Foods Of Animal Origin Research Articles

O81 | Antibiotic cross‐contamination of feeding stuffs: Assessment of transfer to food of animal origin and risk of antibiotic resistance

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 46, Issue S1 p. 68-68 ORAL PRESENTATIONS O81 | Antibiotic cross-contamination of feeding stuffs: Assessment of transfer to food of animal origin and risk of antibiotic resistance First published: 11 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13247Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, IssueS1Special Issue: 15th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology held Bruges, Belgium, July 2–5, 2023June 2023Pages 68-68 RelatedInformation

Toxicokinetic modelling of the transfer of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls from feed into edible tissues of pigs

Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that accumulate in the tissues of exposed animals and humans. Contaminated feed can lead to ndl-PCB contaminated food of animal origin; such foods are the main route of human exposure. Therefore, predicting ndl-PCB transfer from feed into animal products is important for human health risk assessment. Here, we developed a physiologically based toxicokinetic model describing the transfer of PCBs-28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 from contaminated feed into the liver and fat of fattening pigs. The model is based on a feeding study with fattening pigs (PIC hybrids) that were temporarily fed contaminated feed containing known concentrations of ndl-PCBs. Animals were slaughtered at different ages, and ndl-PCB concentrations in muscle fat and liver were determined. The model accounts for animal growth and excretion via the liver. Based on their elimination speed and half-lives, they can be categorized into fast (PCB-28), intermediate (PCBs 52 and 101) and slow (PCBs 138, 153 and 180). Using a simulation with realistic growth and feeding patterns, the following transfer rates were found: 10 % (for fast), 35–39 % (intermediate) and 71–77 % (slow eliminated congeners). Using the models, the highest level of 3.8 μg/kg dry matter (DM) was calculated for any sum of ndl-PCBs in pig feed to ensure that the current maximum levels in pork meat and liver (40 ng/g fat) are not be exceeded. The model is included in the Supplementary Material.

Climate Smart Livestock Production - Call for Food Security: A Review

Climate change is no more a myth but a reality supported by scientific evidence. The rapid change in environmental green house gases post industrialization is one such indicator responsible for global warming. Atmospheric concentrations of core GHGs carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased by 43%, 154% and 21%, respectively between 1750 to 2013. Similarly global average air temperature has increased from 0.74 in 1906 to 1.2°C in 2020 and sea level by 8 inches in last century, besides increased frequency in natural hazards like floods, draughts, cloud bursts, storms, typhoons and heat waves. The changing climate has negative impacts on human life as well as on livestock. However, livestock is believed to be the main contributor of methane, an important green house gas with 21 times more global warming potential in comparison to carbon dioxide. Since human population has tremendously increased and is further expected to increase by 33% till 2050 and at the same time due to urbanization, improved incomes and increased purchasing capacity, the demand for food of animal origin is increasing. In order to have food and nutritional security the production of livestock products is a necessity. Therefore, on one hand increase in livestock production and on the other hand minimizing the GHG emissions, the livestock sector warrants climate smart livestock production which will encompass climate resilient, environmentally sustainable, economically viable production of nutritious, safe, affordable livestock food and products.

Organophosphate Pesticide Residues in Food Products in Kenya and their Chromatographic Detection: A Systematic Review

Organophosphate pesticides are used worldwide to control several pests and meet food demand. These chemicals harm non-target animals and people when misused. Thus, they are a health and environmental concern. The purpose of the systematic review was to synthesise the amount, breadth, and quality of evidence from empirical studies concerning the presence, type, and quantity of OPs in food products in Kenya. A systematic review was done by following the PRISMA protocol. For the identification of studies, the following databases were used: Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The study focused on peer-reviewed articles published between January 2001 and August 2022. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria for the scoping review. The main methods used in detecting and quantifying organophosphates in the studies were High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Most studies (86.67%) reported significant levels of OPs in food products, exceeding the MRLs and the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADIs) set by the World Health Organization. Six of the studies (50%) reported the presence of OPs in plant products (vegetables, cereals, and fruits), while three (25%) found residues in animal products (milk and meat). The most notable OP compounds detected were chlorpyrifos, acephate, profenofos, diazinon, omethoate, and dimethoate. Most of the food samples in the reviewed studies presented contamination, making them a significant risk to human health due to bioaccumulation. Studies done in Kenya for the last 20 years continue to report high levels of organophosphate residues and their metabolites in food products, both from plant and animal origin. Although the residues are below MLRs in some samples, they can accumulate at higher levels in humans, becoming a severe health risk

Isotope Fingerprinting as a Backup for Modern Safety and Traceability Systems in the Animal-Derived Food Chain.

