Anti-anxiety Activity Research Articles

Synthesis and CNS Activity of Phenytoin Derivatives.

The derivatives of Phenytoin conjugated with various anilines were synthesized. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for different physicochemical parameters along with log P values using different software programs to discover their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. The pharmacological activities such as antianxiety, skeletal muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant were evaluated by using different models. The new Phenytoin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for different properties to predict CNS activity. The drugs synthesized by chloroacetylation and then different aniline were added to it. The compounds were evaluated for their different CNS activity by using different methods. The compounds were synthesized by firstly chloroacetylating the phenytoin and then different substituted anilines were added to it. The compounds were evaluated for antianxiety activity, muscle relaxant activity and anticonvulsant activity by using different models. The number of derivatives of Phenytoin was synthesized and various physicochemical parameters were optimized which revealed that the compound containing chloro groups such as C2 and C5 exhibited significant potential when compared with the standard drug Diazepam. It was portrayed that the synthesis, computational studies and evaluation of anticonvulsant, antianxiety and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of new Phenytoin derivatives were carried out. The compounds were productively synthesized and portrayed by molecular docking studies. The compounds also exhibit mild to moderate similarity with respect to standard drug. The synthesized drugs have the potential to be optimized further to engender new scaffolds to treat various CNS disorders.

A Concise Review on Toxicity and Pharmacological Aspects of Foeniculum vulgare with Emphasis on Anti-Cancer Potential

The recent advancements in field of genomics and synthetic biology has paved the way for determination and utilization of pharmaceutical properties of beneficial plants. Foeniculum vulgare is a member of Apiaceae family, commonly known as fennel. It is globally distributed aromatic medicinal herb. F. vulgare falls in the category of World’s most important medicinal herb because of its economic status and pharmaceutical industrial applications. It has been used as herbal treatment for a longer period of time as an effective medicine to cure different ailments such as liver pain, kidney disorders, swollen stomach, abdominal pain, and mouth ulcerand no documented severe side effects reported. Essential oil, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are major chemical constituents of F.vulgare. Volatile and non-volatile compounds of this plant are responsible for its biological activities. The Pharmacological experiments performed by in vitro and in vivo models, revealed that F. vulgare has strong therapeutic effects. This review is supposed to shed the light on anti-bacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimicrobial, antianxiety, hepatoprotective, memory protective, acaricidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic activities.

ASSESSMENT OF ANXIOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF NEW С2,С3- QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES

The anxiolytic effect of a new series of C2,C3-quinoxaline derivatives was studied using the "Anxious-phobic state" and "Light/Dark chamber" techniques in comparison with diazepam. It was noted that the presence of a phenyl substituent at the C3 position, which did not contain elements with a distinct electronegativity, as well as 2-methyl-(4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-methylethane-1-amine at the C2 position, had a positive effect on the manifestation of the antianxiety activity of new derivatives of C2,C3-quinoxaline. For the most active compound under the code ZDM-4, the conflict method "Vogel Conflict test" was additionally carried out to confirm the anxiolytic effect of the substance. The tranquiLizing potential of the ZDM-4 compound is of interest for further study.

Evaluation of Anti-anxiety Potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Leaf Extract in Mice Using Experimental Models

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study was conducted to evaluate the anxiolytic potential of ethanolic leaf extract of <em>Tinospora cordifolia</em> Linn. <em>Tinospora cordifolia</em>, the versatile herbal drug is the distinctive source of constituents which is having antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitoxic and anticancer activity. <strong>Methods:</strong> Leaves of <em>Tinospora cordifolia </em>was collected, dried and powdered used for 7 days cold maceration process. Ethanolic extract was subjected to the preliminary phytochemical screening to analyse the presence of active constituents. At a dose of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg body weight of animal was evaluated for antianxiety activity in mice using 3 experimental designs; elevated plus maze, open filed, light/dark transition model. Test group animals were compared with group of animal treated with diazepam (1mg/kg) as standard drug. Ethanolic extract at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg showed activity in dose dependent manner and at a dose of 400mg/kg showed significant increase; in elevated plus maze, number of entries in open arm and time spent in open arm; number of entries into light chamber and time spent in light chamber in light and dark transition model and in open field; number of square crossed, number of rearing and time spent in central square. <strong>Results: </strong>The results supported traditional use of <em>Tinospora cordifolia</em> in nervous disorders. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Study concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of <em>Tinospora cordifolia </em>at a dose of 400mg/kg has significant antianxiety activity. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words: </strong>Anti-anxiety activity, Diazepam, Elevated plus maze, Light and dark model, Open field <em>Tinospora cordifolia</em> Linn.

