Foods Of Animal Origin Research Articles

Determination of pathogens and contamination indicators in fresh pork sausages in the state of São Paulo

The highest cost of beef and chicken meat justifies higher consumption of fresh sausage products, especially linguiça, due to their easy preparation and affordability for consumers, making necessary an evaluation of sanitary hygienic conditions of these products. The objective was to investigate the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in artisanal and inspected fresh pork sausages. It was found that 12% (6/50) of the artisanal sausage samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., 58% (29/50) presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus levels above the acceptable limits for consumption and 76% (38/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits. In sausage samples produced under inspected conditions, 6% (3/50) were contaminated with Salmonella spp., 24% (12/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits, 2% (1/50) presented enteropathogenic E. coli. None samples showed coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts above the limits, or presence of Campylobacter spp. Sensitizing traders and consumers about the importance of inspection service in food of animal origin is urgent for a sanitary acceptable production, since foodborne diseases continue to be a public health problem.

African Swine Fever and Its Socio-Economic Impacts in Indonesia

African Swine Fever Virus (ASF) is a viral disease in pigs that affects the supply of food of animal origin. ASF is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus of the family Asfarviridae and genus Asfivirus, which can be transmitted and causes various bleeding events in the internal organs and is accompanied by a very high mortality rate. This disease is generally characterized by fever, lack of appetite, and bleeding from the skin, back, and legs. Even though this virus is not zoonotic and cannot be transmitted to humans, it is fatal and causes tremendous economic loss. This disease spread throughout Asia in a relatively short time in 2019, and it has even been reported that this disease has entered Indonesia since the end of 2019. The impact of this infection resulted in socioeconomic changes in both rural and urban communities, which could then affect the country's economy at the macro level. Several countries are needed in their efforts to control ASF, one of which is to increase quarantine, limit the traffic of pigs, and reduce the population of sick pigs exposed to the ASF virus.

Carbon dots-based fluorescent molecularly imprinted photonic crystal hydrogel strip: Portable and efficient strategy for selective detection of tetracycline in foods of animal origin

Rapid, portable, and sensitive detection of tetracycline (TC) is crucial for the environment and human health. In this study, we developed carbon dots (CDs)-based fluorescent molecularly imprinted photonic crystal hydrogel (FMIPH) strips for TC detection in animal-derived foods. CDs emit fluorescent signals, and molecularly imprinted polymers provide specific recognition sites for TC. Inverse opal photonic crystals afford stable 3D macroporous mass transfer channels that considerably reduce binding time between TC and the strips. The portable FMIPH strip exhibited a linear fluorescence response to TC in the concentration range of 0.1–50 μg mL−1, with a detection limit of 0.067 μg mL−1. Good recoveries of TC (93.86–112.59%) were observed in TC-spiked commercially available pork, eggs, and milk. A combination of FMIPH strips with a portable fluorescent reading device could achieve sensitive, on-site, and real-time detection of TC in animal-derived foods.

Levels of caesium-137 in food of animal origin in Poland.

Radioactive contamination of the environment is one of the greatest threats after a nuclear accident due to released radionuclides. From a radiotoxicological point of view, the most important radionuclide is caesium-137. Formed mainly during nuclear explosions, caesium-137 can persist in the soil for many years, from where it constantly enters the food chain. One of the elements of ensuring food safety is the monitoring of its radioactive contamination, mainly with radioactive caesium isotopes. The aim of the study was to determine the content of caesium-137 in food of animal origin. A total of 1,416 muscle samples from cattle, sheep, pigs, game and fish, as well as chicken eggs and dairy products were examined using gamma-ray spectrometry. Caesium-137 activities ranged from below the minimum detectable activity concentration (MDC) to over 4,000 Bq/kg wet weight (w.w.). Most often, the values did not exceed the MDC or were in a range below 100 Bq/kg. The exception was the muscle tissue of game animals, especially wild boar, where a significant activity of caesium-137 was recorded, the highest of which was 4,136.8 ± 238 Bq/kg w.w. Committed effective doses determined for each matrix ranged from 0.01 to 0.83 µSv/kg, with the highest value determined for wild boar. The calculated exposure doses with values well below the accepted low radiation dose (100 mSv) did not indicate any significant amounts of ionising radiation from the food consumed.

