Anthelmintic Activity Research Articles

Green synthesis and anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles using Morus Alba Fruit extract against different stages of equine strongyles.

The current study was designed to green synthesize silver nanoparticles (GRAgNPs) using Morus alba fruit extract and evaluate their nematicidal effects against strongyle nematodes compared to commercial silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) in vitro. The nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet-visual absorption spectrography, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Next, uptake of AgNPs by the first stage larvae (L1), egg hatch inhibition (EHI) and the motility of infectious larvae (L3s), and the ultrastructural analysis of the eggs and worms were conducted. Moreover, some of oxidative/nitrosative stress indicators, including total antioxidant status content (TAC), protein carbonylation (PCO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and DNA damage were assessed in the homogenized samples of strongyle L3s. We found that the GRAgNPs had spherical shape, 20-30nm in diameter with rough surface. Following incubation with GRAgNPs at concentrations of 43.40, 21.70 and 10.85 ppm and CAgNPs at concentrations of 43.40 and 21.70, EHI was more than 90%. In addition, concentrations of 43.40 and 21.70 ppm of GRAgNPs led to inhibition of larval motility by more than 90%. The LC50 at 24h of treatment for GRAgNPs and CAgNPs was determined to be 8.62 and 10.34 ppm, respectively. GRAgNPs and CAgNPs, in a concentration-dependent manner, resulted in the induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress evidenced by decreased TAC levels, and increased levels of MDA and PCO, together with increased DNA damage. The uptake of AgNPs by the L1 larvae revealed that FITC labeled GRAgNPs fluoresced with high intensity largely in the intestinal area. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of eggs and larvae revealed that GRAgNPs penetrated the cuticle of larvae, changed the tegmentum, and ultimately killed the worm. In conclusion, GRAgNPs had more robust anthelminthic effects than the standard antiparasitic and CAgNPs. They could be considered as a promising antiparasitic agent.

DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOID CONTENT IN TAPAK DARA ROOT DECOCTION (CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS)

Catharanthus roseus is a plant that grows wild and is widely used by people as an ornamental plant. This plant is known to have antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anthelmintic, antineoplastic, antihyperglycemic, anticancer, antidiarrheal and antiviral activities so it is used to treat various diseases such as malaria, constipation, cancer, diuretics, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, and hypotension. This research aims to determine the levels of flavonoids in the roots of the Tapak Dara plant (Catharanthus roseus) with varying concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. The method used in this research is the dekokta method. Determination of decok flavonoid levels in the roots of the Tapak Dara plant (Catharanthus roseus) done by adding AlCl reagent3 then analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 431 nm. The average yield of Tapak Dara plant root flavonoids obtained with a concentration of 5% was 0.18±0.0015 mg/L, 10% was 0.76±0.0020 mg/L and 15% was 2.31±0.0015 mg/L. The conclusion of this study shows that the greater the sample concentration, the greater the flavonoid content.

Anthelmintic screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plants and related phytochemicals using in vitro and in silico methods: An ethnobotanical perspective