In recent years, due to the globalization of food trade and certified agro-food products, the authenticity and traceability of food have received increasing attention. As a result, opportunities for fraudulent practices arise, highlighting the need to protect consumers from economic and health damages. In this regard, specific analytical techniques have been optimized and implemented to support the integrity of the food chain, such as those targeting different isotopes and their ratios. This review article explores the scientific progress of the last decade in the study of the isotopic identity card of food of animal origin, provides the reader with an overview of its application, and focuses on whether the combination of isotopes with other markers increases confidence and robustness in food authenticity testing. To this purpose, a total of 135 studies analyzing fish and seafood, meat, eggs, milk, and dairy products, and aiming to examine the relation between isotopic ratios and the geographical provenance, feeding regime, production method, and seasonality were reviewed. Current trends and major research achievements in the field were discussed and commented on in detail, pointing out advantages and drawbacks typically associated with this analytical approach and arguing future improvements and changes that need to be made to recognize it as a standard and validated method for fraud mitigation and safety control in the sector of food of animal origin.

Antioxidant Activity, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in the Diet of Animals.

As the world's population grows, so does the need for more and more animal feed. In 2006, the EU banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in order to reduce chemical residues in food consumed by humans. It is well known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes must be combated to achieve higher productivity. The adverse effects of the use of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic compounds on animal health and product quality and safety have increased interest in phytocompounds. With the use of plant polyphenols in animal nutrition, they are gaining more attention as a supplement to animal feed. Livestock feeding based on a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach (clean, safe, and green agriculture) would also be a win-win for farmers and society. There is an increasing interest in producing healthier products of animal origin with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids by modulating animal nutrition. Secondary plant metabolites (polyphenols) are essential chemical compounds for plant physiology as they are involved in various functions such as growth, pigmentation, and resistance to pathogenic organisms. Polyphenols are exogenous antioxidants that act as one of the first lines of cell defense. Therefore, the discoveries on the intracellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols as a plant supplement have contributed significantly to the improvement of antioxidant activity, as polyphenols prevent oxidative stress damage and eliminate excessively produced free radicals. To achieve animal welfare, reduce stress and the need for medicines, and increase the quality of food of animal origin, the addition of polyphenols to research and breeding can be practised in part with a free-choice approach to animal nutrition.

Detection of Atypical Salmonella Infantis Phenotypes in Broiler Environmental Samples.

In numerous countries, strict and targeted measures concerning Salmonella monitoring and control are implemented and high quality of surveillance is ensured by obligatory investigation of samples from the primary production level of animals according to EN/ISO standards. Here, 2 phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella exhibited on compulsory media are crucial, namely, motility demonstrated on modified semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis agar (MSRV), and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD). In the present study, we describe the detection of Salmonella Infantis variants found in broiler environmental samples with major alterations in their growth characteristics on MSRV, XLD, and brilliant green-phenol red-agar (BPLS). The variants proved to be non-motile on MSRV and displayed non-confirming colony appearances on the previously mentioned selective agars. The growth spectrum comprised pinhead sized yellow colonies with small black centers, but also pinpoint sized colorless colonies, both colony types of regular shape. Our work contributes to highlight the finding of S. Infantis variants which possess more than one phenotypic deviation from the "typical" growth characteristics and by this limit the detection power of the actual obligatory used media. IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars is the second most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans in the EU. The transmission of these agents is mainly via contaminated food of animal origin. In this context, poultry products are the main source of infection. Therefore, continuous and standardized surveillance of the prevalence of such Salmonella serovars at the primary production level is essential. Our findings show the phenotypic heterogeneity of the serovar Infantis and provide growth characteristics of atypical variants. Such variants pass unnoticed official screening methods, resulting in incorrect identification and being underrepresented in epidemiological surveillance programs.