Determination of 10 carbamate pesticide residues in liquid milk by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with pass-through solid-phase extraction purification

Carbamates are used in broad-spectrum insecticides and herbicides, and have highly efficient, low-residue, and long-lasting characteristics. However, this type of pesticide exerts mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and other adverse effects, and its frequent use can exceed the recommended scope and limits. Research on the determination of carbamate pesticides mainly focuses on foods of plant origin and pays less attention to foods of animal origin. The methods for carbamate determination described in the current national standards have complicated operating procedures and low efficiency. Therefore, highly efficient and accurate methods for carbamate detection in milk must be established. In this work, a rapid method based on pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 10 carbamate pesticides in liquid milk. The pretreatment and instrument methods were systematically optimized. The milk sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and then purified using a Captiva EMR-Lipid filtration kit. The purified extract was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with mobile phase of methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution in gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. Column temperature was 35 ℃. Quantitative analysis was performed using the external standard method with matrix matching curves. The 10 carbamate pesticides showed good linear relationships in the mass concentration range of 2-200 μg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for the 10 carbamate pesticides were 0.045-0.23 and 0.15-0.77 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery tests were conducted using the blank-matrix method at three spiked levels of 15, 50, and 100 μg/kg, and good recoveries for the 10 carbamate pesticides were obtained. In particular, the recoveries for the three spiked levels of 15, 50, and 100 μg/kg were 68.7%-93.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%-8.0%. The proposed method is efficient, convenient, accurate, and suitable for the rapid detection of the 10 carbamate pesticides in liquid milk. Compared with the conventional NH2 and ENVITM-18 SPE columns used in the national standard determination method, the proposed method demonstrated better purification effects. The recoveries for aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, methomyl, and carbaryl after purification using the Captiva EMR-Lipid kit increased from 60% to 80%. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for targets with strong polarity and gives measurement results with good repeatability and accuracy.

Experimental Study on the Transfer of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) into Milk of High-Yielding Cows during Negative and Positive Energy Balance.

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are a major concern for food safety, especially in fat-containing foods of animal origin, such as milk. Due to the lipophilic character of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, it is of special interest to explore whether the metabolic state of high-yielding cows influences the transfer rates into milk. Five German Holstein cows were orally exposed to a mixture of 17 PCDD/Fs, 12 dl-PCBs, and 6 non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs) for two dosing periods of 28 days each. The first period covered the negative energy balance (NEB) after calving, while the second period addressed the positive energy balance (PEB) in late lactation. Each dosing period was followed by a depuration period of around 100 days. During the NEB phase, the transfer rates of 14 PCDD/Fs and 7 dl-PCBs quantified were significantly (p ≤ 0.1) higher compared to the PEB phase, indicating an influence of the metabolic state on the transfer. Furthermore, the congener-specific transfer rates (0.3-39%) were in the range of the results from former studies. This indicates that the milk yield of the exposed cows is not the only determining factor for the transfer of these congeners into milk.

Determination of Xylazine and Its Metabolite in Milk by a Molecularly Imprinted Microsphere Based Pseudo Immunoassay

The residues of xylazine and its metabolite in foods of animal origin are dangerous to consumers, but there has been no enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or ELISA-like method reported to determine them so far. In this study, molecularly imprinted microspheres with xylazine as the template were synthesized, and 2,6-dimethylaniline (the metabolite of xylazine) was used as a hapten to prepare a streptavidinated horseradish peroxidase-labeled conjugate. A direct competitive pseudo-ELISA was developed on a microplate for xylazine and 2,6-dimethylaniline in milk. Because biotinylated horseradish peroxidase was employed to enhance the signal, the limits of detection for xylazine (0.003 ng/mL) and 2,6-dimethylaniline (0.005 ng/mL) were increased by 16.7- and 14-fold, respectively, compared to a horseradish peroxidase-labeled conjugate. Moreover, this material may be reused three times. The analysis of milk samples was consistent with values obtained by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first paper reporting a molecularly imprinted polymer-based method for the determination of xylazine and its metabolites in food.

