Metabolic Rate Of Animals Research Articles

Role of thyroid hormones in the modification of diet-induced thermogenesis by propranolol.

The effect of thyroid hormones on the reduction in resting metabolic rate by the beta-blocker propranolol has been investigated in young pigs. Oxygen consumption was measured 12 to 20 hr after the last meal in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals on a high or low level of energy intake. The increase in resting metabolic rate in animals on the high energy intake was reduced by propranolol in the euthyroid controls but not in those animals made hypothyroid by methimazole. Thus at least part of the action of propranolol to decrease diet-induced thermogenesis depends on its interaction with thyroid hormones.

Estimation of routine metabolic rate in a penaeid prawn, Penaeus esculentus Haswell

Metabolic rates in the juvenile tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus Haswell were related to decreasing oxygen tensions, 24-h activity, size, temperature and the moulting cycle, using automated, microprocessorcontrolled apparatus. Routine metabolic rate was redefined as the mean 24-h rate, with the animal behaving as it would naturally. While resting, the prawn was oxygen-independent down to ≈25% saturation, but when swimming was oxygen-dependent almost up to full saturation. Oxygen consumption at night was markedly higher than by day, so that for comparative purposes measurements had to be made over at least 24 h. Metabolic rate during the moulting cycle did not change until late premoult, when it increased by 55% 3 days prior to ecdysis and fell to previous levels 1 day afterwards. Using red light, a red-sensitive camera and time-lapse video recorder, metabolic rates were related to nocturnal levels of activity, and these in turn to natural 24-h behaviour. Mean routine metabolic rate, as redefined, was estimated as 8–12% above the resting rate. There was a log-log relationship between metabolic rate and temperature, so that on a In metabolic rate/ln size plot, the displacement due to temperature was linear. Equations were derived relating whole animal metabolic rate, or weight-specific metabolic rate to size, temperature and 24-h normal activity.

Effects of vitamin D and phosphorus supplementation on calcium retention in preterm infants fed banked human milk

aminophylline demonstrated decreased Paco2, increased minute ventilation, and increased respiratory rate, as compared with Pretreatment values. One explanation for the successful extubation of infants after aminophylline therapy is suggested by the increase in minute ventilation coinciding with a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide tension in treated infants. Theophylline increases metabolic rate in animals, 4 decreases apnea, 15'6 increases respiratory muscle efficiency, 7 and increases central COz responsivenessY ~ Improved ventilatory response to lower carbon dioxide levels suggests that aminophylline stimulates the central nervous system chemoreceptors for CO2 response? This hypothesis is consistent with the observation that many very LBW infants appear apneic when ventilated at rates less than 6 bpm, but when given aminophylline, may improve sufficiently to be extubated. A previous study of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia 3 suggested that theophylline relaxed smooth muscle in hypertrophied small bronehioles. The infants in our study did not demonstrate clinical, radiographic, or pulmonary function evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and therefore smooth muscle relaxation is an unlikely explanation for the improvement observed. Aminophylline therapy allowed weaning of LBW infants with respiratory distress syndrome from low levels of mechanical ventilatory support and successful endotracheal extubation of most treated patients. Methylxanthine therapy should be considered to promote weaning of infants with respiratory distress syndrome from low rates of ventilatory support and to facilitate extubation. REFERENCES 1. Aranda .IV, Turmen T: Methylxanthines in apnea of prematurity. Clin Perinatol 6:87, 1979. 2. Daily W JR, Klaus M, Meyer HBP: Apnea in premature infants: Monitoring, incidence, heart rate changes and an effect of environmental temperature. Pediatrics 43:510, 1969. 3. Rooklin AR, Moomjian AS, Shutack JG, Schwartz JG, Fox WW: Theophylline therapy in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J P~DIATR 95:882, 1979. 4. Thurston JH, Hauhart RE, Dirgo JA: Aminophylline increases cerebral metabolic rate and decreases anoxic survival in young mice. Science 201:649, 1978. 5. Aranda .IV, Grondin D, Sasyniuk BI: Pharmacologic considerations in the therapy of neonatal apnea. Pediatr Clin North Am 28:113, 1981. 6. Bednarek F.I, Roloff DW: Treatment ofapnea of prematurity with aminophylline. Pediatrics 58:335, 1976. 7. Aubier M, Detroyer A, Sampson M, Maklim PT, Ronssoc C: Amonophylline improves diaphragmatic contractility. N Engl .I Med 305:249, 1981. 8. Aranda .IV, Zinman R, Collinge J, Outerbridge EW: Effect of caffeine on control of ventilation in premature infants with apnea. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25:212, 1979. 9. Gerhardt T, McCarthy J, Bancalari E: Effect of aminophylline on respiratory center activity and metabolic rate in premature infants with idiopathic apnea. Pediatrics 63:537, 1979. 10. Davi M J, Sankaran K, Simons K J, Simons ER, Seshia MM, Rigatto H: Physiologic changes induced by theophylline in the treatment of apnea in preterm infants. J PEDIATR 92:91, 1978.

