repens (MELR) were assessed at 200 and 400 mg/kg. In carrageenan-mediated paw edema, the anti-inflammatory effect of MELR was investigated and analgesic activity was assessed by central and peripheral models. MELR had strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects at different dosages (200 and 400 mg/kg). The study results confirmed the use of Limnophila as both an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects can be caused by anabolic steroids, i.e. β-sitosterol and stigmasterol; and flavonoids, i.e. quercetin and glycosides, in the extraction of some kind of inflamed arbitrators. Based on the study, we can conclude that Limnophila repens had analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition to organic studies, however, additional phytochemicals are required to evaluate the extra energetic chemicals responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.

The effect of Pogostemon auricularius fractions and its compounds on some proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract Background In Vietnam and in other Asian countries, the above-ground parts of Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. (Lamiaeae), having a different range of ethnopharmacological traditions, are used as a natural cure with antiseptic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study pointed out the anti-inflammatory effects of some fractions and isolated compounds from P. auricularius. Aim This study aims to examining the anti-inflammatory effects of certain fractions and isolated compounds from P. auricularius by measuring various pro-inflammatory factors production. Methods The anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions, as well as Pogostemins A-C, and Pogostemon A-C isolated from above-ground parts of P. auricularius were ascertained by measuring the quantity of pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results The fractions of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane displayed significant activity contrary to the production of nitric oxide (NO) having IC50 values of 25.28 and 28.68 µg/mL, respectively. The new compound, pogostemin C, had the strongest inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 1.36 µg/mL. Besides, pogostemin C displayed the ability to decrease pro-inflammatory TNF-α and increase anti-inflammatory IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion This study reveals that the fractions and pogostemin C extracted from the above-ground parts of P. auricularius can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α, whereas activate anti-inflammatory IL-10 production, thereby explaining the ethnopharmacological traditions of this herb.

Evaluation of the Activity of Leea Indica Merrill in Inflammatory Bowel Disease using Experimental Models

Leea indica is traditionally well-known for its versatile uses. The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of methanolic extract of Leea Indica on DNBS (2, 4 dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Adult Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150-200 g were selected. Thirty animals were randomly divided into 5 groups each consisting of 6 animals. The period of experiment was of 12 days. Animals of Group I, Group-III, Group-IV &amp; Group-V were given water, methanolic extract of Leea indica (200mg/kg &amp; 400mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg body weight) respectively once a day orally for 1st to 7th days. On 8th day of the study, DNBS solution (30 mg dissolved in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol) was administered intrarectally to induce IBD in animals of Group-II to V, on same day &amp; no treatment was given. Then from 9th to 11th day, they were again given treatment. On 12th day, blood was collected from all animals and sacrificed and dissected to isolate colon. Finally, macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical studies were carried out. At all the two doses, the methanolic extract of Leea Indica showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models. Results obtained in this study substantiate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Leea Indica roots.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia retusa in Mice.

Plants provide an alternative source to manage different human disorders due to various metabolites. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia retusa and to evaluate their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. The phytochemical results obtained by HPLC and by chemical assay reactions have revealed the richness of the methanolic extract of E. retusa in active compounds, in particular polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. The methanolic extract shows significant antioxidant activities in vitro, in the DPPH and the FRAP assays. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid and hot-plate models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema. Oral pretreatment with the methanolic extract of E. retusa (200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant inhibition of pain induced either by acetic acid or by the heating plate and in a manner comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. E. retusa significantly reduced paw edema starting from the 3rd hour after carrageenan administration by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in liver and paw tissues and decreasing the levels of MDA. These results may confirm the interesting potential of this plant as a treatment of various inflammatory and pain diseases.

Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir.: Chemical characterization, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C. B. Clarke) Munir is native as well as endemic to South India. Its leaves are used in folklore medicine to treat pain and rheumatism. ObjectiveThis study was aimed to investigate the chemical characterization, anti-nociceptive and mode of action underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of S. involucrata leaves (MESi). MethodsPhytoconstituents of MESi was analyzed using colorimetric and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, and the oral acute toxicity was evaluated in mice up to 2000 mg/kg. The anti-nociceptive effect was evaluated in hot plate and writhing tests; whereas the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using carrageenan, cotton pellet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis models at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Additionally nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines levels were also evaluated. ResultsMESi exhibited the high content of phenolics and flavonoids as well as compounds like austricine, benzylglucosinolate, gossypin, justicidin B and cirsimarin were detected in LC-MS. In the acute toxicity study, oral administration of MESi did not cause any toxic effect and mortality up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in mice. In the anti-nociceptive tests, MESi augmented the latency period at higher dose (400 mg/kg), on the other hand attenuated writhings at the dose of 400 mg/kg by 87.87% (p < 0.001). In the carrageenan induced paw oedema MESi significantly inhibited the oedema formation at dose 400 mg/kg by 32.1%; besides, anti-inflammatory effect was registered in the cotton pellets-induced inflammation model at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg by 27.09% (p < 0.001) and 35.47% (p < 0.001) respectively. On the other hand, MESi appreciably reduced leukocyte, neutrophils infiltration, nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-1β levels and increased the IL-10 level in the (LPS)-induced peritonitis model. ConclusionThe results conclude that MESi has no acute toxic effect and it demonstrated potent anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Its anti-nociceptive activities are probably mediated through peripheral and central mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory effect of MESi involved the inhibition of neutrophils migration and the modulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, besides the attenuation of production of PGE2 and NO. LC-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of the austricine, benzylglucosinolate, gossypin, justicidin B and cirsimarin compounds, which are possibly involved in the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of MESi. The current study provided supportive evidence for the folklore use of S. involucrata in the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p <0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora foetida L. in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae), a perennial climber in general, is used for treating many ailments in conventional medicine. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extracts of P.foetida L. (PFME) and the involvement of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling in the regulation of inflammation were investigated. PFME prevented the production of prostaglandinE2 (PGE2) and the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage cells. Additionally, PFME reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) was suppressed by PFME. Furthermore, PFME inhibited the NF-κB activation induced by LPS, which was associated with nuclear p65 levels with the abrogation of IκBα degradation and subsequent decreases. These results indicated that the PFME inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory and oxidative responses. Therefore, we propose that the PFME may be therapeutic for treating inflammatory diseases.

Rotula aquatica Lour attenuates secretion of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Rotula aquatica belongs to the family Boraginaceae, and is reported to contain baunerol, steroids and alkaloids. In Ayurveda, R. aquatica has been used for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, treatment of piles, venereal disease, and cancer. The current study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of R. aquatica (MERA) in RAW 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of MERA was analyzed by MTT assay. The total cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity, myeloperoxidase activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, nitrate level and reactive oxygen species production were studied in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The gene level expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also evaluated in this study. The MERA did not show any cytotoxicity at different concentrations (6.25-100µg/ml). MERA (100μg/ml) inhibited total COX and 5-LOX activity at 50.53 and 62.03%, respectively, besides significantly (p<0.05) diminished nitrate and ROS generation, when compared with LPS control. Moreover, MERA down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inflammatory marker genes like TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 against LPS stimulation. Our results demonstrate that MERA is able to attenuate inflammatory response, possibly via ROS and NO suppression, inhibiting the production of arachidonic acid metabolites and modulation of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines release.