Ethnopharmacological relevanceInfections caused by parasitic worms or helminth continue to pose a great burden on human and animal health, particularly in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries where they are endemic. Current anthelmintic drugs present serious limitations and the emergence of drug resistance has made it increasingly challenging to combat such infections (helminthiases). In Bangladesh, medicinal plants are often used by indigenous communities for the treatment of helminthiases. Knowledge on such plants along with screening for their anthelmintic activity has the potential to lead to the discovery of phytochemicals that could serve as novel molecular scaffolds for the development of new anthelminthic drugs. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was i) to conduct an ethnobotanical survey to gather data on Bangladeshi medicinal plants used in the treatment of helminthiases, ii) to test plants with the highest use values for their in vitro anthelmintic activity, and iii) to carry out in silico screening on phytochemicals present in the most active plant extract to investigate their ability to disrupt β-tubulin function in helminths. MethodsThe ethnobotanical survey was conducted across three sub-districts of Bangladesh, namely Mathbaria, Phultala and Khan Jahan Ali. The in vitro screening for anthelmintic activity was performed in a motility test using adult Haemonchus contortus worms. Virtual screening using PyRx was performed on the phytochemicals reported from the most active plant, exploring their interactions with the colchicine binding site of the β-tubulin protein target (PDB ID: 1SA0). ResultsThe survey respondents reported a total of 32 plants for treating helminthiases. Based on their use values, the most popular choices were Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Carica papaya L., Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr., Curcuma longa L., Momordica charantia L., Nigella sativa L. and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. In vitro anthelmintic testing revealed that A. indica leaves and bark had the highest activity with LC50 values of 16 mg/mL in both cases. Other plant extracts also exhibited good anthelmintic activity with LC50 values ranging from 16 to 52 mg/mL, while the value for albendazole (positive control) was 8.39 mg/mL. The limonoids nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide showed a binding affinity of −8.9 kcal/mol, and satisfied all drug-likeness parameters. The control ligand N-deacetyl-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)colchicine had a binding affinity of −6.9 kcal/mol. ConclusionFurther in silico and in vitro studies are warranted on the identified limonoids to confirm the potential of these derivatives as novel drug templates for helminthiases. The current study supports the need for an ethnobotanical survey-based approach to discover novel drug templates for helminthiases.

Phyto-pharmacological Evaluation of Pimenta dioica (Linn.) Merill, Essential oil for Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial potential

Pimenta dioica (Linn.) Merill., belongs to the family Myrtaceous, has been used as a spice and is well known for its culinary as well as medicinal values. The aim of the current study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial, anthelmintic activity and phytochemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Pimenta dioica leaves. The extraction of essential oil was performed with the Clevenger apparatus, by hydro-distillation. Pimenta dioica essential oil yield was 1.03%. The GC-MS analysis of this Pimenta dioica essential oil showed that eugenol (74.72%) was the predominant component. The essential oil showed potent anthelmintic activity assay when analysed by the adult worm’s motility assay. It has shown a comparable paralysis and disintegration profile of the model organism to that of the standard drug albendazole. The essential oil was also found to be effective against common human pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum and Proteus vulgaris. It also showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. These results proved that Pimenta dioica essential oil could be used as a source of the lead molecule for developing novel anthelmintic or antimicrobial agents.

Почвенная нематода Caenorhabditis elegans как модель для изучения паразитических нематод

The free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as model organism in biological researches since middle of the 1960th. The short lifecycle, small body size, high fecundity, simplicity and cheapness of cultivation in laboratory, and safety for researchers are advantages of C. elegans as experimental model to study biology of Metazoa. The discussion about the possibility to use C. elegans as the model for parasitic nematodes started with the first mention of this nematode in scientific literature. The present article is the review of experimental studies demonstrating that in many cases substances toxic for C. elegans are also toxic for parasitic nematodes, and vice versa. This allows making a conclusion about the prospectivity to use C. elegans for initial screening for substances with nematicidal activity followed by their testing in experiments with parasitic nematodes. The possibility to use C. elegans for understanding mechanisms of nematicides action is also indisputable. On the whole one may conclude that C. elegans is a useful model both for searching new substances with anthelmintic activity and solution of the problem to overcome drug resistance of helmints.

Hybrids of imidazole with indoline derivatives: Microwave assisted synthesis, molecular docking studies, possible biological activities

A new hybrids of imidazole with Indole derivative 1-methyl-3-((1-(2-methyl-1H-Imidazole.-1yl)-methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)imino)indolin-2-one(3a-o) was prepared by microwave-assisted technique via alkylation and Schiff's and Mannich base mechanism. The chemical structures of the synthesized products were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR and Mass spectra. The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated via MTT assay technique, as well as their anthelmintic activity by utilising Indian earth warms. Most of the compounds 1-methyl-3-((1-(2-methyl-1H-Imidazole-1yl)-methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)imino)indolin-2-one demonstrated greater anthelmintic action than the other compounds. The compounds 1,5-dimethyl-3-((1-(2-methyl-1H-Imidazole-1-yl)-methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-imino)-indole-2-one and 1-benzyl-5--chloro-3-((1-((2-methyl-1H--imidazole-1-yl) methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl) imino)indolin-2-one exhibit good anticancer action. Lastly, whenever the interaction pattern and selectivity towards the EGFR activity site have been examined, the molecular docking experiments of novel indole derivatives demonstrated good alignment only with biological findings.

In vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity Evaluation of Brassica Rapa Ssp. Chinensis Ethanolic Extract with In Vitro Thrombolytic and Anthelmintic Activity Test

Objective: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis is a well-known vegetable plant (Family: Brassicaceae) often grown as a type of Chinese cabbage. The present study was designed to explore the thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of ethanolic extract of the Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis leaves. Methods: The in vitro thrombolytic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by clot analysis using Streptokinase as a standard drug. The in vitro anthelmintic activity was assessed by applying four different concentrations of the plant extract (10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, and 60mg/ml) and recording the time of paralysis and death of worms. Two different doses (100mg/kg and 250mg/kg b.w.) were administered to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by hot plate test in mice by two different doses (200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w.). Results: The ethanolic leave extract had thrombolytic action, which broke up blood clots that had already formed. The ethanolic leaf extract showed both paralysis and faster worm death at those concentrations in the anthelmintic test. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory action in pedal edema compared to the control group. The results show that the highest level of anti-inflammatory action against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema may be achieved with an ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (250 mg/kg, p.o.). The proportion of maximum possible effect in the hot plate test was 82.49 percent in the antinociceptive evaluation. Conclusion: The pharmacological test of leaf extract endorsed the clinical uses of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis in treating thrombosis, intestinal worms, and inflammation. Thus, this plant could be subjected to extensive bioactive compounds to discover novel therapeutic agents. Keywords: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, ethanolic extract, thrombolytic activity, anthelmintic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity

Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antitubercular Studies of Some New Benzimidazoles. A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach

AbstractA novel series of seventeen 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐N‐aryl acetamides derivatives 3(a–q) were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of 2‐chloro‐N‐(aryl)‐acetamides 2(a–q) with 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (1) in N,N‐Dimethylformamide. The literature indicates that the primary compound, 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (1), not only serves as a synthetic precursor but also exhibit anthelmintic, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The synthesized compounds were estimated for their structures through elemental analysis and spectral data examination. All the compounds be subjected to evaluation for their antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2920), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2901), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2810), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 5223), and antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC607). Compound 3 m, exhibit the highest antibacterial activity with a MIC value of 1.562 μg/ml against all tested bacterial strains and compound 3 k, exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.96 μg/ml. Additionally, we performed docking investigations of the most active compounds within the active binding site of the co‐crystallized structure of Glucosamine‐6‐phosphate synthase (PDB ID: 2VF5) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PDB ID: 2X22).

In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq Leaves Against Haemonchus contortus

Haemonchosis is an infection caused by the Haemonchus contortus worm, a blood-sucking gastrointestinal parasite that can also infect humans. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves have been shown to have anthelmintic activity due to the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. This study aimed to determine the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves against H. contortus. The infective H. contortus larvae were divided into six treatment groups: a 0.5% ethanol extract concentration group, a 1% ethanol extract concentration group, a 2% ethanol extract concentration group, a 4% ethanol extract concentration group, a positive control group (+), and a negative control group (-), each with four replicates. The study was conducted in six hours, with observations made at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th hours. The results showed that the death of the larvae increased with higher ethanol extract concentrations and longer exposure to the ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves. The time of death for infective H. contortus larvae given the ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves was at the 4th hour, and the effective dose of the ethanol extract as an anthelmintic was at the concentration of 0.5%. Keywords: Anthelmintic, Haemonchus contortus, Orthosiphon aristatus

A phenotypic screen of the Global Health Priority Box identifies an insecticide with anthelmintic activity

