Anonymous Works Research Articles

Between the tropes and pragmatics: the rhetorical aspect of Rozmowa polaka z litwinem

This paper presents rhetorical aspects of a sixteenth century Lithuanian polemical treatise “Rozmowa polaka z litwinem” (“Pasikalbėjimas lenko su lietuviu”). This anonymous work is often labeled as “humanist”. Even though many scholars analyse its contents and emphasize references to the Classical Antiquity, formal aspects and their pragmatic implications remain unevaluated. Scholars have mainly focused on the issue of it authorship and quoted it illustrating cultural and political sixteenth century changes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The main aim of this article is to reveal rhetorical tropes and figures employed by the author of the treatise and discuss the possible motivation of their selection. “Rozmowa” responds to, “Quincunx”, written in 1564 by a Polish polemist Stanisław Orzechowski (1513–1566). It is a part of a prolonged polemic between the later and Lithuanian Chancellor, Palatine of Vilnius Mikalojus Radvila “The Black”. The details and the course of their dispute is reconstructed by Orzechowski himself in the letter to Piotr Miscovius, which also is titled “Apologia pro Quincunce”. He refers to the “Rozmowa” without mentioning its title or particular author. Historiography attributes it to the Vilnius mayor (wójt) Augustyn Rotundus (c. 1520–1582). Both Orzechowski and Rotundus studied abroad and had spent some time in Italy. Not only curricula of their studies of artes liberales were influenced by Classical Antiquity, they also undoubtedly got familiar with humanist culture of the contemporary Europe.“Rozmowa” consists of two main parts, which are separated by a verse. The treatise is written in a form of a dialogue, and allows to portray a vivid discussion and multiple points of view. The first part of “Rozmowa” focuses on the questions of the political theory, whereas the second one is dedicated to the history of Lithuania, its dynasty and the issue of the Polish-Lithuanian Union. While the first part is polemical, the second one has epideictic character. The author employs personification, paradiastole and antithesis. The latter two allow changing the normative contents of political concepts, and irony highlights the absurdities in the Polish political practices. The Lithuanian, one of the characters, uses deprecation and interpellation, addresses the absent participants of a dialogue (e. g. Orzechowski himself). The author quotes Ancient authors, Scripture, Church Fathers and contemporary thinkers (e. g. Machiavelli and Erasmus), whose ideas provide him with literary topoi. Merged with the rhetorical techniques, they constitute the political arguments of the treatise and allows the author to express one’s political ideas.

The Marvelous Beasts of the 'Secrets of Natural History'

El artículo examina algunos bóvidos maravillosos, aves notables y seres mitad humanos, mitad animales, como el hombre lobo, como una ilustración de ciertos cambios clave en la recepción de la fuente que tienen lugar en los escritos geográficos medievales. Estas criaturas se encuentran en un compendio francés medio titulado Los secretos de la historia natural, que por conveniencia llamamos aquí SNH. Esta obra anónima, probablemente compilada alrededor de 1380, existe en cuatro manuscritos ilustrados de lujo franceses realizados a mediados y a finales del siglo XV, así como en varios incunables y ediciones impresas antiguas. Aunque hay cientos de criaturas mencionadas en los setenta y tres capítulos de la SNH, tomados en gran parte de Historia Naturalis de Plinio y de Collectanea de Solinus, nos ocuparemos aquí solo de aquellos que no son plineanos y más “locales” en su origen como parte del modelo de cambios más grandes en la observación científica desde una dependencia exclusiva de la autoridad antigua para un mayor uso e incorporación de la cultura popular recibida de fuentes contemporáneas, a menudo nombradas. Las miniaturas de los cuatro manuscritos conocidos de la SNH ilustran algunos puntos en el argumento.

Les Suppliantes de Euripide (c.1540): A Lost Translation Recovered

The manuscript shelfmarked Rothschild Supplement-2200 in the Bibliothèque nationale de France has recently been identified as a lost verse translation of Euripides' Suppliants, one of a series of French translations of Greek and Roman tragedies of the 1530s and 1540s which helped to usher in the beginning of French tragedy as a genre. This contribution provides a complete transcription of this anonymous work. An introduction provides some analysis of its form, content, and context. Much the strongest candidate as its likely author, it is argued, is Jacques Amyot.

