Antenna Design Research Articles

Synthesis of Circular Antenna Arrays for Achieving Lower Side Lobe Level and Higher Directivity Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Circular antenna arrays (CAAs) find extensive utility in a range of cutting-edge communication applications such as 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced beamforming technologies. In the realm of antenna design, the side lobes levels (SLL) in the radiation pattern hold significant importance within communication systems. This is primarily due to its role in mitigating signal interference across the entire radiation pattern’s side lobes. In order to suppress the subsidiary lobe, achieve the required primary lobe orientation, and improve directivity, an optimization problem is used in this work. This paper introduces a method aimed at enhancing the radiation pattern of CAA by minimizing its SLL using a Hybrid Sooty Tern Naked Mole-Rat Algorithm (STNMRA). The simulation results show that the hybrid optimization method significantly reduces side lobes while maintaining reasonable directivity compared to the uniform array and other competitive metaheuristics.

Design of UWB Antenna with Band Rejection Characteristics Using EBG Structures

Design of UWB Antenna with Band Rejection Characteristics Using EBG Structures

High gain dual-band circularly polarized two-port MIMO antenna with equivalent circuit for WiMAX/5G/C- and X-bands applications

Abstract A compact two-port novel geometry with microstrip fed wide slot equivalent circuit based dual-band MIMO antenna system of low specific absorption rate is presented. The proposed structure has two horizontal slotted patch with symmetrical chamfered at both corners, which are responsible for improving impedance bandwidth (IBW) and achieving wide axial ratio. The different cutting slots from the ground plane and vertical slot in MIMO antenna elements are responsible for enhancing isolation. The proposed antenna design covers −10 dB IBW ranging from 3.25 to 4.39 GHz and 6.74–8.41 GHz. This antenna radiates at 3.5 and 7.2 GHz with corresponding radiation efficiencies of 86.2 % and 92.32 %, isolation < ${< } $ −20.05 and < ${< } $ −29.71 dB, excellent peak gain 8.02 and 9.32 dB, while bandwidth of 1.14 GHz (29.84 %) and 1.67 GHz (22.05 %). Different diversity parameters for the proposed MIMO antenna have been obtained such as, envelope correlation coefficient < ${< } $ 0.0121 and < ${< } $ 0.0009, diversity gain nearly 9.87 and 9.99 dB, channel capacity loss < ${< } $ 0.0028 bits/s/Hz, and mean effective gain < ${< } $ −3 dB. The proposed work is printed on FR-4 epoxy substrate with overall electrical size of 0.29 λ 0 × 0.61 λ 0 × 0.018 λ 0 at 3.5 GHz. Moreover, the suggested work also exhibits circular polarization ranging from 3.24–4.38, 5.27–7.2, 7.6–8.1 and 8.2–8.41 GHz. Finally, experimental analysis was done and the tested results exhibit good agreement with simulated results. The proposed structure is a suitable candidate for WiMAX/C-band, satellite for X-band and 5G LTE band applications.

Coplanar waveguide fed inverted slot hybrid square ring antenna

ABSTRACT This paper presents a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed inverted T slot loaded hybrid square ring antenna for Amateur radio (HAM) application. The CPW feed line is configured with unique characteristics: lower radiation leakage, wider bandwidth, and less dispersion than microstrip lines. The antenna is low-profile and inexpensive. The antenna design occurs in High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) simulation software and attains a S11 of −10 dB. The CPW-fed hybrid square ring antenna is considered in this research, and the antenna is embedded with inverted T slots. The antenna is constructed using a Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) substrate with a thickness of 1.4 mm and tangent losses of 0.019. The key parameters of gain, radiation pattern (RP), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), S11, and surface current (SC) are examined. The S11 of the designed antenna is −16.07 dB, VSWR is 1.37, and the gain is 3.6 under the operating frequency range of 2.45 GHz, and the designed antenna is suitable for HAM radio applications. The radiation pattern was analysed for the E and H planes under both the measured and the simulation scenarios. The simulation results are obtained via the HFSS platform, and the fabricated measurements are in accordance with each other.

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using switched beam antenna with butler matrix at mm-wave frequency

This paper presents a butler matrix-based microstrip hexagonal patch antenna with a direction of arrival (DOA) estimation approach for mm-wave application. The hexagonal-shaped patch antenna had been designed with a Z-shaped slot with an eight-port butler matrix. The DOA estimation is also done for the switched beam antenna using a novel direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm known as Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The proposed design leads to significant size reduction and loss minimization. In addition to this, the design had the advantages of being low-cost, lightweight, and small-volume. The entire proposed design provides an operating frequency range of 28 GHz to 39 GHz with a center frequency of 33 GHz. The proposed work makes use of two butler matrices with two 45° phase shifters and 120° phase shifters. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and antenna design using the Butler matrix is evaluated for various performance metrics separately. The antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880(tm) substrate, and the fabricated prototype is studied. The designed antenna attains high radiation efficiency, and it ranges between 97 and 98 % under both the measures and simulated scenarios under the operating frequency range of 28 GHz to 39 GHz.