Thermodynamic approach to biomass distribution in ecological systems

In the derivation of the biomass distribution function for an ecological population critical use is made of an energetic constraint on the maximization of biomass diversity. The nature of this constraint is explored in detail using Kleiber's relation σ(m) = cmγ between animal metabolic rate σ(m) and body weight m in conjunction with the Prigogine-Wiame thermodynamic paradigm for specific entropy production in biological stationary states. These two inputs fix the energetic constraint on the maximization of biomass diversity to be the constancy of the mean metabolic rate of the ecosystem. The resulting biomass distribution function is tested against observational data.

Oxygen consumption of the amphibious snail Pomacea lineata; Influence of weight, sex and environments

1. 1. Under normoxic conditions at 25°C Pomacea lineata, free to move into or out of water, showed an increase in O 2 consumption with increase in body size (dry wt), the slope of the log-log plot of these two parameters being b = 0.76. 2. 2. The metabolic rate decreased with weight. 3. 3. Males and females in a sexually receptive state did not exhibit significantly different Q O 2 values. 4. 4. The metabolic rates of animals when under water using ctenidium did not differ significantly from when out of water using the lung.

Zużycie tlenu i behawior chomika złocistego zależnie od temperatury środowiska

U chomika złocistego (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse, 1839) zmierzono tempo zużycia tlenu, temperaturę ciała i ruchy oddechowe w zakresie temperatury środowiska od 15 do 40ºC. Obserwowano także różne formy behawioru związane z przeciwstawianiem się termicznemu działaniu otoczenia.

Beeinflussung der calorigenen Wirkung von sympathomimetischen Aminen durch Lithium

The influence of lithium on the oxygen uptake and the calorigenic actions of norepinephrine (NE), isoprenaline, amphetamine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was studied in rats. The metabolic rate of animals which had received LiCl with the drinking water to give plasma lithium levels of 0.09–1.14 mEq/l was low and the calorigenic effect of NE was reduced. When LiCl was injected in large doses (giving plasma lithium levels up to 4.65 mEq/l) the metabolic rate was not altered but the calorigenic effect of NE, and to a lesser degree also that of isoprenaline and amphetamine, was reduced while the DNP-induced calorigenesis was enhanced. Lithium impaired the ability of rats to compensate for heat losses in a cold environment.

Temperature Dependence of Metabolic Rate in Animals

RECENT work by Newell and Northcroft1 has suggested that the basal or standard metabolic rates of poikilotherms are not sensitive to changes in temperature within wide limits: in the four species studied, the temperature coefficient, Q10, was 1.0 or less between approximately 7° C and 23° C. This was substantiated by experiments showing that in both poikilotherms and homeotherms there is a plateau of temperature independence (Q10 less than 1.3) extending from approximately 5° C to the mean environmental temperature in poikilotherms2,3 and to normal body temperatures in homeotherms4. The validity of this observation on mitochondria has been challenged by Tribe and Bowler5, who demonstrated normal temperature dependence in whole blowflies and in isolated flight muscle tissues. Because of the ecological and physiological importance of the concept of temperature independence, we have investigated the level of cellular organization at which it may operate in both poikilotherms and homeotherms.