Story of the Eastern Chamber: Dilemmas of Vernacular Language and Political Authority in Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn

Abstract The earliest extant playscript in Korea stands as an enigma. It is an anonymous work written to celebrate a wedding arranged by King Chŏngjo. Called Story of the Eastern Chamber, the play evokes not only the Chinese Story of the Western Chamber through titular reference but also the Chinese vernacular tradition as a whole. Written entirely in Chinese characters, the text weaves vernacular Korean words into the syntax of Chinese baihua vernacular, an unusual form which upsets the conventional diglossic binary of literary Chinese (hanmun) and vernacular Korean (hangŭl). This essay situates the text in a late Chosŏn discourse of linguistic difference marked by pronounced anxieties about the temporal and spatial contingency of language. Some late Chosŏn writers, including the text’s putative author, Yi Ok, embraced difference to carve out a localized literary space in Chosŏn Korea. For King Chŏngjo, it threatened the textual foundation of royal authority. Eastern Chamber spoke to these dilemmas by imagining a linguistic space where vernacular Korean usage could be represented as a literary language in the Chinese script, reconciling kingly authority with local specificity.

Noticia de un manuscrito «olvidado» en los fondos árabes escurialenses (Ms. Ár. 174<sub>2(39V)</sub>)

En este artículo se da noticia de la existencia de un opúsculo gramatical anónimo en los fondos árabes de la Real Biblioteca de San Lorenzo de El Escorial; sobre el citado opúsculo no hay información en los catálogos que hicieron tanto M. Casiri (1760) como H. Derenbourg (1884). Esta omisión queda subsanada con esta publicación, en la que se presenta la descripción codicológica del manuscrito, contenido y diversas particularidades del mismo.

„Vivere omnes beate volunt...”

In this paper I tried to demonstrate parallels between the works of Seneca the Younger, and the so-called Tabula Cebetis. This short dialogue from the first century AD contains moral teachings about reaching true happiness. Contemporary authors like Lucian, Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch are the closest parallels in using allegories and phrases, but the ethical teaching of Seneca is the most comparable with the whole teaching of the Tabula Cebetis. I tried to highlight some phrases which can prove the similarity of the thoughts of both authors. The works of Seneca may also provide a clue to reveal the author of this anonymous work.

Autorskie autografy na egzemplarzach starych druków XVI-XVIII w., zachowanych we Lwowskiej Narodowej Naukowej Bibliotece Ukrainy im. Wasyla Stefanyka

The author’s autographs in the early printed books from the collection of the Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine can be grouped in two categories. The first one includes author’s signatures, their individual notes concerning the book, amendments and supplements to the text. These materials, quite rare in the books, are of particular importance for the researchers of the history of writing and printing. They can become an authoritative reference for dating, settling authorship of anonymous works, preparations of critical editions. The following authors are mentioned in the text: Mikołaj Bernett (1643-1710), Stanisław Brzeżański (ca 1650-1738), Tadeusz Juda Krusiński (1675-1757), Gottfried Lengnich (16891774), Ignacy Krasicki (1735-1801). The other category of author’s autographs, bigger and as precious as the previous one, includes hand-written author’s dedications. The annex to this text registers 67 Polish dedications from the 16-18th centuries. The following famous persons can be found among authors and recipients: Erazm of Rotterdam, Ercole Sassonia, Martinus Glicius of Pilzno, Andrzej Wolan, and Daniel Mikołajewski.

A Reconsideration of the English Sources of La coronación de la señora Gracisla

In response to a study by Louise M. Haywood, Joseph J. Gwara challenges her interpretation of La coronación de la señora Gracisla, an anonymous work discovered in 1976, as a defense of Catherine of Aragon’s virginity and hence an implicit justification for her second marriage to Henry VIII of England. Rejecting this hypothesis, Gwara attributes the work to Juan de Flores, viewing it as a juvenile divertissement written c. 1475 to celebrate the engagement of Leonor de Acuña and Pedro Alvarez Osorio, both members of the Castilian aristocratic elite. This interpretation of Gracisla is based on a detailed analysis of stylistic, codicological, genealogical, and historical evidence.

Reguła mistrza o wyborze i nauczaniu opata

The monasteries which were raised in the Church in first centuries demanded rules stating life of their members. The initatior and founder of these monasteries was saint Pashomius. It’s noteworthy to remind anonymous work which were made in nine century called The Regula Magistri. This extensive ancient opus containing collection of monastic rules written by author of unknown name, was created in about fifth century south of Rome. Nowadays, we assume that The Regula Magistri became a model for the rule of Saint Benedict. The Rule of the Master was written for the monastery where the leading role was up to Abbot. He was the one who was preaching, teaching and he, indeed, was a master for his dis­ciples. Several chapter of this monumetal work is dedicated to the rules and proce­dures of choosing the abbot. It also contains list of the most important tasks which belonged to his office – these are the subject of this study. What’s interesting is that, the new abbot was being elected by his predecessor when he sensed that he is going to die shortly or serious ill makes him incapable of continuing his tasks. Abbot was looking after his brothers and encouraged them to acquire virtues. This kind of challenge could seem useful, because it was the motivating factor to, fulfill God’s will with dignity and humble, and also to life by the abbey’s rules. On the other hand, it could also had been dramatic, because the ascetic way of life sometimes was understood only in human succes category. The candidate was introduced on his duty by local bishop in special liturgical rite. There were also rules dedicated to possibly removal of the abbot, who – when his predecessor still lived – seemed to be unhumble and improper man for this office. The Rule also contains special instruction for the situation, when abbot dies in sudden death and had not decided who would have been his successor. The author of the Master’s Rule also draws attention to the manner of teaching conducted by the Abbot. The most important was the testimony of life, fidelity to the binding rules, exercising in virtues and avoiding sins. The Rule of the Master teach the Abbot, that he should be humble, treat the brothers equally, be responsible for the others and for himself, and ask as all brother for the opiniong in issues relating to the monastery.

