Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

The Phytochemical Constituents, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of <i>Jatropha curcas</i> leaves in Mice and Wister albino rats.

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Jatropha curcas were investigated in mice and rats respectively. The phytochemical screening of the extract was also carried out. The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid – induced writhing test in mice. While the anti- inflammatoryactivity was determined by egg albumin – induced oedema of the rat paw. Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures. Jatropha curcas leaf extract (10-80mg/kg) caused a statistically significant inhibition on the egg albumin – induced eodema or inflammation in Wister albino rats with P < 0.001 (ANOVA). This effect was comparable to the observed effect with Piroxicam (0.5mg/kg) which was used as a standard. The effect was also dose- dependent. Furthermore, Jatropha curcas extract caused a statistically significant reduction in the number of acetic acid- induced writhing in mice, with P < 0.001 (ANOVA). These effects were also dose- dependent andcomparable to the analgesic effects obtained with paracetamol which was used as a reference drug. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids Alkaloids, tannins and saponins in Jatropha curcas leaf extract. Jatropha curcas can be recommended for acute inflammatory disorders and diseases associated with pains. This also supports its use traditionally as an anti-snake bite, rheumatism and anti- cancer or anti-tumoragent. Further study is on the way to find out the mechanism of its action and also to isolate, identify and characterize the active agent responsible for these effects in this plant.

Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Patrinia scabiosaefolia in mice with ulcerative colitis

Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch is used in folk medicines to treat intestinal abscesses, acute appendicitis, and dysentery in Asia. Although recent reports indicate that Patrinia scabiosaefolia has sedative and anti-tumor effects, its effects on ulcerative colitis have not been previously explored. To determine the effects and the mode of action of the methanol extract of the roots of Patrinia scabiosaefolia (PME) on a model of colitis in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). We induced colitis using DSS in 5-week-ICR mice over 7 days and estimated disease activity index (DAI), which took into account body weight, stool consistency, gross bleeding, and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) accumulation. Colon lengths and spleen weights were measured. Histological changes were observed by H&E staining. Pro-inflammatory mediators, namely, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined using Griess assays, immunoassays, and by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. PME significantly attenuated DSS-induced DAI scores and tissue MPO accumulation, which implied that it suppressed weight loss, diarrhea, gross bleeding, and the infiltrations of immune cells. PME administration also effectively and dose-dependently prevented shortening of colon length and enlargement of spleen size. Histological examinations indicated that PME suppressed edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS. Furthermore, PME inhibited the abnormal secretions and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results suggest that PME has an anti-inflammatory effect at colorectal sites that is due to the down-regulations of the productions and expressions of inflammatory mediators, and that it may have therapeutic value in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extracts of the root of Lilium lancifolium on LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells

Aim of the study Lilium lancifolium is commonly used to treat bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extracts of the root of Lilium lancifolium (LL extracts) in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Material and methods Levels of NO, PGE 2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the supernatant fraction were determined using sandwich ELISA. Expression of COX-2 and iNOS, phosphorylation of MAPK subgroups (ERK and JNK), and NF-κB activation in extracts were detected via Western blot and immunocytochemistry assays. Results The LL extract significantly inhibited NO, PGE 2, IL-6 and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated cells, and suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression. A mechanism-based study showed that phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK and translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit into nuclei were inhibited by the LL extract. Furthermore, interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 production in Con A-induced splenocytes was suppressed. Conclusion These results indicate that anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extracts from Lilium lancifolium are due to downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 via suppression of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation as well as blocking of ERK and JNK signaling in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Methanol Extract from Anthocephalus cadamba Stem Bark in Animal Models

Background: Anthocephalus cadamba (Rebox) Miq. (Rubiaceae) is widely distributed throughout the greater part of India, especially at low levels in wet place. Traditionally the bark is used as tonic, febrifuge and to reduce the pain and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract obtained from Anthocephalus cadamba aerial parts, MEAC, were investigated in this study. Design and methods: The effects of MEAC on the acute and chronic phases of inflammation were studied in carrageenan, dextran and mediators (histamine and serotonin) induced paw edema and cotton pallet-induced granuloma, respectively. The anti-edema effect of MEAC was compared with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin orally. Results: The results suggested that MEAC possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. The acute inflammatory model showed that all the doses of MEAC effectively suppressed the edema produced by histamine, so it may be suggested that its anti-inflammatory activity is possibly backed by its antihistaminic activity. In chronic inflammatory model the effect may be due to the cellular migration to injured sites and accumulation of collagen and mucopolysaccharide. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, it may be inferred that Anthocephalus cadamba is an anti-inflammatory agent and the results are in agreement with its traditional use.

Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Keum-Ryung-Ja-San in mouse macrophages

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine whether methanol extract of Keum-Ryung-Ja-San (KRJS) inhibit production of NO, , iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and nuclear NF- p65 expression were detected by western blot. Results : Our results indicated that methanol extract of KRJS significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-, IL- and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, methanol extract of KRJS treatment also blocked LPS-induced NF- activation. Conclusion : These findings indicate that methanol extract of KRJS inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines via suppression of NF- activation. Take together, these results indicate that methanol extract of KRJS has the potential for use as an agent of anti-chronic inflammatory diseases.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Methanolic Extract from Radix Isatidis in Murine Macrophages and Mice

Radix Isatidis is the dried root of the plant Isatidis indigotica Fort (family Cruciferae) and traditionally used as an anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-endotoxic, and immune regulatory agent in the folk medicine of Korea and China. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of Radix Isatidis (RIME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages and in a TPA-induced ear edema animal model. Anti-inflammatory effects of RIME were examined in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In order to investigate the effects of RIME in vivo, activation of myeloperoxidase, and histological assessment were examined in the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model. RIME significantly inhibited the release from macrophages of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E(2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Topical administration of RIME at 1-5 mg/ear resulted in reduction of ear inflammation in mice. Thus, our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of RIME involve decreased production of inflammatory mediators, which suggests that RIME may have therapeutic potential in a variety of inflammation-related diseases.

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves.

Bambusa vulgaris, commonly known as “Bamboo,” possesses various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory activity. The present study is designed to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of B. vulgaris (MEBV) on rats and mice. The anti-inflammatory effect is investigated employing acute inflammatory models: formaldehyde-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, subacute anti-inflammatory model: cotton pellet granuloma, estimation of plasma MDA and carrageenan-induced peritonitis. MEBV (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) exhibited a dose-dependent and significant inhibition (P <0.01) in all the experimental models. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, and alkaloids. The extract produces no mortality in the dose up to 2000 mg/kg, p.o. The results obtained suggest marked anti-inflammatory activity of the MEBV and support the traditional use of this plant in some painful and inflammatory conditions. Key words: Bambusa vulgaris, poaceae, vascular permeability, granuloma, peritonitis, edema

Anti-Diarrhoeal and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract of Guiera senegalensis Leaves in Rodents

Objective: To investigate if the methanolic extract of Guiera senegalensis leaves actually possesses any anti-diarrhoeal and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents. Methods: The anti-diarrhoeal effect of extract (250 -750 mg/kg; p.o.), on intestinal propulsion in unanaesthetized rats was tested using charcoal meal method, castor oil-induced diarrhoea and fluid accumulation respectively. Its anti-inflammatory property was also investigated in carrageenin - induced rat hindpaw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing in mice as well as indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The extract effects were compared with standard drugs (atropine, 1.0 mg/kg; yohimbine, 1.0 mg/kg; diphenoxylate, 5.0 mg/kg and cimetidine, 100.0 mg/kg respectively). Results: The extract (250 -750 mg/ kg) dose-dependently, reduced significantly (p< 0.01 - 0.001) the intestinal propulsive movement, castor oil-induced diarrhoea and intestinal fluid accumulation. Similarly, it also reduced indomethacin-induced ulceration, carrageenin-induced inflammation and acetic acid- induced writhing in mice. These effects were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results indicate that the observed anti-diarrhoeal and anti- inflammatory effects might in part be due to I± 2 - adrenoceptor stimulation, possession of anticholinergic properties, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as well as improvement of microcirculation.

Anti-inflammatory activity of extract and fractions from Nepeta sibthorpii Bentham

Several species of Nepeta genus are utilized in folk medicine for treatment of contusions, rheumatic pains, fever, cutaneous eruptions. Some species are employed for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this paper, we report the results of phytochemical studies on aerial parts of Nepeta sibthorpii Bentham (Lamiaceae), an endemic plant of Greece. The bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract led to the isolation of ursolic acid and polyphenol fraction. By HPLC, we determined some phenolics: chlorogenic acid (0.315 mg/g) and the flavonoids rutin (0.091 mg/g), luteolin-7- O-glucoside (0.387 mg/g) and a luteolin derivative. We assayed the radical scavenging activity of Nepeta sibthorpii methanol extract by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Moreover, we studied the anti-inflammatory activity of Nepeta sibthorpii methanol extract (50 mg/kg, os), ursolic acid and polyphenol fraction (dose corresponding to 50 mg/kg of methanol extract, os) in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rat. In this experimental model, we observed a significant inhibition of paw oedema. We suppose that the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract could be related to the free radical scavenging activity and that it depends on a synergic action of all the components of the methanol extract, even if ursolic acid can be considered the main responsible for this activity.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root in rodents