Potential role of Thiocolchicoside in anxiety disorder: A pre-clinical study

Abstract Aim:The aim of the current study is to evaluate anti-anxiety and potentiating effect of Thiocolchicoside in animal models of anxiety. Methodology: A total of 24 (n=24) Swiss albino mice were procured, and they were divided into four groups of six mice in each. First group of mice (control) received 10 ml/kg-Normal Saline, second group (standard) received 2.0 mg/kg-Diazepam, test-1 received 1 mg/kg-Thiocolchicoside and test-2 received Thiocolchicoside (1mg/kg) + Diazepam (2mg/kg) for seven days per orally. All the mice were evaluated for anti-anxiety activity by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) 60 minutes after the oral drug administration of drugs on day 1, 3 and 7 and later after a washout period of one month, same four groups of mice were screened by Light and Dark Arena (LDA) model after receiving respective drugs. Results: One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Kramer test were applied for inter group comparison and correlation test for intra-group comparison. Results are expressed in mean ± SEM. In EPM, time spent in open arm for the control, standard, test- 1 and test-2 were 64.5±25.81, 128.33±17.6, 138±10.56 and 168.33±22.35 seconds respectively. There is statistically significant difference between standard (P=0.05), test-1 (P=0.05) and test-2 (P=0.03) when compared with control group. Similarly, time spent in closed arm for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 238.83±20.41, 171.67± 17.6, 162±10.56 and 131.67±22.35 seconds respectively. In this, test-2 is statistically significant from the control group (P=0.05). The number of entries in the open arm for the control group, standard group, test-1 and test-2 were 3.5±1.64, 13.17±7.44, 21 ± 4.05 and 13.33 ± 2.16 respectively. There is statistically significant difference between standard (P=0.03), test-1 (P=0.02) and test-2 (P=0.03) with control. Similarly, number of entries to closed arm for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 9.5±3.62, 16.33 ± 5.65, 16.33 ± 4.23 and 8.17 ± 1.72 respectively. The values obtained for the standard, test-1 and test-2 were not statistically significant (P=0.8). In LDA, time spent in light arena for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 106.83±18.21, 163.5±21.66, 105.33 ± 11.57 and 125.17 ± 16.35 seconds respectively. Statistically significant difference between the control and the standard group (P=0.05) is noted. Time spent in dark arena for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 193.17±18.21, 136.5±11.66, 194.67±15.57 and 174.83±16.35 seconds respectively. Here only standard group is statistically significant when compared with control (P=0.05). The number of entries in the light arena for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 11.67 ± 1.37, 13.17 ± 2.48, 12 ± 2.61 and 11.67 ± 1.03 respectively. The number of entries in the dark arena for the control, standard, test-1 and test-2 were 12.17 ± 1.47, 13.17 ± 2.93, 11.83 ± 2.23 and 11 ± 0.89 respectively. With regard to number of entries in the light and dark arena there was no statistical significant difference between the groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The study result clearly showed that Thiocolchicoside (1 mg/kg) has anti anxiety and additional potentiating effect when combined with diazepam in EPM and LDA models.

Effects of decoction products of Lavandula angustifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Artemisia herba-alba on depression and anxiety behaviors in Wistar rats

Medicinal and aromatic plants have very substantial emotional effects on rats, which is part of the current study. Decoction products of three Moroccan plants (Lavandula angustifolia L., Laurus nobilis L., and Artemisia herba-alba) were used to be tested on Wistar rats in the laboratory. The goal was to check if they had an anti-depressant and/or anti-anxiety action on the animals' tests. Wistar Rats were born and bred in the pet store of the Faculty of Science, Kenitra. The anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects were assessed according to three animal models: Open Field, Elevated Plus-maze for anxiety, and the Forced Swimming animal model for depression. The results showed that drinking water containing plant extracts has anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects. Rats have overcome depression by reducing downtime during forced swimming. Concerning anti-anxiety, the open-field test showed an increase in the rat’s locomotor activity, which indicates unhesitating exploratory behavior in the form of confident movement through the number of visits to the central part and the total distance crossed. The anxiety reduction was also corroborated by the elevated Plus-maze test, where the rats displayed no aversion to open spaces on account of the prolonged time they spent in the open arms and platform of the raised cross maze. In light of the findings from the experiments conducted in the study, the decoction products of the three plants appear to be viable candidates for the treatment of depression and anxiety.