Design and analysis of a microstrip antenna for superior 5G communication performance

The continuous advancement in communication systems is propelled by the growing demand for fifth-generation (5G) technology, aiming to meet the growing demands of systems that are small in size, operate at high speeds, and have a wide bandwidth. In order to address these requirements, innovative and highly efficient antenna configurations are of paramount importance. This article introduces a microstrip antenna that has been meticulously designed for optimal performance 5G systems. Optimized for 5G communication systems, the research focuses on the design and simulation of microstrip patch antennas which is shaped like butterfly, resonating at a frequency of 50.5 GHz. A Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 was employed in the antenna design. The dimensions of the proposed antennas were 6 × 6.5 × 0.787 mm³, which resulted in a geometric configuration resembling a butterfly. A comprehensive performance assessment involves exhaustive simulations using the CST Studio Suite application suite. In order to optimize critical parameters such as the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), reflected power, gain, frequency range (BW), and radiation pattern, the dimensions were meticulously adjusted. Significantly, the antenna operating at 50.5 GHz demonstrated a gain of 6.8 dB, in addition to a broad bandwidth of 5.364 GHz and an outstanding VSWR of 1.0131. The outcomes successfully underscore the outstanding performance exhibited by the butterfly-shaped design, thereby establishing its suitability for implementation in 5G networks.

Design and Fabrication of Compact MIMO Array Antenna with Tapered Feed Line for 5G Applications

In this paper, we design, fabricate, measure, and report two proposed multiple input multiple output antenna elements (MIMOs) with good performance in the 5G band. The MIMO antennas are mounted on Roger / Druoid 5880 substrates (dielectric constant: 2.2) with an overall structure volume 20×24.14×0.79mm3. First, a comprehensive parametric study is performed based on CST Electromagnetic (EM) Simulator to investigate and enhance the antenna performance in relation to 5G application requirements. Second, as part of the antenna design process, we compute the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC > 0.01dB) and diversity gain (DG> 9.9dB) and achieve good results. Third, we provide fabrication and measurement verification with good agreement. Fourth, we use a tapered feed structure with inset feed to minimize mutual coupling and achieve matching along 2 transmission lines with various impedances with high compactness in the antenna structure. Fifthly, we report that the proposed antenna structure has a gain is 8 dBi (dB) at the relevant operating frequency band (24.25

Polarization reconfigurable transmitarray antenna utilizing single‐layer Huygen element for Ku‐band satellite communication

SummaryThis paper introduces a concept for designing a polarization reconfigurable transmitarray (PRT). The unit cell of the transmitarray utilizes Huygen elements, with dimensions measuring 0.6 ( corresponds to a frequency of 15 GHz). An equivalent circuit model is proposed for the unit cell based on the two‐port Z‐matrix. The proposed unit cells have a very low insertion loss of 0.5 dB at 15 GHz. The PRT is illuminated by a linearly polarized (LP) microstrip‐printed Yagi antenna. The transmitarray is designed using the proposed unit cells with a two‐level phase quantization. The collimated LP radiation emitted by the transmitarray subsequently traverses a polarization reconfigurable converter (PRC). The resultant radiation from the PRC can be either LP or circularly polarized (CP), contingent on the configuration of the PIN diodes employed within the PRC. The proposed PRT demonstrates a measured gain of 16 dBi when operating in the LP mode while achieving a peak gain of 15 dBic in the CP mode. The overall size of the proposed PRT is compact owing to a small f/d ratio (0.58). The practicality of the design is validated through fabrication and measurement. This innovative antenna design holds potential applications in the realm of Ku‐band uplink satellite communication.

A Compact C-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Octagonal Slotted Ground Plane and Neutralization Line for Improved Port Isolation in 5G Handheld Devices

In this paper, an eight-port antenna array is presented for 5G handheld terminals to support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operations. The reported design involves three layers: the top contains eight circular microstrip feed elements; the middle is a low-cost FR-4 substrate, and the bottom layer is a ground plane with four etched octagonal slots. Each resonating element is fed by 50-ohm sub-miniature connectors. To mitigate the detrimental effects of mutual coupling of ports and enhance overall isolation between the adjacent microstrip-fed circular patch elements, a neutralization line is strategically implemented between the feed lines of the antenna array. The design configuration involves two elements at each vertex of the printed circuit board (PCB). The overall dimensions of the PCB are 150 × 75 mm2. Each slot and its corresponding radiating elements exhibit linear dual polarization and diverse radiation patterns. The proposed antenna design achieves the required operating bandwidth of more than 1000 MHz spanning from 3 to 4.2 GHz, effectively covering all the upper C-band frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz allocated for 5G n77 and n78 frequency range 1 (FR1). Required port isolation and lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) are achieved for the band of interest. The proposed design gives a peak gain of up to 4 dB for the said band. In addition to these results, degradation in the performance of the antenna array is also investigated during different operating modes of the handheld device. Measured results from the fabricated unit cell and whole array also have a good match with simulated results. On the whole, the proposed antenna possesses the potential to be used in 5G and the open radio access network (ORAN) compliant handheld devices.