Optimized cleaning of conveyor belts using plasma-processed water assisted by optical detection of food residues

As food of animal and plant origin is prone to microbial spoilage, its production must be monitored and conducted safely to avoid consumer hazards. At the same time, environmental and sustainability aspects are becoming increasingly important. In this study, washing of food conveyor belts at ambient temperature was performed with plasma-processed water (PPW) and an optical detector to monitor the cleaning success. The microbial plate counts could be reduced with pressurized water, foam and PPW by >3 log10 CFU/cm2, similar to the standard industrial washing with amine-based disinfectant (Neoseptal®, Dr. Weigert, Germany). However, PPW degrades to naturally occurring substances, and the inactivation time was reduced from 15 to 1 min. The optical detector could mostly distinguish between uncleaned and cleaned belts. The fast, precise and easy applicable measurement could be integrated into the production line for automated monitoring, which could result in cleaning cycles based on demand. Industrial relevanceAn on-demand cleaning process with less need for chemicals would save time and money plus protect the environment. Plasma-processed water is as effective as a chemical disinfectant combined with a reduced decontamination time (from 15 to 1 min) and free of complex chemical compounds. The optical detector can be used inline, fast and easy for automated hygiene monitoring in the food production.

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Aminoglycosides in Foods Using an Ethylene-Bridged Hybrid Zwitterionic Stationary Phase and Hydrophilic–Lipophilic-Balanced Solid-Phase Extraction Cartridges

This work aimed to develop an analytical method for the screening of multiple aminoglycoside residues in foods of animal origin using an ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) particle-based sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phase. The effects of chromatographic conditions on the separation of 17 aminoglycosides have been systematically investigated. Sample preparation and mass spectrometry detection have also been investigated and optimized. In contrast to high buffer concentrations in the mobile phase required for silica-based sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phases, a moderate buffer concentration (20 mM) provided the optimal separation of 17 aminoglycosides with the BEH sulfoalkylbetaine stationary phase. The developed method has been evaluated in milk, beef, pork, liver, and honey samples with good performance for retention, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The majority of the limit of quantitation estimated with the matrix was less than 25 μg/kg. The overall accuracy across five matrices was in the range from 96 to 111%, with standard deviations of less than 19%.

Veganism and animal welfare, scientific, ethical, and philosophical arguments

The justification for this review article is to understand the position of vegans and those individuals who consume food of animal origin from an unbiased perspective but with a grounding in scientific evidence. This will provide people who eat meat with scientific and ethical arguments to defend their alimentary autonomy in the context of the moral conflict that has emerged in societies regarding the consumption of meat and animal products, which is criticized –sometimes even attacked– by activists, ovolactovegetarians, or vegetarians with alimentary habits that stress ethical and moral respect for animals. These individuals refuse to eat meat and animal products but sometimes show disrespect for those who do. In recent decades, veganism and vegetarianism have reached an apogee in some western societies where they are often considered a healthy option for humans that simultaneously fosters animal and environmental welfare. While those diets may provide numerous benefits, they can also entail health risks by failing to provide balance and necessary dietary supplements. Various researchers concur that they are not appropriate for pregnant women, children, or carnivorous or omnivorous pets. Our review of scientific articles in favor and against dietary regimens that lack protein of animal origin leads to the conclusion that these dietary changes, on their own, do not reduce animal suffering or the contamination generated by the meat, dairy, and poultry industries. Finally, it is important to consider that, despite the popular opinion that vegetarianism and veganism are healthy diet alternatives, the diet must be individualized and well-balanced according to each stage of their life cycle.

Effective reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens using the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail.

Salmonella is a poultry-associated pathogen that is considered one of the most important zoonotic bacterial agents of contaminated food of animal origin including poultry products. Many efforts are taken to eliminate it from the food chain, and phages are one of the most promising tools to control Salmonella in poultry production. We investigated the usefulness of the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail in reducing Salmonella in broiler chickens. For this purpose, we analyzed the survivability of phages in the harsh environment encountered in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, which has low pH, high temperatures, and digestive activity. Phages in the cocktail UPWr_S134 showed the ability to remain active after storage at temperatures ranging from 4 to 42°C, reflecting temperatures of storage conditions, broiler handling, and the chicken body, and exhibited robust pH stability. We found that although simulated gastric fluids (SGF) caused phage inactivation, the addition of feed to gastric juice allows maintenance of UPWr_S134 phage cocktail activity. Further, we analyzed UPWr_S134 phage cocktail anti-Salmonella activity in live animals such as mice and broilers. In an acute infection model in mice, the application of doses of 107 and 1014 PFU/ml UPWr_S134 phage cocktail resulted in delaying symptoms of intrinsic infection in all analyzed treatment schedules. In Salmonella-infected chickens orally treated with the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail the number of pathogens in internal organs in comparison to untreated birds was significantly lower. Therefore we concluded that the UPWr_S134 phage cocktail could be an effective tool against this pathogen in the poultry industry.