Juridical Analysis Of The Authority Of Quarantine Officers In Handling Illegal Importation Of Caws On Batam Island

Quarantine is a system of preventing the entry, exit, and spread of quarantined animal pests and diseases, as well as supervision and control of food safety and food quality, feed safety and feed quality, Genetic Engineering products, Genetic Resources, Biological Agents, Invasive Foreign Species, Wild Plants and Animals, and Rare Animals that are introduced into, spread from one area to another area, and removed from the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. To maintain, protect, and improve the quality of animal/livestock resources, animal/livestock health, animal welfare, and the provision of safe, healthy, whole, and halal (ASUH) food of animal origin, as well as maintaining peace or eliminating/preventing public unrest, it is necessary to provide guidance, regulation, control, and supervision of livestock businesses and animal health services. To create a conducive business climate and legal certainty in animal husbandry and animal health, it is necessary to regulate the mechanisms and procedures for licensing livestock and animal health businesses in the regions. The problem faced by the Batam Class I Agricultural Quarantine Center is caused by cows entering Batam Island that do not have an entry permit and are not by Law Number 21 of 2019, which states that every entry or release must be carried out through a designated Place of Entry and Place of Expenditure.

Concentrations, Profiles, and Health Risks of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Eight Food Categories Determined through the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study.

Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that have been found in high concentrations in human tissues. Food intake is generally considered to be the primary route of human exposure to contaminants. In this study, 184 composite food samples, prepared from 4268 individual samples in eight categories collected from 23 Chinese provinces for the sixth Chinese total diet study, were analyzed. The total and median UV filter concentrations in food samples were 1.5-68.3 and 7.9 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The highest median concentrations were found in decreasing order in meat, cereals, and legumes. In total, 15 UV filters were analyzed. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate were dominant and made median contributions of 34.1%, 22.6%, and 14.5%, respectively, and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol contributed the median of 0.03%, of the total UV filter concentrations. The estimated total daily UV filter intake in animal-origin foods and total UV filter concentration in human milk from the same province were significantly correlated (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties led to 10 UV filters being prioritized as most likely to be retained in human tissues. The prioritization results and toxicity assessments indicated that octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate have stronger effects in vivo and therefore require more attention than others.

A green deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the quantitative analysis of 21 polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in food of animal origin using injector port silylation-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) metabolites (17 were -OH, 1 -MeO, and 3 were MeSO2) in foods of animal origin using deep eutectic solvent (DES) based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by injector port silylation-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The type of DES (thymol: camphor, 1:1 molar ratio) and optimum volume of DES (300 µL), pH (7.0), and disperser solvent (acetonitrile) were optimized to attain the maximum extraction efficiency. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, and percent recovery were found to be in the range of 0.12–0.23 ng/mL, 0.40–0.76 ng/mL, and 80.1–111.4%, respectively. The expanded uncertainty was observed to be in the range of 7.2–22.8% for the targeted analytes. The proposed method was applied to real food samples (milk, meat, fish, and egg) and the levels were found to be in the range of 0.64–32.14 ng/g. This is first of its kind method using green solvent based method for the analysis of PCB metabolites (-OH, MeO, and MeSO2) and will find extensive application in routine testing for foods of animal origin.

Production of Bacillus subtillis protein mass on the microbial mass of Methylococcus capsulatus

The growing demand for food of animal origin has contributed to the annual increase in the agricultural population of productive animals in the world, which in turn has led to a significant shortage of feeds and an increase in their cost. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore the qualitative composition of feed products obtained by culturing methanotrophic microorganisms Methylococcus capsulatus with probiotic bacteria Bacillus subtillis. Arbitrage methods for determining the quality of feeds, which are regulated by regulatory documents (ISO), were used in the research. The results of the research demonstrate that the protein product obtained by growing Methylococcus capsulatus culture has a high content of “crude” protein at the level of 60.9%, which corresponds to high-protein feeds of animal origin by its technical characteristics. The addition of probiotic microorganisms Bacillus subtillis to the medium for cultivation significantly improved the qualitative parameters of the synthesised protein by increasing by 1.5% the amount of essential amino acids, increasing by 3.8% fatty acids and increasing the concentration of calcium and phosphorus. The increase in the concentration of lysine, isoleucine, valine and asparagic acid, due to the cocultivation of two microorganisms allowed increasing their nutritional value for cattle since these amino acids are the most demanded in ruminant diets when using corn silage and other plant feeds. The addition of Bacillus subtillis culture allowed reducing the content of “crude” fibre and improving its biological characteristics by changing the microbiological composition of the obtained product. In the future, the biotechnological method of obtaining feed protein for animals will reduce the dependence of animal breeding on the cultivation of fodder crops and weather conditions

Poultry production as the main reservoir of ciprofloxacin- and tigecycline-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198.2-2 causing human infections in China.