Design, Simulation and Analysis of Circular and Elliptical Antennas for 5G Applications

This research examines the design and simulation of both circular and elliptical microstrip antennas tailored for use in 5G technology, utilizing Ansoft HFSS software. The study assesses these antennas on parameters such as bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns, aiming to meet the complex frequency demands of 5G networks. The findings suggest that circular antennas provide consistent omnidirectional coverage, whereas elliptical antennas excel in targeted coverage, essential for effective 5G communications. Moreover, elliptical antennas demonstrate significant benefits in point-to-point communications through adjustable radiation patterns. The paper offers insights into refining these antenna designs to cater to diverse 5G networking needs and proposes specific design changes to enhance their performance.

Recent development in reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna and microwave filter: design and application

SummaryDeveloping wireless communication systems depends on reconfigurable microwave filters (MF) and dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) because the functionality of the various filters and antennas available for a wireless communication system is limited, and reconfigurable DRA and MF are utilized to overcome these limitations. The throughput of a multiantenna system can be achieved with reconfigurable DRA and filter. Various switching strategies and classifications of reconfigurable DRA and MF are presented. The electrical reconfiguration technique is most suitable for developing a reconfigurable DRA and filter among all the switching techniques. In this approach, reconfigurability may be accomplished by utilizing a PIN diode, a varactor diode, and a radio‐frequency microelectromechanical switch (RF‐MEMS). These switches are more reliable, highly efficient, and easily integrated with the microwave circuit. Reconfigurable DRA with machine learning is demonstrated. The application of reconfigurable DRA and filters in cognitive radio (CR) is also demonstrated. Also, the review article focused on the performance parameters, design, and challenges of reconfigurable antenna and MF.

A single layer wideband filtenna with E-shaped slots for 5G and B5G millimeter-wave communications

Abstract A wideband filtering antenna design has been proposed in this paper. The proposed filtering antenna design is cavity-backed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based on a single layer slot antenna. Two E-shaped slots are engraved onto the ground face of the design to improve filtering selectivity and operational bandwidth. For achieving wideband response, a modified half-TE110 mode and a decreased radiation null are all produced by the E-shaped slots in the right-half cavity. The design is simple and compact, with only one substrate layer and a larger working bandwidth than its counterparts. The filtering antenna has a 13.1 % fractional bandwidth and works at a frequency of 28 GHz. The proposed prototype has been structured, tested, and the simulation and measurement results were analyzed.

Scalability of MIMO Antennas: Assessing Gain and HPBW for Different Antenna Element Configurations

The design of Massive MIMO Antennas presents challenges due to their large size, which can impede the design process. Additionally, the arrangement of multiple antenna elements in Massive MIMO Antennas poses a challenge, as it surpasses the capabilities of simulation software and involves complex procedures. Therefore, to address these issues, a scalability technique utilizing array factor theory is employed to determine the relationship between the configuration of MIMO antennas and the corresponding values of gain and half-power beamwidth (HPBW). By utilizing a simpler MIMO Antenna array with incremental configurations, such as 2x2, 4x4, 8x8, and 16x16 MIMO element schemes, the array factor theory allows for the prediction of the gain and HPBW values for a Massive MIMO Antenna array with a specific configuration. This research aims to explore the scalability process and derive equations that relate the gain and HPBW values to the different MIMO configurations. The designed MIMO antenna arrangement is based on rectangular antennas with truncated corners and circular antennas with X slots, allowing for the investigation of various configurations operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

A review of 2.45 GHz microstrip patch antennas for wireless applications

Recently, microstrip patch antennas have become popular. Due to their ubiquity, these antennas have more uses every day. In this research paper, a 2.45 GHz microstrip patch antenna has been reviewed and analyzed. Different substrate materials have been used to make these antennas, and their thickness is different. Various antennas are designed based on the application, such as rectangular, square, triangle, ring, donut, and dipole. Other types of software were used to design the antenna, including CST, HFSS, MATLAB, ADS, and FEKO. Microstrip patch antenna design is a relatively new field of study for wireless applications. Several devices are linked to send or receive radio waves using a single antenna. Antennas designed for 2.45 GHz are used in various wireless communication systems, including television broadcasts, microwave ovens, mobile phones, wireless local area network (WLAN), Bluetooth, global positioning system (GPS), and two-way radios. This article looks at the geometric structures of antennas, including their many parameters and materials and the many different shapes they can take. In addition, the substrate materials, the loss tangent, the thickness, the return loss, the bandwidth, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), the gain, and the directivity of previous articles will also be discussed.