Gross Bioenergetics of Blattella germanica

Previous articleNext article No AccessGross Bioenergetics of Blattella germanicaD. J. Woodland, B. K. Hall, and Julie CalderD. J. Woodland Search for more articles by this author , B. K. Hall Search for more articles by this author , and Julie Calder Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 41, Number 4Oct., 1968 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.41.4.30155477 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 20Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). Copyright 1968 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jacob Weil, Marc Trudel, Strahan Tucker, Richard D. Brodeur, Francis Juanes Percent ash‐free dry weight as a robust method to estimate energy density across taxa, Ecology and Evolution 9, no.2323 (Nov 2019): 13244–13254.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5775Douglas S. Glazier Is metabolic rate a universal ‘pacemaker’ for biological processes?, Biological Reviews 90, no.22 (May 2014): 377–407.https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12115Douglas Glazier Metabolic Scaling in Complex Living Systems, Systems 2, no.44 (Oct 2014): 451–540.https://doi.org/10.3390/systems2040451Jeffrey W. Streicher, Christian L. Cox, Geoffrey F. Birchard Non-linear scaling of oxygen consumption and heart rate in a very large cockroach species ( Gromphadorhina portentosa ): correlated changes with body size and temperature, Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no.77 (Apr 2012): 1137–1143.https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.061143 10.1007/BF00302787, CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 5 (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302787Douglas S. Glazier Beyond the : variation in the intra- and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals, Biological Reviews 80, no.0404 (Aug 2005): 611.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006834Brian K. Hall A review of Images of development: environmental causes in ontogeny by Cor van der Weele, Evolution and Development 3, no.55 (Sep 2001): 366–368.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01035.xJ. MUTHUKRISHNAN, T.J. PANDIAN Insecta, (Jan 1987): 373–511.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-544791-1.50014-5FRANK SLANSKY, J. MARK SCRIBER Food Consumption and Utilization, (Jan 1985): 87–163.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-030805-0.50009-2S. C. Cairns Growth energetics in relation to temperature of the larvae of Rhopaea verreauxi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Oecologia 54, no.11 (Jan 1982): 32–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541104Lauren Alfred Schroeder Consumer growth efficiencies: Their limits and relationships to ecological energetics, Journal of Theoretical Biology 93, no.44 (Dec 1981): 805–828.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(81)90341-6J. A. Wightman Why insect energy budgets do not balance, Oecologia 50, no.22 (Jan 1981): 166–169.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00348032Göran I. Ågren, Björn Axelsson Energy budgets do balance—A comment on a paper by Wightman and Rogers, Oecologia 42, no.33 (Oct 1979): 375–376.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346600B. AXELSSON, G. I. ÅGREN A CORRECTION FOR FOOD RESPIRATION IN BALANCING ENERGY BUDGETS, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 25, no.33 (Apr 2011): 260–266.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1979.tb02878.xSusan Ross The relationship of age, sex, and reproductive state to assimilation efficiency in the adult milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Journal of Insect Physiology 24, no.44 (Jan 1978): 305–308.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(78)90027-6P. CALOW CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES IN HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISMS, Biological Reviews 52, no.33 (Aug 1977): 385–409.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1977.tb00840.xJ. HOWELL, R. C. FISHER Food conversion efficiency of a parasitic wasp, Nemeritis canescens, Ecological Entomology 2, no.22 (May 1977): 143–151.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00875.xT. J. Pandian, M. R. Delvi Energy extraction efficiency in some chosen insects, Oecologia 13, no.44 (Dec 1973): 397–401.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01825528J. R. M. Forster, P. A. Gabbott The Assimilation of Nutrients from Compounded Diets by the Prawns Palaemon Serratus and Pandalus Platyceros, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 51, no.44 (May 2009): 943–961.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400018075M. R. Delvi, T. J. Pandian Ecophysiological studies on the utilization of food in the paddy field grasshopper Oxya velox, Oecologia 8, no.33 (Sep 1971): 267–275.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346474

Body Size and Metabolic Rate in Salamanders

Body Size and Metabolic Rate in Salamanders

The surface-area-body-weight relationship in mice.