Therapeutic properties of Cinnamon Verum with special references to Hypoglcemic activity: An overview

In millennia, medicinal plants have gained greater interest owing to the presence of a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds which possess potential health benefits. Among these functional plants, cinnamon verum has captured more attention due to its multiple medicinal activities. In this review article, efforts were made to overview the functional properties of cinnamon verum with special reference to type II diabetes. Literature demonstrated that cinnamon verum possesses different pharmaceutical activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, wound recuperating, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety, and antidepressant activities. Moreover, hypoglycemic activity of cinnamon verum is attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds especially cinnamaldehyde and other components of extract and essential oil.

Evaluation of Anti-depressant, Anti-anxiety and Muscle Relaxant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aerva javanica Roots

Aims: To evaluate anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Aerva javanica roots in various experimental animal models.&#x0D; Study Design: Animal study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Bilwal Medchem and Research Laboratory, Jaipur from July 2021-August 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The root powder of Aerva javanica was extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent (70% ethanol). The hydroalcoholic extract at three doses 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg was checked for anti-depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity in the experimental animal models. To determine the anti-depressant activity tail suspension test, locomotor activity, open field test, and MAO inhibitor assay were done; to determine the anti-anxiety activity hole board test was used; and to determine the skeletal muscle relaxant activity rotarod test, grip strength test, and chimney test were done.&#x0D; Results: In the tail suspension test, the extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility compared to normal control (p&lt;0.0001). The extract at dose 400 mg/kg significantly reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity compared to the normal control group (p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). The extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were able to decrease locomotor activity in actophotomoter and increased time spent in centre square in open field test revealing the sedative effect of the extract. In hole board test, the extract at dose 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly increased number of head dip count (p&lt;0.0001 and p&lt;0.001) respectively. In the rotarod test, the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spent on the rotating rod (p&lt;0.0001), compared to normal control. Similarly, in the grip strength test the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spend on suspended wire revealing the skeletal muscle relaxant property of the test extract.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that the extract exert anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and skeletal muscle relaxant like activity in the experimental rat which was hypothesized to be attributed to the flavonoids present in the hydroalcoholic root extract of Aerva javanica.

An Updated Review on Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb). R Br

Since ancient times human utilized the nature to cure various ailments. The knowledge of medicinal plants resulted in the development of various indigenous systems of medicine worldwide. Serendipitous discovery as well as scientific approach on the reason for medicinal properties of plants gave the knowledge of chemical constituents such as secondary metabolites in plants. Wrightia tinctoria which is commonly known as ‘Danthapala’ is a known potential medicinal plant, the leaves of which is traditionally used in the treatment of psoriasis and non-specific dermatitis in Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine and distributed in tropical region belongs to the family Apocynaceae. This plant is beneficial for the treatment of dandruff, various scalp and skin disorders. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation on the various parts of the plant showed anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-cancer, anti-dandruff, wound healing and anti-anxiety activity. The current review focus on providing an update on the recent pharmacological and phytochemical investigations on the plant by researchers around the globe with special emphasis on Antisporiatic, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, Analgesic, Hepatoprotective, Anthelmintic, and Wound healing activities.

TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MORUS ALBA LEAVES EXTRACT ON SLEEP AND ANXIETY IN RAT MODELS

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to study the effect of Morus alba leaves extract (MAE) on sleep by phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time and the antianxiety effect by elevated plus maze apparatus model in rats. Methods: In this study, the effect of MAE on sleep was evaluated by the phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time of rats. The onset and the duration of sleep were recorded in minutes. The antianxiety effect was evaluated by the elevated plus maze apparatus model in rats. During 5 min test period, the number of entries into the open arm and closed arm and time spent in the open arm and closed arm were recorded in seconds. Results: MAE at the dose 200 and 400 mg/kg, highly significantly (p&lt;0.001) decreased the onset of phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time. The duration of sleeping time was increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) for 200 mg/kg and highly significantly (p&lt;0.001) for 400 mg/kg as compared to the control group. M. alba has significant antianxiety activity in comparison with control in a dose-dependent manner. M. alba in a dose of 200 mg showed significant (p&lt;0.01) and 400 mg/kg treated groups showed highly significant (p&lt;0.001) anxiolytic activity by increasing the mean time spent in open arms as compared to control but less significant with standard (diazepam). Conclusion: Results indicate that the MAE has a significant dose-dependent effect on phenobarbitone- induced sleeping time and antianxiety effect in the elevated plus maze test.