Microstrip antenna system for communication capabilities applications

In this comparative study, seven different microstrip antenna shapes, including rectangular, elliptical, triangular, inset fed, H-notch, and E-notch, were observed and analyzed, focusing on their suitability for global positioning system (GPS) application in microsatellites. To enable meaningful comparison, the study utilized the optimal resonant frequency in GPS applications, which is 1.57542 GHz. All the antenna designs have been generated using MATLAB’s Antenna Toolbox and are 100% efficient under ideal conditions with zero polarization loss, which is assumed in the link budget analysis. The results show that each antenna shape has been found to offer distinct advantages and limitations. Along with this, the circular and elliptical patch antenna presented a well-balanced performance, which is suitable for GPS applications. However, the elliptical shape falls behind the circular shape, which was determined to be the most optimal choice for GPS application, providing excellent isotropic antenna gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and strong link budget analysis results.

Simulation of Electromagnetic Waves Propagation Using Matlab

This research explores the simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation using MATLAB, focusing on both 2D and 3D environments. By deriving the wave equation from Maxwell's equations, we utilize the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method for numerical solutions. The MATLAB code implementation demonstrates the propagation of electric and magnetic fields and is validated through visualizations. Practical applications, including telecommunications, medical imaging, and microwave engineering, are examined through case studies on antenna design and waveguide analysis. Challenges in simulation, recent advances, and future research directions are discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of electromagnetic wave propagation and its technological implications.

A novel slotted antenna design for future Terahertz applications

A slotted patch antenna operating at 118 GHz is proposed to address challenges in the terahertz (THz) frequency band for wireless communication systems. The antenna design, utilizing a Rogers RO3003 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 3 and tan 0.001, strategically incorporates slots to enhance key performance parameters. Copper is employed for the ground and radiating patch, and a microstrip feeding method powers the antenna. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used for design and simulation, revealing resonance at 0.118 THz with a reflection coefficient of -42.41 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 4.42 GHz (115.84–120.26 GHz). At the operating frequency, the antenna exhibits a gain of 7.36 dB, maximum directivity of 7.38 dB, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.01, and 99.75% radiation efficiency, all within a compact size of 1.5×1.3×0.1 mm³. The suggested antenna outperforms recent counterparts, making it suitable for applications like security screening and wireless communication systems (5G). Future efforts will target bandwidth expansion, gain enhancement, and further size reduction to enhance overall performance.

System design of a microstrip antenna by dimension and substrates optimization

The microstrip antennas matured and improved over the last 25 years. Throughout these years, the limitations, and specifications of the said antennas have been overcome and significantly improved. Known to be lowprofile, suitable for mobile, and lightweight, these microstrip antennas are the focus of this research. In this paper, the researchers designed a microstrip antenna with varying lengths and substrates. They tested the changes and the effects in microstrip antennas of different lengths, along with altering substrates. To verify the differences, the researchers compared the performance parameters maximum gain (dBi), minimum gain (dBi), and S11 graph on each tested length and changed substrate. The rough set theory was used to determine the optimal design via MATLAB. From there, the researchers analyzed the results gathered and drew their respective conclusions. Additionally, they saw and compared each data result to know what antenna has the best performance parameters. From the results, a change in the dimension will result in a decrease in the said performance parameters. Furthermore, the change in substrate thickness also diminishes these changes.

Compact dual-band antenna design for sub-6 GHz 5G application

A design of a compact dual-band antenna for 5G application is presented in this research article. The dual-band operation includes the 3.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands of the sub-6 GHz frequency band for 5G technology. The proposed antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory antenna performance parameters. Moreover, the dual-band antenna showcases the independent tuning ability for both frequency bands. The prototype of the dual-band antenna is manufactured and when tested for various antenna performance parameters shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed dual-band antenna has compact dimensions along with a peak gain of 2.2 dB and antenna efficiency of more than 90%.The antenna performance parameters are also compared with various dual-band antenna designs from the literature. The proposed dual-band antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory performance parameters and outperforms its counterparts.

Design of Dual-Polarized Tilted-Beam Parasitic Array Antenna With Both High Isolation and High Polarization Purity

Design of Dual-Polarized Tilted-Beam Parasitic Array Antenna With Both High Isolation and High Polarization Purity