Since Sarrus and Remeaux (see Kleiber 1961, p. 180) first proposed a "surface law", the measured or calculated surface area of animals has been used by many workers as a basis for comparison between individuals and between species in studies of metabolic rate. The history of the surface law has been discussed by Kayser (1951) and by Kleiber (1961). The DuBois standards for determining the surface area of humans have served for many years as a valuable basis for comparison between individuals in physiological and clinical studies of metabolic rate. However, standards similar to the DuBois standards for humans do not exist for other species. The trend in recent work on metabolic rate of animals appears to be to make comparisons on a body-weight basis rather than on a surface-area basis. The work reported in this paper was designed to investigate the usefulness of surface area as a basis for comparison in some studies on metabolic rate of mice.

Energy metabolism of dogs after total destruction of the central nervous system.

The central nervous system of male adult dogs was destroyed by an injection in the cisterna magna, of a 20% NaCl solution, under 60 cm Hg pressure, during 6 min (technique of Galvão and Pereira). One hundred and sixteen O2 consumption determinations were made by analysis of the expired air or of the air pumped through the lungs, in 28 dogs, before and after CNS destruction. The metabolism level was generally well maintained during the first hours after the destruction and was materially unaltered in some dogs until death. However, in many dogs the heat production decreased more or less gradually in the later hours, and attained a mean lowering of 16.8%. The anesthesia employed, the abolition of muscle tonus and work of respiratory muscles, the respiration of the CNS, and the loss of a trophic or metabolic action of the CNS are discussed in an attempt to explain the metabolic rate of animals deprived of CNS.

The Structure and Function of Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for more than 10% of body mass, and the one that enables the body to interact most intimately with its environment. Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic illustration of the skin. In essence, the skin consists of four layers: the stratum corneum (nonviable epidermis), the remaining layers of the epidermis (viable epidermis), dermis, and subcutaneous tissues. There are also several associated appendages: hair follicles, sweat ducts, apocrine glands, and nails. Many of the functions of the skin can be classidfied as essential to survival of the body bulk of mammals and humans in a relatively hostile environment. In a general context, these functions may be classified as protective, maintaining homeostasis, or sensing. The importance of the protective and homeostatic role of the skin is illustrated in one context by its barrier property. This allows the survival of humans in an environment of variable temperature; water content (humidity and bathing); and the presence of environmental dangers, such as chemicals, bacteria, allergens, fungi, and radiation. In a second context, the skin is a major organ for maintaining the homeostasis of the body, especially in terms of its composition, heat regulation, blood pressure control, and excretory roles. It has been argued that the basal metabolic rate of animals differing in size should be scaled to the surface area of the body to maintain a constant temperature through the skin’s thermoregulatory control (1). Third, the skin is a major sensory organ in terms of sensing environmental in?uences, such as heat, pressure, pain, allergen, and microorganism entry. Finally, the skin is an organ that is in a continual state of regeneration and repair. To fuldill Figure 1 Components of the epidermis and dermis of human skin.

Organ Metabolism in Mature Mammals as the Product of Allometric Mass and Rate

The QO2 of homologous organs exhibit differences of smaller relative magnitude than the metabolic rate of the intact mammals in the size range from the mouse to the horse. By considering not only organ QO2 but also relative organ mass it is possible to derive an expression relating organ metabolism per unit of body weight to body weight. According to the derived equation, the sum of the allometric constants relating QO2 and relative organ mass each to body weight should approximate the value -0.25. Logarithmic plots of QO2 and relative organ mass were made and the slopes (allometric values) were determined. For the three organs, liver, brain and kidney, the sum of the allometric constants approximate, according to theory, the value -0.25 generally accepted as the allometric constant relating whole animal metabolic rate to body weight.