Evaluation of Anxiolytic potential of various extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz native to India referred to as Guletura is widely distributed in South India, and its leaves, flower, bark, and seeds are employed in Indian medicine. The plant contains many active elemental fractions like caesalpin-type diterpenoids, sitosterol, pulcherrimin, lupeol, lupeol acetate, myricetin, quercetin and rutin, flavonoids, carotenoids, glycosides, peltogynoids, phenols, and steroids. The current study was designed to gauge the anti-anxiety activity of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered orally with different doses of the extracts (i.e. 200 and 400mg/kg) and behavior was observed on the EPM. Diazepam (2mg/kg, P.O) was used as a standard (positive control). Results indicate that the methanol extract of Caesalpinia leaves showed maximum and significant dose-dependent effect at 200 and 400mg/kg on EPM, the results were just like the standard antianxiety agent diazepam (2mg/kg). In the Actophoptometer model, two different doses of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (200 and 400mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent decrease within the locomotor activity, compared to the control animals. As the phytochemical screening of methanol extract exhibited the presence of polyphenols could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of C.pulcherrima. Hence this plant could also be developed as a potentially useful anti-anxiety agent.

Anticonvulsant effects of Cymbopogon giganteus extracts with possible effects on fully kindled seizures and anxiety in experimental rodent model of mesio-temporal epilepsy induced by pilocarpine

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEpilepsy is a neurological disorder of the brain characterized by periodic and unpredictable occurrence of a transient behavior alteration due to the rhythmic, synchronous and disordered firing of brain neuron. Worldwide, approximately 50 million people currently live with epilepsy and close to 80% of people with epilepsy live in poor countries. However, it was noticed in many countries worldwide that people with epilepsy and their families suffer from stigma and discrimination and that situation exposes them to high psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety as well as more physical problems including bruising and fractures from injuries related to seizures. However, several plants-based products used for epilepsy and anxiety treatments in different system of folk medicine have exhibited a significant anti-epileptic and antianxiety activities using animal models with fewer side effects. Aim of the studyThe study aimed at evaluating the antiepileptic, status post-epilepticus and anxiolytic effects of Cymbopogon giganteus decoction in rat model induced by pilocarpine. Materials and methodsA total of 90 rats were partitioned into 7 groups and treated as follow: animals of groups I (normal control) and II (considered the negative control) received distilled water (10 mL/kg); while groups III, IV, V, and VI were treated with the C. giganteus extract at 34, 85, 170 and 340 mg/kg p.o, respectively; and the group VII (considered positive control) received sodium valproate at 300 mg/kg, i.p. After 40 min post-treatment, a single dose of n-methyl-scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p) was administered to animals of groups (II, III, IV, V, VI, VII) followed by pilocarpine (360 mg/kg, i.p). Animal of group I (normal group) received distilled water. Rats were further observed for 6 h to evaluate the severity and the duration of the acute seizures of epilepsy according to Racine scale. Anxious behavior status post-epilepticus was also assessed in the same rats used above in the Elevated Plus Maze and number of entries into the open or closed arms and the time spent on either open or closed arms of the platform were recorded. Animals were also evaluated on Open Field Test and the number of rearing, crossing, grooming, defecation and center time were registered. ResultsC. giganteus decoction significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the animal mortality, the number and duration of convulsions and effectively increased the latency of convulsions. The plant extract significantly (P < 0.05) improved GSH level and SOD activity, reduced MDA and CAT activity, increased GABA level and decreased GABA-t activity in hippocampus. The anxiety induced by pilocarpine was also significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by the extract of the plant. ConclusionsThus, C. giganteus has demonstrated its antiepileptic and anxiolytic activities in rat model and may be used as preventive measure for patients suffering from epilepsy seizures and anxiety.