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) has been regarded as a common serotype causing human nontyphoidal salmonellosis, frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Recently, multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Kentucky ST198 with strong resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline has emerged and been frequently detected in both poultry and humans in Europe and Asia. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis divided 327 S. Kentucky ST198 isolates into two clades, of which ST198.2 is more prevalent than ST198.1 worldwide. We further compared the genomic characteristics of 70 ST198 isolates from animals and humans during 2019-2022 plus previously reported 38 isolates from 2013 to 2019 in China. One hundred five of the 108 isolates were ST198.2, which could be differentiated into two subclades. ST198.2-1 was prevalent in isolates during 2013-2019, while ST198.2-2 has increased to be the predominant subclade in isolates since 2019. CRISPR typing can differentiate the clade ST198.1 isolates from clade ST198.2 ones but cannot differentiate the two subclade isolates. The acquisition of a large multi-drug resistant region in ST198.2-2 enhanced bacterial resistance to β-lactam, aminoglycoside, amphenicol, and fosfomycin. In addition, compared with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding gene bla CTX-M-14b in ST198.2-1, co-existence of bla CTX-M-55 and bla TEM-1B was detected in most of the ST198.2-2 isolates. The emergence of ciprofloxacin- and tigecycline-resistant ESBL-producing S. Kentucky ST198.2-2 strains highlight the necessity for Salmonella surveillance. It is imperative to implement more effective measures to prevent and control transmission of these strains from poultry to humans. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) can cause human infections through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ST198-S. Kentucky strains are of concern for human and animal health. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis, this study revealed that the clade ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky has increased to the predominant group in both chickens and humans in China since 2019, which is different to previous studies of the prevalent ST198.2-1 S. Kentucky before 2019. Acquirement of a multidrug resistance region (MRR) makes the ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolate compared with ST198.2-1 S. Kentucky. Besides, the ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky was mainly detected in chickens (chicken meat, intestinal contents, and slaughterhouse) and humans, indicating chicken is the main reservoir for these XDR S. Kentucky isolates. Therefore, it is necessary to implement continuous Salmonella surveillance and effective measures, such as the development of phages and novel antibiotics/compounds, to prevent the transmission of XDR ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky from chickens to humans across China.

Early Warning for Humans Regarding Contamination with Salmonella bacteria Originating from Duck

Introduction: Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease. Salmonella sp. are pathogenic bacteria excreted through feces from the digestive tract of animals and humans. These bacteria can contaminate food of animal origin, both from animals to humans and humans to animals. This study aimed to determine the presence of Salmonella in Surabaya duck farms. Methods: The research samples were taken from 24 duck eggs and 24 cloacal swabs. The criteria for the egg samples taken were newly hatched eggs.

QuEChERS method combined to liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for the accurate and sensitive simultaneous determination of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in cereals and spices.

Within the last decades, in the EU, there has been an increasing interest in toxic plant alkaloids as food contaminants, especially after the continuous and growing consumption of plant-based foods compared with food of animal origin. In this regard, the once neglected presence of these tropane alkaloids (TAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) has recently been reconsidered by the European Food Safety Authority, highlighting the lack of data and the need to develop risk assessment strategies. For this reason, the emphasis has been placed on detecting their occurrence in food through the development of accurate and sensitive analytical methods to achieve the determination of these compounds. The present study aims to elaborate and validate an analytical method based on QuEChERS sample preparation approach, exploiting the UHPLC coupled to the HRMS to simultaneously identify and quantify 21 PAs and two TAs in cereals and spices. For TAs, the obtained limit of detection (LOD) is 0.1μg·kg-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.4μg·kg-1 , while for PAs, the LODs values ranging between 0.2 to 0.3μg·kg-1 and the LOQ, between 0.4 and 0.8μg·kg-1 , ensuring compliance with the recently established European Regulations. Several commercial samples were analysed to further verify the applicability of this comprehensive analytical approach.