Poéticas Visuais em Arte-Educação: Video-Encruzilhada

Vídeo-Encruzilhada (2:53 min, 2016) se apropria de um trabalho anônimo encontrado em uma ciclovia e problematiza o lugar da Arte na contemporaneidade. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é correlacionar o vídeo a uma reflexão sobre sua criação, considerando as singularidades das imagens apropriadas. Os objetivos secundários são: estabelecer uma trama de possíveis sentidos para o trabalho e verificar as dificuldades encontradas na execução do projeto. O vídeo se relaciona ao Caminhando de Lygia Clark, obra fundamental para a experiência da fruição estética na educação do sensível. A ideia de encruzilhada como lugar de troca tem bases nos estudos sobre Leminski; a pesquisa sobre poéticas visuais se estrutura em Tessler e Fervenza; e a relação entre Arte e Educação tem aporte nas contribuições de Read.

Salve Jhesu summe bone: a recovered motet of Pierre de la Rue?

The 1597 inventory of manuscripts of Philip II of Spain lists, among its many entries, a music book opening with a six-voice motet Salve Jesu by Pierre de la Rue. Unfortunately this manuscript no longer exists, and as the motet could not be located in any of the Alamire manuscripts or in other sources containing La Rue’s works, it figures as a lost composition in lists of La Rue’s works. This article argues that the motet may not be lost, but is rather preserved as an anonymous work in one of the manuscripts of Johannes Heugel. The six-voice Salve Jhesu in manuscript 91 of the former State Library at Kassel, which sets part of a well-known text that was long attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux, is clearly a work from the early 16th century and shows interesting parallels with La Rue’s six-voice motet Pater de caelis.

UMA CIDADE FASCINANTE, MAS VIOLENTA. A DESCRIÇÃO DE ALEXANDRIA NA EXPOSITIO TOTIUS MUNDI ET GENTIUM

Neste artigo, apresenta-se a tradução e o comentário da descrição de Alexandria na obra anónima Expositio Totius Mundi et Gentium. Texto relevante para o estudo da economia, da política e da sociedade do Império romano da Antiguidade Tardia, nele Alexandria surge caraterizada como uma cidade próspera e rica, fornecedora de provisões alimentares e de recursos exclusivos como o papiro, uma cidade de ciências e de homens sábios, uma cidade piedosa para com os deuses plurais aí cultuados. Apesar disso, uma cidade incompreensível, pois os Alexandrinos tendem à rebelião e ao conflito contra as autoridades legítimas. O nosso objetivo é, com a análise do texto e com o cotejo dos outros testemunhos relativos ao Egipto no séc. IV, apontar novos dados quanto à datação da composição do texto, esclarecendo as referências históricas nele aludidas.

Death of the Artisan: An Indigenous View on Marginalisation

This essay is written in a style inspired by autoethnography. It is based on a conversation with Mr. Ravindra Sharma, a Gandhian artisanal thinker. It brings forth an Indian indigenous view on “worker” and “marginalisation”. It takes seriously the anthropologist Marilyn Strathern’s call for appreciating the other’s ontology as likely one of merographic connections. The essay suggests that in the Indian indigenous worldview a worker is a whole being, not just labour power and marginalization is the tearing up a wholistic ontological existence in society and the constitution of economy, society, market etc., as autonomous spheres with their distinctive means of governance through processes of development. This process by eliminating countervailing power leaves open sections of society to exploitation and marginalization. This reduces the individual, his/her family and community to mere anonymous workers lacking in skills.

A Two-stage Iterative Approach to Improve Crowdsourcing-Based Relevance Assessment

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a viable platform to implement the relevance assessment of information retrieval. However, since crowdsourcing touches independent and anonymous workers, the quality control on assessment results has become a hotspot within academia and industry. For this problem, we propose a two-stage iterative approach by integrating the ensemble classifier and expert guidance. Specifically, in first stage an ensemble classifier is employed to select unreliable assessment objects for experts to validate. Then in second stage, the expectation maximization is utilized to update all assessment results in terms of the validation feedback. This loop continues until the cost limit is reached. Simulation experiment demonstrates that compared with existing solutions, our approach can eliminate more noise and thereby achieve a higher accuracy, while maintaining an acceptable running time and a low labor cost.