In-vivo Assessment of Tranquilizer Activity of Various Extracts of Cajanus cajan Leaves in Mice

Background: Cajanus cajan is a legume of the plant family Fabaceae. Another name of this plant is the red gram, gungo pea, and no-eye pea. It is a multifaceted plant as it is widely often consumed as a dal. It contains wealthy proteins. The whole plant parts are utilized for silkworms as a vegetable; tops, green leaf, and husk are utilized as feed. Objective: The objective of the analysis was to determine the anti-anxiety effect of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM (Elevated plus maze) as well as actophotometer model in albino mice. Methods: In the present research, the anti-anxiety activities of several extracts were evaluated viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, & methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered with varied extract dosages orally (for example, 200 & 400 mg/kg) and behaviour on the EPM has been seen. The standard usage of Diazepam (2 mg/kg P.O.) (positive control). Results: Results indicate that the methanolic extract of C. cajan manifested a significant as well as maximum dose-dependent impact at 200 & 400 mg/kg on mice with the help of the EPM model and the results were exactly like diazepam (2 mg/kg), the standard antianxiety substance. The model actophotometer exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity compared to control animals, which is shown at two distinct dosages (200 & 400 mg/kg) of Cajanus cajan. Conclusion: The content of polyphenols was shown in the phytochemical test for methanol extract, which could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of Cajanus cajan. This plant might thus also be cultivated as a potentially beneficial anti-anxiety substance.

Study of Multifaceted Effect of Vitexnegundo Leaves Aqueous Extract and Decoction for Pain Relief in Experimental Models

Background: Pain is the warning signal of underlying pathology. Analgesic drugs are used as per the severity of pain. These drugs have their own adverse drug reactions, sometimes requiring the discontinuation of treatment. Perception and reaction to the pain are two important facets of pain. Reaction in the form of fear,restlessness, spasm of the muscles etc. are seen. Effectiveness of Vitexnegundoin pain have been studied, we planned to evaluate the associated components of it. Objectives: To evaluate, the Analgesic action, Anxiolytic action and Muscle relaxant action of Vitexnegundo leaves aqueous extract (VNLE) and Vitexnegundo dried leaves decoction (VNDLD). Material and methods: Fresh prepared VNLE and VNDLD are the two preparations of Vitexnegundo used to evaluate the analgesic, anxiolytic and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. Wistar rats and mice of either sex were divided into four groups, control, positive control, VNLE&amp;VNDLD. Standard drug pentazocine&amp; diazepam were used for analgesic &amp; skeletal muscle relaxant property respectively. Rats were exposed to hot plate for Analgesic activity, elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiolytic effect and mice to rotarod apparatus for checking skeletal muscle relaxation after the drug treatment.Analysis was done with graph pad prism 6. Results: Pain threshold was significantly increased at (p&lt;0.001) Pentazocine and (p&lt;0.01) in Vitexnigundo juice as observed from increase in reaction time. VNLE and VNDLD significantly showed positive effect on the parameters of the EPM. This observation was comparable with the standard drug diazepam. Time spent on the rota rod was significantly reduced in all drug treated mice. Conclusion:Analgesic and antianxiety activity of Vitexnegundo is confirmed.Fresh juice VNLE was more effective than the VNDLD. It also possesses skeletal muscle relaxant action, enhancing the pain relief.

Evaluation of Herbal Extract of Gentiana diffusa for Antianxiety Activity

The present study was designed to authenticate the anti-anxiety activity (by using elevated plus maze model) of methanolic extract of the leaves of Gentiana diffusa. by authors Swiss Albino mice were treated with different doses of the leaf extracts (200 mg / kg p.o.) and Diazepam (2mg/ kg, p.o) was used as a positive control. Results of study show that methanolic extract in higher doses (200 mg/kg) possesses marked anti-anxiety activity and was comparable to the effect produced by diazepam. The plant can be developed as a commercial source of anxiolytic agent. Further studies are in process to isolate the active constituent responsible for this activity and mechanism of action.&#x0D; Keywords: Leaves, Methanol, Anxiety, Diazepam

Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia.

Background Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwagandha, is commonly used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. WS has seen an increase in worldwide usage due to its reputation as an adaptogen. This popularity has elicited increased scientific study of its biological effects, including a potential application for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.Objective This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies examining the neuropsychiatric effects of WS, specifically its application in stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia.Methods Reports of human trials and animal studies of WS were collected primarily from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.Results WS root and leaf extracts exhibited noteworthy anti-stress and anti-anxiety activity in animal and human studies. WS also improved symptoms of depression and insomnia, though fewer studies investigated these applications. WS may alleviate these conditions predominantly through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal medullary axes, as well as through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. While some studies link specific withanolide components to its neuropsychiatric benefits, there is evidence for the presence of additional yet unidentified active compounds in WS.Conclusion While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage for treating neuropsychiatric conditions. WS generally appears safe for human use; however, it will be important to investigate potential herb-drug interactions involving WS if used alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Further elucidation of active compounds of WS is also needed.