BackgroundInfection with parasitic nematodes (helminths), particularly those of the order Strongylida (such as Haemonchus contortus), can cause significant and burdensome diseases in humans and animals. Widespread drug (anthelmintic) resistance in livestock parasites, the absence of vaccines against most of these nematodes, and a lack of new and effective chemical entities on the commercial market demands the discovery of new anthelmintics. In the present study, we searched the Global Health Priority Box (Medicines for Malaria Venture) for new candidates for anthelmintic development.MethodsWe employed a whole-organism, motility-based phenotypic screening assay to identify compounds from the Global Health Priority Box with activity against larvae of the model parasite H. contortus, and the free-living comparator nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hit compounds were further validated via dose–response assays, with lead candidates then assessed for nematocidal activity against H. contortus adult worms, and additionally, for cytotoxic and mitotoxic effects on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells.ResultsThe primary screen against H. contortus and C. elegans revealed or reidentified 16 hit compounds; further validation established MMV1794206, otherwise known as ‘flufenerim’, as a significant inhibitor of H. contortus larval motility (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 18 μM) and development (IC50 = 1.2 μM), H. contortus adult female motility (100% after 12 h of incubation) and C. elegans larval motility (IC50 = 0.22 μM). Further testing on a mammalian cell line (human hepatoma HepG2 cells), however, identified flufenerim to be both cytotoxic (half-maximal cytotoxic concentration [CC50] < 0.7 μM) and mitotoxic (half-maximal mitotoxic concentration [MC50] < 0.7 μM).ConclusionsThe in vitro efficacy of MMV1794206 against the most pathogenic stages of H. contortus, as well as the free-living C. elegans, suggests the potential for development as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic compound; however, the high toxicity towards mammalian cells presents a significant hindrance. Further work should seek to establish the protein–drug interactions of MMV1794206 in a nematode model, to unravel the mechanism of action, in addition to an advanced structure–activity relationship investigation to optimise anthelmintic activity and eliminate mammalian cell toxicity.Graphical

Tegumental surface change in Paramphistomum epiclitum caused by Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seed extract

Rumen flukes, parasites of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea, are found in cattle rumen. Heavy infections can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, weight loss, and poor body condition, resulting in a decrease in milk and meat production. This study compares the tegumental surface change of Paramphistomum epiclitum as a response to ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds. Adult flukes were subjected to various concentrations of crude extracts, including 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL for 12, 18, and 24 h incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that the ethanolic extracts of both Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds caused tegumental surface changes in adult P. epiclitum. Based on the results, Bombax ceiba flower extract has anthelmintic activity, compared with black pepper seed extract, towards adult P. epiclitum due to the deformation of the tegument at lower concentrations than black pepper extract.

Evaluation of anthelminthic and antiprotozoal activity of myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) methanolic extract.

To treat and control parasitic infections, traditional medical remedies using plant products are utilized as antiparasitic agents rather than standard synthetic chemicals due to drug resistance. Myrrh, a resinous exudate of Commiphora myrrha (Burseraceae), is a powerful antioxidant with a variety of medicinal uses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the myrrh methanolic extract (MyE) of three concentrations (100, 50, and 25 mg/ml) on the sporulation of oocysts and as an anthelminthic effector via in vitro study. Characterization of the plant was done by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The earthworm, Eisenia fetida, is used as a model worm to evaluate the anthelminthic activity of MyE. Eimeria labbeana-like oocysts are used as a model protozoan parasite in anticoccidial assays. The sporulation and inhibition (%) of E. labbeana-like were assessed by MyE compared to other chemical substances. FT-IR revealed the presence of twelve active compounds. Our results showed that paralysis and death of earthworms at MyE (100 mg/ml) were 7.88 ± 0.37 and 9.24 ± 0.60 min, respectively, which is more potency when compared to mebendazole (reference drug). In all treated worms, microscopic examinations revealed obvious surface architecture abnormality. This study shows that MyE affects oocysts sporulation in a dose-dependent manner. At 24 and 36 hr, a high concentration of MyE (100 mg/ml) inhibits sporulation by 90.95 and 87.17 %. At 36 hr, other concentrations of MyE (50 and 25 mg/ml), as well as amprolium, DettolTM, and phenol inhibits oocyst sporulation by 40.17 %, 29.34 %, 45.09 %, 85.11 %, and 61.58 %, respectively. According to our research, the MyE extract had powerful anthelmintic and anticoccidial properties.