THE WORK CALLED CONGESTA AND FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH THEOLOGY

Congesta, written about the middle of the fifteenth century in England and only partially preserved, is a massive sermon commentary, originally in five volumes, covering the Sundays of the church year, some feast days and common sermons for saints, and two special occasions (“In Time of Persecution” and “For Religious”). Of the entire cycle only forty-six sermons are extant in two manuscripts (Oxford, Magdalen College MSS 96 and 212). The commentary deals at great length with the Epistle or Gospel lection of the respective Mass. Its anonymous author, probably an English Carthusian, excerpted long passages from over 130 named authors and anonymous works, including Petrus Berchorius, Saint Brigid of Sweden, and the Imitatio Christi. The sermons, which are basically moral postillation of the lections and show much concern with the qualities of a good pastor, can be seen as part of the reforming tendencies in the English church marked especially by Thomas Gascoigne. The article describes and discusses the sermon cycle, analyzes the sermon for 23 Trinity, and discusses the structure of the sermons and some of the authors of the later Middle Ages that are quoted or excerpted. An appendix lists the authors and anonymous works quoted in alphabetical order.

Autorskie autografy na egzemplarzach starych druków XVI-XVIII w., zachowanych we Lwowskiej Narodowej Naukowej Bibliotece Ukrainy im. Wasyla Stefanyka

The author’s autographs in the early printed books from the collection of the Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine can be grouped in two categories. The first one includes author’s signatures, their individual notes concerning the book, amendments and supplements to the text. These materials, quite rare in the books, are of particular importance for the researchers of the history of writing and printing. They can become an authoritative reference for dating, settling authorship of anonymous works, preparations of critical editions. The following authors are mentioned in the text: Mikolaj Bernett (1643-1710), Stanislaw Brzezanski (ca 1650-1738), Tadeusz Juda Krusinski (1675-1757), Gottfried Lengnich (16891774), Ignacy Krasicki (1735-1801). The other category of author’s autographs, bigger and as precious as the previous one, includes hand-written author’s dedications. The annex to this text registers 67 Polish dedications from the 16-18th centuries. The following famous persons can be found among authors and recipients: Erazm of Rotterdam, Ercole Sassonia, Martinus Glicius of Pilzno, Andrzej Wolan, and Daniel Mikolajewski.

Materiały źródłowe do katalogu wydawnictw migracyjnych, opracowane na podstawie kolekcji Stowarzyszenia Ochrony Poloników Niemieckich w Opolu. Cz. 2 Polonika emigracyjne

This catalog contains 117 bibliographic entries elaborated personally by the authors. The unit includes: name and surname of the author, title, designation of issue, place of publication, publisher’s name, release date and information about the physical characteristics of publication. The data acquired from outside the book are derived from bibliographic sources and they are placed in square brackets. Descriptions are supplemented by annotations that indicate the number of publications in the collection of the „Stowarzyszenie Ochrony Poloników Niemieckich” (The Association of German Polonica Protection) from Opole, provenance signs occurring on individual copies of selected examples ‒ the content of the payload. The items are mostly arranged alphabetically by surname of the first author, and the anonymous works by title. Description of units are given according to its original spelling.

Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 3

Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 3

Cosmography, Asceticism and Female Patronage in Late Byzantine and Slavic Miscellanies

An intriguing anonymous cosmographical work appears in a range of Byzantine and Slavic manuscripts dating from the 14th to the 16th centuries. This brief text -from three to eight folios depending on the codex- departs from other Byzantine scholarly works published at the time by upholding, rather curiously among other things, that the earth was oval, in the shape of an egg. Judging by the number of manuscripts -more than forty manuscripts for the Byzantine and Slavic world together- this cosmography was popular. The manuscript tradition is rather complex, however. Several versions of the text circulated and appear in a variety of manuscript contexts, from astronomical to ascetic compilations. Two of these ascetic codices will be the primary focus of this analysis: the Byzantine codex Scorialensis Φ III-11 (14th century) and the Serbian Miscellany of Gorica, or Goricki Zbornik (1441/1442). These manuscripts have been selected for several reasons. Firstly, the presence of a cosmographical text in an asceti...

A New Creation: Translating Lourdes in America

In 1891, a small Catholic periodical called the Ave Maria published an anonymous work titled “Concerning Pilgrimage” in which the author wrote, “God works miracles everywhere, it is true; but if He...