Sorbic acid – an additive with antimicrobial action in foods of animal origin

Sorbinska kiselina i njezine soli, kalijev i kalcijev sorbat prehrambeni su aditivi, odnosno konzervansi s antimikrobnim djelovanjem koji inhibicijski djeluju na plijesni i kvasce, ali i na neke bakterije. Sorbinska kiselina, zbog navedenih svojstava, ima široku primjenu uprehrambenoj industriji, a naročito za konzerviranje mliječnih proizvoda, slastičarskih i pekarskih proizvoda, majoneza, namaza, suhog voća, vina te za površinsku obradu prerađenih mesnih proizvoda. Mehanizan antimikrobnog djelovanja sorbata još nije u potpunosti istražen. Preporučeni dnevni unos sorbinske kiseline iznosi 25 mg/kg tjelesne mase te se smatra najmanje tosičnim konzervansom, iako u kombinaciji s drugim aditivima može stvarati spojeve štetne za zdravlje. Kako bi se utvrdilo moguće prekoračenja najveće dopuštene količine (NDK) sorbinske kiseline u proizvodima životinjskog podrijetla, tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja (2018. - 2022.) s hrvatskog tržišta prikupljeno je i analizirano 725 uzoraka, od čega 445 uzoraka mliječnih proizvoda i 280 uzoraka mesnih proizvoda. Od ukupnog broja uzoraka, sorbinska kiselina detektirana je u 37 uzoraka. Količina sorbinske kiseline u mesnim proizvodima kretala se u rasponu 6-73 mg/kg te u mliječnim proizvodima 6-797 mg/kg. U niti jednom od analiziranih uzoraka nije određena količina ovog aditiva veća od NDK definirane zakonodavstvom. Međutim, u cilju zaštite zdravlja potrošača nužna je daljnja sustavna kontrola ovog prehrambenih aditiva.

Validation of Point-of-Care Device for Rapid Detection of Salmonella enterica in Meat Products.

Accurate and rapid detection of pathogens in foods of animal origin has been a critical part of the One Health Action Plan of the European Union (EU). Biosensors have the potential in bringing required technologies to accomplish this on the field, wherein loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lab-on-a-chip have proven to be ideal. We have developed a LAMP-based point-of-care (POC) device, the VETPOD, as a solution to the contemporary challenges in the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. The core technology in the VETPOD is a ready-to-use cartridge that included an injection-molded polymer chip with pyramid-shaped optical structures embedded within the chip. These pyramid-shaped optical structures direct the incident light, due to total internal reflection (TIR), through the reaction chambers to the phototransistor. The VETPOD was validated against the ISO 6579-1 reference method. A total of 310 samples were tested that included 180 Salmonella spiked samples in 6 different meat categories and 130 strains to determine the specificity. The overall results were satisfactory, wherein the VETPOD had an acceptable sensitivity (96.51%) compared to the reference (98.81%) and near perfect agreement with ISO 6579-1 with an overall Cohen's kappa of 0.94. The relative level of detection (RLOD) for the VETPOD was 1.38 CFU/25 g that was found to be 1.17 times higher than the reference. The VETPOD showed 98% precision for inclusivity and 100% precision for the exclusivity samples. The VETPOD proved as a useful alternative to detect Salmonella spp. that can be adaptable to a broader spectrum of pathogens in future.

Technology driven livestock farming for food security and sustainability

Advent of industrialization increased the human population significantly and it expanded very rapidly from nineteen sixties. Introduction of mechanization, chemical fertilization and genetic selection in agriculture increased the food production, reduced pestilence and thus improved life expectancy. However, in doing so the natural resources were over utilized, degraded and polluted. The greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities increased several folds that resulted into global warming, the consequences of which are being observed in the form of floods, draughts, cloud bursts, melting of glaciers, rising of sea level and loss of species. The soil fertility &amp; water table is decreasing, resistance to pesticides, drugs, antibiotics is increasing and immergence &amp; reemergence of diseases are common. Since the world population by 2050 is anticipated to touch 9 billion that means an increase of 30%. Obviously, the demand for food to feed such a huge population would require 70% increase in the food. With limited resources, depleted soil, polluted atmosphere, disturbed ecosystems and exhausted natural resources, the challenges for food security have amplified. Urbanization, improved incomes and dietary changes will increase the demand for food of animal origin in coming years. Globally animal products provide 67% of the protein and the requirement for meat and milk by 2050 is expected to increase by 73% and 58% respectively. Therefore, to ensure food and nutritional security in coming years, livestock production has to be augmented efficiently, smartly and sustainably. As such, precision, smart livestock farming is inevitable that must integrate all the techniques, skills, knowledge and innovations to produce safe, sufficient, affordable, accessible and sustainable animal food with minimum environmental impacts. With the advancement in robotics, biosensors, artificial intelligence, internet of things and information technology, the farming practices should now be technology driven, smart, need based, automated, productive and integrated.