ANTIANXIETY EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FRUITS OF LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

Anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental ailments exhibited by human. It is characterized by motor tension, sympathetic hyperactivity and apprehension and vigilance syndromes. A part from very few chemical remedies available like benzodiazepine and serotonin modulators, not much treatment options are at hand that safely and effectively alleviate anxiety. The ethanol extract of the fruits of plant Limonia acidissima was evaluated for its anti-anxiety activity in swiss albino mice at dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight. Anti-anxiety was assessed by using elevated plus maze (EPM) and light and dark model methods. The ethanolic extract exhibit anxiolytic effect in experimental mice. So it is supports the use of Limonia acidissima as anxiolytic agents. Further investigation should be made to elucidate the active constituent of responsible for the activity.

Synthesis of Benzoazepine Derivatives via Azide Rearrangement and Evaluation of Their Antianxiety Activities.

A new synthetic method for the construction of benzoazepine analogues has been developed employing ortho-arylmethylbenzyl azide derivatives as precursors using an azide rearrangement reaction. In this work, 14 benzoazepine compounds were successfully synthesized in moderate to excellent yields. All synthetic benzoazepines were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against normal human kidney cell line (HEK cell). The results showed that compound 18c had the lowest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 65.68 μM) among tested compounds, which was comparable with the antianxiety drug diazepam (IC50 = 87.90 μM). Based on the cytotoxicity results, five benzoazepine analogues (compounds 18c, 18h, 18j, 18n, and 18p) were selected to determine the antianxiety effect on stressed rats using elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT) methods. Interestingly, compound 18c showed better anxiolytic activity than diazepam without a sedative effect by showing superior hyperlocomotor activity. Therefore, this discovery could pave the way for drug development to treat patients with anxiety disorder.

Understanding the phytochemistry and molecular insights to the pharmacology of Angelica archangelica L. (garden angelica) and its bioactive components.

Plant-derived molecules have enduring usefulness in treating diseases, and herbal drugs have emerged as a vital component of global therapeutic demand. Angelica archangelica L. (A. archangelica), commonly known as garden angelica, is an aromatic food plant used in culinary procedures as a flavoring agent. In the traditional medicine system, it is regarded as an "Angel plant" due to its miraculous curative power. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the plant's taxonomic profile, ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Various in vivo and in vitro experiments have validated that the plant possesses broad pharmacological potential. The biological activities attributed to the plant include anti-anxiety activity, anti-convulsant activity, cognition enhancer, antiviral activity, cholinesterase inhibitory potential, antiinflammatory activity, gastroprotective activity, and radioprotective activity. The beneficial effects of the plant are credited to its bioactive components, that is, coumarins and volatile oils. The review summarizes the pharmacological activities of crude extract and its bioactive fractions and has also explored their target-oriented effects. This review will be of value in undertaking further investigations on the plant with regard to exploring mechanism-based pharmacological approaches on A. archangelica.

Screening of anxiolytic properties and analysis of structure-activity relationship of new derivatives of 6-(4-methoxy)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a][2,3]benzodiazepine under the code RD

Introduction: Searching for new compounds with anti-anxiety activity resulting from the combination of privileged scaffolds is a promising direction in medicinal chemistry and in the development of new drugs. Anxiolytic potential and cytotoxic properties of previously synthesized molecules, containing fragments of 2,3-benzodiazepine and 1,2,4-triazole – 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-A][2,3]benzodiazepines under the generic code RD were studied.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Screening for anxiolytic activity was performed on elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) test models. Structural and functional analysis of the anti-anxiety activity of the studied substances was carried out. A degree of muscle relaxant effect of the substances was assessed in the tests Grid, Wire, and Rotarod. A cytotoxicity study of RD compounds was carried out using an MTT assay on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2.&#x0D; Results and discussion: For a number of novel triazolo[3,4-a][2,3]benzodiazepine derivatives, a prominent anxiolytic activity was manifested in terms of EPM test. The results of OF test were consistent with the obtained data and confirmed the presence of the sought activity in the leading compounds. There was no significant effect on muscle tone for the compounds under study. It was observed that RD compounds possessed no cytotoxic properties and were safe for further studies in vivo.&#x0D; Conclusion: Among the new derivatives of 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a][2,3]benzodiazepine under the code RD, substances (RD-4, 12, 13) with a high anxiolytic activity comparable to diazepam and tofisopam were found. The most promising compound is RD-4 due to its pronounced anxiolytic and low cytotoxic properties.