Sistema de gestión de calidad aplicado al laboratorio veterinario forense: Revisión

In recent years there was great growth in forensic investigations in Brazil. Forensic biology has become an area of great impact in civil and criminal investigation which encompasses several fields, among them, laboratory analysis of livestock. This article aims to present concepts, demands and ways to develop activities of a quality management system in forensic veterinary work. Forensics can be used to help in the civil and/or criminal spheres, and in studies and research in the areas of animal, public, environmental and individual health (one health). In investigations, evidence is generally present and may be physical, chemical or microbiological in nature. The collection of evidence must be based on biosecurity standards and respect the chain of custody, which refers to the capacity of guaranteeing the identity and integrity of residues of any nature. It comprises tracing and allows for its chronological order to be documented and maintained. The demand for forensic veterinary work can be implemented in public research and teaching institutions or in private services, all of which have trained professionals and specialized laboratories that can perform tests and counter tests for technical-scientific expertise. The quality of a product or service is a fundamental factor for its insertion in the market. Forensic veterinary work can develop technical-scientific activities to meet the demands in facilitating justice through research of infectious agents of diseases in animals, toxic substances and contaminants, or the occurrence of crimes involving animals, contamination of environmental fauna, and fraud in foods of animal origin for human or animal consumption. The Quality Management System (QMS), including Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and ISO 17025, enables forensic veterinary laboratories to adopt analyses using technical-scientific procedures with quality, reliability, punctuality and biosecurity, which are important in legal proceedings.

IDENTIFICACIÓN GENÉTICA DE BOVINO, PORCINO Y EQUINO EN PRODUCTOS DE ORIGEN ANIMAL

The identification of species in animal-origin food is highly important in both quality and food safety issues. Adulteration in food is relevant for economic, religious, legislative or public health reasons. The objective of this study focused on identifying animal species (cattle, pigs and horses) in meat products in order to determine adulteration in the sale of mortadella (MO), hot dog (HD), pressed pork crackling (CP), chorizo (CH) and ham (JA). DNA was extracted from 5 different regions of each sausage and PCR was performed using species-specific primers. The species-specific region PCR amplicon was 271, 212 and 145 bp for cattle, pig, and horse meat, respectively. H.D was the only product amplified by the bovine-specific primers. The C.P and CH were amplified by the pig primers, since both products contained meat of this species. No amplification was observed in MO, H.D and JA, despite the fact that these included pork, according to the label declared by the company. These results show the existence of adulteration in the sale of these products. In the case of equine primers, no meat product has been amplified. It is concluded that there was a possible presence of adulteration in certain products, which represents a potential risk to public health and economic losses for consumers.

Clostridioides difficile in food and food products of animal origin in Assam, India

ObjectiveConsidering the paucity of information about food-associated Clostridioides difficile from India, a study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of C. difficile in a variety of foods of animal origin, together with molecular strain characterization and antimicrobial resistance. MethodsA total of 235 samples comprising raw meat and meat products, fish products, and milk and milk products were screened for C. difficile. Toxin genes and other parts of PaLoc were amplified in isolated strains. The resistance pattern towards commonly used antimicrobial agents was studied by the Epsilometric test. ResultsC. difficile was isolated from 17(7.23%) different food samples of animal origin, including toxigenic (6) and non-toxigenic (11) isolates. In four toxigenic strains, the tcdA gene could not be detected under used conditions (tcdA-tcdB+). However, all strains had binary toxin-associated genes (cdtA and cdtB). The antimicrobial resistance was highest in non-toxigenic C. difficile isolates in food of animal origin. ConclusionMeat, meat products and dry fish, but not milk and milk products were contaminated with C. difficile. Contamination rates were low with diverse toxin profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns among the C. difficile strains.

Comprehensive profiling of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China, 2015-2021.