Duration of fermentation affects microbiome composition and biological activity of an Indian traditional formulation – Panchagavya

ObjectiveThis study aimed at investigating whether the duration of fermenting Panchagavya (PG) preparation in copper vessel affects its biological activity and microbiome composition. Materials and methodsProphylactic potential of PG against bacterial infection was assessed through an in vivo assay employing the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Bacterial diversity of the PG samples was revealed through metagenomic analysis. ResultsDuration of fermentation was found to affect biological activity as well as microbiome composition of the PG samples. PG-samples fermented ≥60 min lost their prophylactic potential, and develop anthelmintic activity. Bacterial phyla whose relative abundance was significantly different between the prophylactic and anthelmintic PG samples were Planctomycetota, Proteabacteria, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, Patescibacteria, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Campilobacterota. ConclusionThis study validates the prophylactic potential of Panchagavya against bacterial pathogens, and shows that duration of the fermentation time while preparing PG can have profound effect on its biological activities. Biological activities of PG samples seem to have a correlation with their inherent microbial community. Metagenomic profiling can be an effective tool for standardization of PG formulations.

Phytochemical analysis and anthelmintic activity of Combretum mucronatum leaf extract against infective larvae of soil-transmitted helminths including ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes

BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect more than a quarter of the world’s human population. In the absence of vaccines for most animal and human gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), treatment of infections primarily relies on anthelmintic drugs, while resistance is a growing threat. Therefore, there is a need to find alternatives to current anthelmintic drugs, especially those with novel modes of action. The present work aimed to study the composition and anthelmintic activity of Combretum mucronatum leaf extract (CMLE) by phytochemical analysis and larval migration inhibition assays, respectively.MethodsCombretum mucronatum leaves were defatted with petroleum ether and the residue was extracted by ethanol/water (1/1) followed by freeze-drying. The proanthocyanidins and flavonoids were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). To evaluate the inhibitory activity of this extract, larval migration assays with STH and GIN were performed. For this purpose, infective larvae of the helminths were, if necessary, exsheathed (Ancylostoma caninum, GIN) and incubated with different concentrations of CMLE.ResultsCMLE was found to be rich in flavonoids and proanthocyanidins; catechin and epicatechin were therefore quantified for standardization of the extract. Data indicate that CMLE had a significant effect on larval migration. The effect was dose-dependent and higher concentrations (1000 µg/mL) exerted significantly higher larvicidal effect (P < 0.001) compared with the negative control (1% dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) and lower concentrations (≤ 100 µg/ml). Infective larvae of Ascaris suum [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 5.5 µg/mL], Trichuris suis (IC50 = 7.4 µg/mL), and A. caninum (IC50 = 18.9 µg/mL) were more sensitive to CMLE than that of Toxocara canis (IC50 = 310.0 µg/mL), while infective larvae of Toxocara cati were largely unaffected (IC50 > 1000 µg/mL). Likewise, CMLE was active against most infective larvae of soil-transmitted ruminant GIN, except for Cooperia punctata. Trichostrongylus colubriformis was most sensitive to CMLE (IC50 = 2.1 µg/mL) followed by Cooperia oncophora (IC50 = 27.6 µg/mL), Ostertagia ostertagi (IC50 = 48.5 µg/mL), Trichostrongylus axei (IC50 = 54.7 µg/mL), Haemonchus contortus (IC50 = 145.6 µg/mL), and Cooperia curticei (IC50 = 156.6 µg/mL).ConclusionsThese results indicate that CMLE exhibits promising anthelmintic properties against infective larvae of a large variety of soil-transmitted nematodes.Graphical

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-nemathelminthic activity of selected ethnoveterinary herbal preparations used by local healers in small ruminants of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu

Small ruminants are of great significance to the Indian economy and provide living for two-thirds of the rural population. Gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants pose a significant impact on small ruminant production. Inappropriate use of synthetic anthelminthics and very limited quantity of synthetic therapeutic agents favours the risk. Natural plant products are far more diverse than synthetic therapeutic agents and many of them have historically shown to be potential in traditional medicine in the treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal helminths. The present study was conducted in view of validating the anthelminthic activity of herbal preparations used by local healers and farmers of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. The herbal preparations used by local healers and farmers that were previously documented, was assessed for its anthelminthic activity in the current study. In vitro egg hatch assay was conducted. The study revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of egg hatching. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis to evaluate the phytochemicals responsible for the activity. It was found that flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, tannins and saponins might be accountable for the activity.