The effect of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens was investigated on chemical, thermal-induced pain as well as fresh egg albumin-induced inflammation and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion in rodents. The extract dose-dependently (0.25–1.5 g/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain licking and hot plate-induced pain in mice. The extract significantly inhibited both the fresh egg albumin-induced inflammation in rats as well as PTZ-induced convulsion in mice. These inhibitions were statistically significant ( P<0.02–0.001). It increased the latencies of both clonic and tonic convulsions and delayed their mortalities. Its ability to reduce both neurogenic and non-neurogenic pains may be related to its active constituents such as tannins, saponins, steroid and flavonoids.

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene isolated from Bidens pilosa L.

The immunomodulatory effect of the methanolic extract obtained from dried leaves of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and the polyacetylene 2-O-β-d-glucosyltrideca-11E-en-3,5,7,9-tetrayn-1,2-diol (PA-1) isolated from it was investigated. The extract inhibited the proliferative response in two in vitro models: human lymphocytes stimulated by 5 μg ml−1 phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or to 100 nM 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) plus 0.15 μM ionomycin and murine lymphocytes stimulated by 5 μg ml−1 concanavalin A (Con A) or in the mixed leukocyte reaction (IC50=12.5 to 25 μg ml−1). PA-1 was 10-fold more potent than the original extract in blocking both human and murine lymphocyte proliferation (IC50=1.25 to 2.5 μg ml−1). In mice, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of methanolic extract of B. pilosa significantly reduced the size of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) after the inflammation induced by zymosan. One week after the injection of zymosan (150 μg) in the foot pad, PLN weighed 4.6±0.6 mg in comparison with 0.5±0.07 mg of the contralateral non-inflamed foot pad. The i.p. treatment with 10 mg extract from day 2 to day 6 after zymosan injection reduced the PLN weight to 1.8±0.3 mg. The data suggest an immunosuppressive activity of components of B. pilosa that may explain its popularly perceived anti-inflammatory effect.

Antiinflammatory effect of mace, aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt., and its active principles.

Mace which is the aril of the fruit of Myristica fragrans HOUTT, has been used in Indonesian folk medicine as aromatic stomachics, analgesics, a medicine for rheumatism, etc. The present study was carried out to elucidate the antiinflammatory effect of methanol extract obtained from Mace and its active principles. The methanol extract was extracted with ether, and then the ether soluble fraction was extracted with n-hexane. The n-hexane soluble fraction was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography (Fr-l-Fr-V), and the active principle was isolated from Fr-II by thin layer chromatography (Fr-VI-Fr-VII). The antiinflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. All fractions and indomethacin were suspended in 2% C.M.C. solution and administered p.o. The methanol extract (1.5 g/kg), ether fraction (0.9 g/kg), n-hexane fraction (0.5 g/kg), Fr-II (0.19 g/kg) and Fr-VI (0.17 g/kg) showed a lasting antiinflammatory activity, and the potencies of these fractions were approximately the same as that of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). Fr-VI was determined to be myristicin. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory action of Mace is due to the myristicin that it contains.

Antiinflammatory Effect of Mace, Aril of Myristica fragrans HOUTT., and Its Active Principles

Mace which is the aril of the fruit of Myristica fragrans HOUTT. has been used in Indonesian folk medicine as aromatic stomachics, analgesics, a medicine for rheumatism, etc. The present study was carried out to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract obtained from Mace and its active principles. The methanol extract was extracted with ether, and then the ether soluble fraction was extracted with n-hexane. The n-hexane soluble fraction was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography (Fr-I-Fr-V), and the active principle was isolated from Fr-II by thin layer chromatography (Fr-VI-Fr-VII). The anti-inflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. All fractions and indomethacin were suspended in 2% C.M.C. solution and administered p.o. The methanol extract (1.5 g/kg), ether fraction (0.9 g/kg), n-hexane fraction (0.5 g/kg), Fr-II (0.19 g/kg) and Fr-VI (0.17 g/kg) showed a lasting antiinflammatory activity, and the potencies of these fractions were approximately the same as that of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). Fr-VI was determined to be myristicin. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory action of Mace is due to the myristicin that it contains.