Salmonella is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen and mainly transmitted to human farm-to-fork chain through contaminated foods of animal origin. In this study, we investigated the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella from China. A total of 617 Salmonella isolates were collected from 4 major food animal species across 23 provi nces in China from 2015-2021. Highest Salmonella prevalence were observed in Guangdong (44.4%) and Sandong (23.7%). Chickens (43.0%) was shown to be the major source of Salmonella contamination, followed by pigs (34.5%) and ducks (18.5%). The number of Salmonella increased significantly from 5.51% to 27.23% during 2015-2020. S. Derby (17.3%), S. Enteritidis (13.1%) and S. Typhimurium (11.4%) were the most common serotypes among 41 serotypes identifiedin this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showing that the majority of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to neomycin (99.7%), tetracycline (98.1%), ampicillin (97.4%), sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (97.1%), nalidixic acid (89.1%), doxycycline (83.1%), ceftria xone (70.3%), spectinomycin (67.7%), florfenicol (60.0%), cefotaxime (52.0%) and lomefloxacin (59.8%). The rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics in S. Derby and S.Typhimurium were higher than that in S. Enteritidis. However, the rate of resistance to fosfomycin were observed from higher to lower by S. Derby, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium. Biofilm formation ability analysis found that 88.49%of the Salmonella were able to produce biofilms, of which 236 Salmonella isolates were strong biofilm producer. Among the 26 types of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) were identified in this study, 4 ARGs (tetB,sul2,aadA2, and aph(3')-IIa) were highly prevalent. In addition, 5 β-lactam resistance genes (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M, and bla OXA) and 7 quinolone resistance genes (oqxA, oqxB, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qeqA) were detected among these isolates. 12 out of 17 virulence genes selected in this study were commonly presented in the chromosomes of tested isolate, with a detection rate of over 80%, including misL, spiA, stn, pagC, iroN, fim, msgA, sopB, prgH, sitC, ttrC, spaN. This study provided a systematical updating on surveillance on prevalence of Salmonella from food animals in China, shedding the light on continued vigilance for Salmonella in food animals.

Screening of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk in Lombardy, Italy: Microbial growth inhibition assay and LC-HRMS technique integration for an accurate monitoring

Antibiotic residues in food of animal origin is a great concern for public health worldwide in terms of antibiotic resistance development, potential allergic reactions and disruption of intestinal flora equilibrium. In this study the presence of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk samples collected from farms located in Lombardy region in Italy from 2018 to 2022 was assessed in the context of the national milk quality payment system. Samples were screened with microbiological growth inhibition test Delvotest ® SP NT and a very low positivity rate ranging from 0.1% to 0.07% over the four years was determined. A total of 79 positive samples were further analysed by LC-HRMS screening technique to confirm positivity and detect the specific antibiotic compound contaminating the sample. The β-lactam antibiotics resulted to be the most frequently detected, with the penicillin G being the most abundant compound. The data suggested that low levels of antibiotic contamination are consistently maintained over the last four years and the integration of the techniques used in this study is a valuable tool for a deep and precise monitoring of antibiotic residues in milk.

Зміни законодавства України у сфері безпечності харчових продуктів

Ukraine is a legal country of the European community. The status of EU member imposes additional obligations on the state to harmonize the legislative framework with EU requirements. The food safety also notes significant changes that will allow in the future to provide consumers with safe food and increase export volumes. The safety system based on HACCP principles is now mandatory for every market operator. However, this was just the first step. Further Ukranian legislation harmonization will allow to improve traceability processes. The Ukrainian Laws adoption of labeling, requirements for packaging materials and containers, marks for food of animal origin will allow food onitoring along the entire production chain with the aim of eliminating likely emerging threats. The concretization of market operator legal status and his legal responsibility for low-quality food has also been introduced by recent changes to a number of Ukrainian Laws. Every specialist in the food industry must monitor changes in Ukrainian legislation regarding the safety of food in order to adapt production. Therefore, legislative changes in the food safety are due to the need to fulfill the requirements of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU and the current state of war in the country. The changes made in 2022 showed that traceability standards were more carefully regulated due to the introduction of labels for animal origin food and labeling requirements. In addition, the law adoption on materials and objects come into contact with food and will reduce the risk of danger regarding the harmful substances migration into food.Constant updating of the food assortment and packaging materials and containers for them, as well as methods of researching their quality and safety, will lead to constant changes in food legislation.