A Comprehensive Review on the Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Pharmacological Properties of an Ethnomedicinal Herb, Paederia foetida

Background:: Paederia foetida L. (Family – Rubiaceae) is a common herb found available in the temperate and tropical Asia. The ethnomedicinal applications of this plant are widely elaborated In Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda, and other ancient scriptures throughout the world. Different ethnic groups use this plant in the treatment of alimentary and digestive disorders, bone related diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, bone fractures as well as in the ailments of diabetes, coughs, asthma, itches, wounds, body ache, toothache, cancer etc. Objectives:: This comprehensive review aims to provide an insightful understanding of traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties of P. foetida (from 1976 up to 2023), which may provide a foundation for further study and for the proper utilization of P. foetida resources. Methods:: Literature survey was conducted using known databases and the relevant keywords. Results:: P. foetida has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) for the treatment of dyspepsia, jaundice, pains, diarrhea and others. Several ethnic groups throughout the world used this plant to cure common health complaints namely, abdominal pain, gastritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, constipation, joint pain, etc. A total of 24 bioactive phytocompounds, such as asperuloside, paederosidic acid, sitosterols, stigmasterol, campesterol, ellagic acid, iridoids, ursolic acid, epifriedelinol, and others are reported to possess antiulcer, antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antitussive, anthelmintic, and hepatoprotective activities. Conclusion:: The present review not only summarizes the alternative approaches using this herb by ethnic people for treating various disorders, but also focuses on the latest scientific investigations to elucidate different bioactivities of this plant, thereby facilitating the understanding of its correlation with contemporary pharmacology. However, till date, very few studies elucidated the biological properties of these phytochemicals that were isolated exclusively from this particular plant. Moreover, the correlation between phytocompounds from P. foetida and its pharmacological activities aiming towards clinical drug development is still lacking. Finally, further research should be oriented towards determining the optimal dosage and toxicological limits, and thereby providing guidance for clinical applications.

In Situ Preparation of Dehydrodieugenol-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles and their Antischistosomal Activity.

Schistosomiasis is a major neglected disease that imposes a substantial worldwide health burden, affecting approximately 250 million people globally. As praziquantel is the only available drug to treat schistosomiasis, there is a critical need to identify new anthelmintic compounds, particularly from natural sources. To enhance the activity of different natural products, one potential avenue involves its combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Based on this approach, a one-step green method for the in situ preparation of dehydrodieugenol (DHDG) by oxidation coupling reaction using silver and natural eugenol is presented. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy due to the appearance of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 430 nm which is characteristic of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were spherical with sizes in the range of 40 to 50 nm. Bioassays demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles loaded with DHDG exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms without toxicity to mammalian cells and an in vivo animal model (Caenorhabditis elegans), contributing to the development of new prototypes based on natural products for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