Calculation Method of the Carbon Footprint of Products of Animal Origin Integrated with the Physiological Absorption of Carbon Dioxide: Calculation Example of the CFP of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DPO

The environmental impact of emissions appears to be increasingly important for food, particularly those of animal origin. The LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment) method, an internationally standardized method used to calculate the environmental impact of goods or services, in the carbon footprint, does not take into account the carbon set and consequently the subtraction of carbon dioxide by the plant biomass whether or not aimed at the production of food of animal origin. This methodology could overestimate the carbon dioxide generated to obtain plant and animal products that require their use. For the production of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DPO, in this specific case, the masses of the various forage and cereal species used were quantified starting from the food rations of the different categories divided by age and production phase (dry, lactation, young livestock and heifers). The population includes all the animals reared in the areas covered by the DPO specification and with a milk production orientation. The carbon fixed in the forage and consequently the carbon dioxide subtracted from the atmosphere was calculated on the food mass, through the various harvesting speeds and the percentages of dry matter. The purpose of this contribution was to calculate the number of greenhouse gases emitted during the digestive and fermentative processes as well as that produced by the manure and the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emitted with respiration by comparing it with the sequestration of carbon, and therefore of carbon dioxide, in all plants and all vegetable raw materials, grown in Italy and abroad, used to feed the buffaloes destined for the production of buffalo mozzarella from Campania (Mozzarella MBC) in the DPO area. The amount of greenhouse gases converted into equivalent carbon dioxide emitted during production is lower than the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere. For every kg of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DPO, a total of about 52 kg of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;eq is subtracted. Therefore, if this factor were taken into account for agricultural and animal products, the environmental impacts in terms of emissions would be reset.

Characterization of Proteus mirabilis and associated plasmids isolated from anaerobic dairy cattle manure digesters.

Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a variety of human infections, including urinary tract infections. The prevalence of P. mirabilis in foods of animal origin and in the manure by-products created in animal production is not well documented. Further, the prevalence and persistence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistant P. mirabilis is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized ESC-resistant P. mirabilis recovered from various stages of dairy manure anaerobic digestion. Isolates were screened by PCR for blaCTX-M, blaCMY and blaSHV, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Fifty-six P. mirabilis carrying CTX-M were sequenced with short and long read sequencing technologies, and the assembled chromosomes and plasmids were compared. ESC-resistant Proteus was found in four of the six manure digesters, an indication that not all digesters were colonized with resistant strains. Both CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-15 plasmids were found in P. mirabilis isolates. Transfer of plasmid DNA by conjugation was also explored, with ESC-resistance plasmids able to transfer to Escherichia coli at high frequency. We concluded that P. mirabilis can harbour and transfer ESC-resistance genes and plasmids, and may be an overlooked reservoir of antimicrobial resistance.

A review of the antibiotic residues in food in the Arab countries

The safety and quality of foods of animal origin are of great importance to the human health and economy. Food can contain different hazards, including antibiotic residues. In both low and middle-income countries, such as the case of the majority of the Arab countries, the use of antibiotics is not under control, in addition to the poor monitoring of imported foodstuffs. This has been causing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is in turn threatening the safety of both animals and humans. The presence of antibiotic residues in food commodities, such as dairy and meat products, in addition to honey, is a public health concern. In this review, literature review from the Arab countries on antibiotic residues in foods was done and a total of 40 published articles were found and analyzed. The findings of these articles in terms of most used antibiotics, exposure levels, detection methods, in addition to understanding the factors that increase their presence in food samples are presented in this review.