Organization of rationed feeding and feeding of dogs

In today's conditions, the issues of feeding, maintenance, upbringing, training, and prevention of infectious diseases were and are relevant in dog breeding. Many primarily foreign scientists conduct research in this field of science. However, scientists in Ukraine do not pay enough attention to the study and improvement of the technology for feeding and keeping dogs in kennels of departmental institutions, mainly where dogs are used to help people and serve. A dog is a man's best friend, reliable assistant, and faithful companion. Even in ancient times, a person tamed a dog and adapted it to perform various tasks. People use sled dogs to move over challenging terrain and transport various cargo. Guard dogs protect herds of livestock, protect them from predators, and protect critical economic facilities and human housing. Service dogs successfully serve on the border, help to detain criminals, search for drugs and explosive devices, perform the duties of signalmen and paramedics, rescue drowning people, and search for victims in the rubble after an earthquake and swept away by snow avalanches in the mountains. Hunting dogs of all breeds help hunters search for and catch wild animals or birds, making hunting interesting and exciting. The article assesses the technique of feeding dogs in the “Home of Rescued Animals” BF conditions. The reported data shows that the number and breed composition of dogs has been gradually increasing over the past year, and by the beginning of 2023, it will be 84 dogs. The basis of the diet for dogs is the food of animal origin (offal, meat, milk, and dairy products, animal fat), plant origin (oat groats, barley, millet, vegetables), sea fish or seafood, mineral additives (bone meal, table salt ), vitamin preparations (Tetravit, Catozal). In the conditions of the BF “Home of Rescued Animals”, dogs are fed twice a day – in the morning and the evening, approximately 1.5 hours before the walk and 30–60 minutes after the walk. Feeding dogs depends on the daily routine–drinking all dogs without restrictions. The blood test results prove that all physiological processes in the animal's body commonly occur without deviations. In current conditions, the basis of a dog's health, longevity, and good physical condition is a complete and balanced diet. The type of feeding should meet the needs of the dog's body and differ depending on the stage of the life cycle (young growth period, sexually mature dog, animal in the aging period) and the characteristics of physiological development (lack of various physical activities, increased physical activity, pregnancy and feeding puppies, etc.).

Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolated from Table Eggs in Morocco

The development of antimicrobial resistance has become a severe global public health emergency. Foods of animal origin are considered possible drivers of resistant bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. It is associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, resulting in the inability to treat patients infected with antibiotic-resistant pathogens and a high risk of transmission of these resistant pathogens. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in raw table eggs in Morocco. A total of 870 table eggs resulting from 290 samples (3 eggs = 1 sample), were purchased from ambulatory sellers, street vendors, kiosks, and neighborhood markets from different cities in Morocco and transferred to the laboratory in the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute of Rabat, Morocco. The egg shells and contents were tested separately then the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens were performed according to the Moroccan Standard Norms. The bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to six commonly used antibiotics, namely nalidixic acid (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), gentamycin (15 µg), ciprofloxacin (15 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and amoxicillin (10 μg). The findings revealed that 38 samples (13%) tested positive for E. coli of which 9% were on egg shells, and 4% were in egg content, while for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), 5 samples (2%) tested positive and only in the egg contents. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin, followed by tetracycline and nalidixic acid with 92.10%, 84.21%, and 50%, respectively, and was sensitive to ciprofloxacin (84.21%), kanamycin (65.79%), and gentamicin (60.54%). Salmonella enteritidis had the highest resistance against tetracycline (80%), followed by ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid with 40% each. The highest sensitivity rates of S. enteritidis were for gentamicin, amoxicillin, and kanamycin at 80%, 80%, and 40%, respectively. Given that these resistant bacteria could potentially be transferred to humans through eggs or egg products, it is necessary to employ strict hygiene measures and provide a wise and legal use of antibiotics in animal breeding.

Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on synergistic interaction of honeycomb-like Ni-MOF decorated with AgNPs and N-GQDs for ultra-sensitive detection of olaquindox in animal-origin food

Olaquindox (OLA) in food from its illegal use possesses great harmful effects on humans, making it important to develop sensitive, inexpensive, and convenient methods for OLA detection. This study innovatively presented a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on the synergistic effects of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) and a nickel-based metal–organic framework functionalized with silver nanoparticles (Ag/Ni-MOF) for OLA detection. N-GQDs and Ag/Ni-MOF with unique honeycomb structures were sequentially modified on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to accelerate the electron transfer rate and increase the available region of the electrode. Molecularly imprinted polymers were further grown on the Ag/Ni-MOF/N-GQDs/GCE by electropolymerization to significantly enhance the selective recognition of OLA. The constructed sensor showed excellent performance for selective OLA determination, with a wide linear range (5–600 nmol·L-1) and exceedingly low detection limit (2.2 nmol·L-1). The sensor was successfully applied to detect OLA in animal-origin food with satisfactory recoveries (96.22–101.02%).