Studies of the Energy Requirements of Chickens: 2. Effect of Dietary Energy Level on the Basal Metabolism of Growing Chickens

THE studies reported here were designed to supplement other investigations in these laboratories on the effects of dietary productive energy level upon the growth, feed consumption, and body composition of the chick (Hill and Dansky, 1954; Dansky and Hill, 1953). The purpose of the present work was to measure the effects of various levels of productive energy upon the basal metabolism of growing chickens. An important feature of the experiments was that the diets used, while differing in energy level, had identical levels of protein and met the recognized requirements of the growing chick for protein, minerals, and vitamins. The productive energy values of the rations used in these studies were based on data of Fraps (1946).It has long been recognized that the metabolic rate of animals and humans is lowered during prolonged inanition or starvation. Restricted caloric intake over a considerable period of time has been reported to …

Tissue metabolism in growing birds.

Conclusions1. Tissue respiration studies show that oxygen consumption rate of mature chicken liver slices fits body weight-tissue metabolic rate relationship derived by Kleiber (5) for mature mammals. The oxygen consumption rate of mature chicken kidney slices, however, is much lower than that of mature mammals(7). 2. The relationship between tissue and whole animal metabolic rate in growing chickens is different for the kidney and liver. The Qo2 of kidney tissue (homogenate or slice) is essentially the same for all age groups of birds tested. The Qo2 of liver tissue in vitro is the same for very young and mature birds, but is significantly higher in one-month-old birds. This same sequence has been noted by Kleiber(2) in the whole animal metabolic rate (per unit weight) of growing birds.

THE RELATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS TO CERTAIN CHANGES INDUCED IN THE RAT BY THE GOITROGEN, PROMIZOLE1

A NEW IMPETUS was given to the study of the cytology and physiology of the thyroid when it was observed that certain compounds, when administered to animals, produce marked enlargement of their thyroid glands. Kennedy and Purves (1941) had shown that when animals are fed a Brassica seed diet, extreme hyperplasia of the thyroid glands ensues. Astwood, Sullivan, Bissell, and Tyslowitz (1943) and MacKenzie and MacKenzie (1943) showed that certain sulfonamides and thiourea-like drugs not only induce enlargement of the thyroid but lower the basal metabolic rates of animals as well. Later Griesbach and Purves (1943), Astwood and Bissell (1944), Franklin, Lerner and Chaikoff (1944), and Rawson, Tannheimer and Peacock (1944) showed clearly that these drugs interfere with the metabolism of iodine and that the thyroids of animals receiving them are unable to take up iodine or synthesize thyroxine. Supplemental iodine, even in large amounts, proved ineffective in preventing the changes in the thyroid induced by thes...

LATE TOXIC RESULTS, INCLUDING DERMATITIS EXFOLIATIVA, FROM "SLIM" (DINITROPHENOL)

The pharmacologic actions of the nitrophenols1have been known since 1885, when it was found that these compounds possess the property of elevating the metabolic rate in animals. However, the effect of this chemical group on human beings was not generally recognized until the late war. At this time Perkins'2investigations on munitions workers in France focused attention on its many toxic reactions. The therapeutic possibilities of these chemicals apparently were not utilized until 1933, when Cutting, Mehrtens and Tainter3introduced dinitrophenol as a treatment for some forms of obesity. They were fully aware of the many potential dangers of this drug and in their original series of cases encountered only mild and transient reactions, perhaps because of the conservative dosage and stringent observation. From the available reports of toxic manifestations to Jan. 1, 1936, it appears that the early reactions, except in the occasional hypersensitive individual,