The identification of small molecule inhibitors with anthelmintic activities that target conserved proteins among ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a major concern for the ruminant industry worldwide and result in significant production losses. Naturally occurring polyparasitism and increasing drug resistance that potentiate disease outcomes are observed among the most prevalent GINs of veterinary importance. Within the five major taxonomic clades, clade Va represents a group of GINs that predominantly affect the abomasum or small intestine of ruminants. However, the development of effective broad-spectrum anthelmintics against ruminant clade Va GINs has been challenged by a lack of comprehensive druggable genome resources. Here, we first assembled draft genomes for three clade Va species (Cooperia oncophora, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Ostertagia ostertagi) and compared them with closely related ruminant GINs. Genome-wide phylogenetic reconstruction showed a relationship among ruminant GINs structured by taxonomic classification. Orthogroup (OG) inference and functional enrichment analyses identified 220 clade Va-specific and Va-conserved OGs, enriched for functions related to cell cycle and cellular senescence. Further transcriptomic analysis identified 61 taxonomically and functionally conserved clade Va OGs that may function as drug targets for new broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Chemogenomic screening identified 11 compounds targeting homologs of these OGs, thus having potential anthelmintic activity. In in vitro phenotypic assays, three kinase inhibitors (digitoxigenin, K-252a, and staurosporine) exhibited broad-spectrum anthelmintic activities against clade Va GINs by obstructing the motility of exsheathed L3 (xL3) or molting of xL3 to L4. These results demonstrate valuable applications of the new ruminant GIN genomes in gaining better insights into their life cycles and offer a contemporary approach to discovering the next generation of anthelmintics.IMPORTANCEGastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants are caused by parasites that inhibit normal function in the digestive tract of cattle, sheep, and goats, thereby causing morbidity and mortality. Coinfection and increasing drug resistance to current therapeutic agents will continue to worsen disease outcomes and impose significant production losses on domestic livestock producers worldwide. In combination with ongoing therapeutic efforts, advancing the discovery of new drugs with novel modes of action is critical for better controlling GIN infections. The significance of this study is in assembling and characterizing new GIN genomes of Cooperia oncophora, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis for facilitating a multi-omics approach to identify novel, biologically conserved drug targets for five major GINs of veterinary importance. With this information, we were then able to demonstrate the potential of commercially available compounds as new anthelmintics.

Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits

Diabetes mellitus [antihyperglycemic] is the endocrine metabolic disorder characterized by raised glucose level in the sanguine liquid of body i.e. blood serum due to disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. In Diabetes mellitus extent of glucose is maintained by well know endocrine pancreatic secreted hormone fuel called insulin which help in metabolizing the glucose level by muscular utilization and other organ pathological activity. When the levels of insulin fall below the body desire it can to hyperglycemic condition. Antihyperglycemic therapeutic plant has an ability to restore abnormal pancreatic condition by increase of insulin, enhancement of body carbohydrate utilization. There are more than 400 reported plant species used an antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic. Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative and anthelmintic activity. On investigation and understanding the cause of diabetes mellitus, had opened the large view for the treatment. Phytomedicine has considerably taken the prominent position for the treatment of many metabolic disorders. Biochemical studies concluded that Praecitrullus fistulosus extract shows alteration in blood glucose level and also Praecitrullus fistulosus improved the lipid profile and showed positive aspect on different parameter in diabetic control rats and it was noted that Praecitrullus fistulosus drug extract was effective and helped in controlling the BG level in Albino Wistar Rat Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, Phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative properties. The aim of research is to evaluate and investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit extract on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rat.&#x0D; Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Phytochemicals, Phytomedicine

Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima Leaf Extract by In-Silico and In-Vitro Studies

The Greek term for "helminthes" means "worm." Human-infecting parasites fall into one of two categories: keepsakes or heirlooms. Heirlooms are parasites that have been passed down from African ancestors, while souvenirs are parasites that humans have picked up from animals through migration, evolution, and agricultural activities. These helminthic infections are the most prevalent human infectious agents in poor nations. The helminthic parasite affects around 2 billion people worldwide, or more than 25% of the total population. It is a big problem in developing nations, particularly for young people. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to extract the plant's active ingredients and test the crude extract's anti-helminthic properties. In this study, we worked on the ceasalpeniapulcherima plant with a focus on natural remedies for the treatment of helmintiasis. The chief scientist of Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Floriculture Research Station, Rajndranagar, authenticated the true nature of the plant. Water and ethanol were utilized in the extraction procedure. To find out what chemicals are in the alcoholic extract, a screening test is performed on it. The flavonoid test on the extract came out positive. Using Albendazole as the prescribed medication, the anthelmintic action was carried out on Indian earthworms. In Indian earth worms, we found that alcoholic extract exhibits good antihelmintic action. By Insilco studies we found the interaction of flavanoids with antihelmentic proteins. Key Word: Helminthes, ceasalpeniapulcherima, flavonoids, extractioin, in silico study.