Animal Fat Oil Research Articles

Association of cooking oil and incident of frailty in older adults: a cohort study

BackgroundStudies examining the potential association between cooking oil and frailty risk in older adults have produced conflicting outcomes. Therefore, our objective was to explore the relationship between cooking oil (vegetable and animal fat oils), changes in oil usage, and the risk of frailty in older adults.MethodsWe included 4,838 participants aged ≥ 65 years without frailty (frailty index < 0.25) from the 2011 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Follow-up occurred in the 2014 and 2018 waves. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between cooking oil and frailty. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of switching cooking oil on frailty during the follow-up period.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 3.0 (2.8–6.9) years, 1,348 individuals (27.9%) developed frailty. Compared to those using vegetable oil, users of animal fat oil had a lower risk of frailty (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.85). Participants who switched from vegetable oil to animal fat oil, as well as those consistently using animal fat oil, had lower risks of frailty with HRs of 0.70 (0.52–0.95) and 0.63 (0.51–0.77) respectively, compared to those who consistently used vegetable oil. Conversely, individuals who switched from animal fat oil to vegetable oil experienced an increased risk of frailty (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01–1.97).ConclusionsThe utilization of animal fat oil in cooking exhibited a reduced frailty risk among older adults. Conversely, transitioning from animal fat oil to vegetable oil may elevate the risk. These findings propose that substituting vegetable oil with animal fat oil in the diet may safeguard against frailty.

Experimental Investigation of Compression Ignition Engine Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of Ternary Blends with Higher Alcohols (1-Heptanol and n-Octanol)

Concerns about the depletion of petroleum reserves and rising pollution led researchers to search for alternate and environmentally compatible fuels for compression ignition engines. As an excellent alternative fuel additive to biodiesel–diesel blends, higher alcohol exhibits outstanding fuel properties (such as high energy content and cetane number) and can operate in diesel engines without requiring engine changes. This study focuses on investigating the ternary blends comprising higher alcohols, namely 1-heptanol and n-octanol, in hybrid biodiesel (animal fat oil–rice bran oil–cottonseed oil) and diesel on compression ignition engine characteristics. The performance, combustion, and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with mono (D100), binary (B20), and ternary fuel blends (B20H10, B20H20, B20O10, and B20O20) were analysed at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The test fuels met the American Society for Testing and Materials standards for fuel properties and exhibited stable behaviour during testing. Experimental results showed that at 100% load, the least brake-specific fuel consumptions for diesel fuel, B20, B20H10, B20H20, B20O10, and B20O20 were 254.1 g/kWh, 302.14 g/kWh, 281.25 g/kWh, 310.94 g/kWh, 292.8 g/kWh, and 313.80 g/kWh, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 38.65%, 37.01%, 37.76%, 36.84%, 37.12%, and 36.38%, respectively. At 100% load, the peak heat release rates for diesel, B20, B20H10, B20H20, B20O10, and B20O20 were found to be 64.65 J/deg, 59.07 J/deg, 62.34 J/deg, 56.12 J/deg, 57.95 J/deg, and 51.9 J/deg, respectively. The addition of 1-heptanol and n-octanol as oxygenated additives into the ternary blend resulted in decreased carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions while increasing carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions compared to diesel fuel. Overall, the study concludes that ternary blends with 1-heptanol and n-octanol as additives improve performance and combustion behaviour and reduce exhaust emissions compared to binary blends.

Vegetable Oil or Animal Fat Oil, Which is More Conducive to Cardiovascular Health Among the Elderly in China?

Our present study aimed to investigate the relationship between cooking oil types and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and to reveal which cooking oil is more beneficial to cardiovascular health in older Chinese. This study relies on cross-section data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in the 2018 wave. A total of 15,874 elderly Chinese over 65 years old were included in our analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between cooking oil types and ASCVD. Of the 15,874 elderly people, 13,709 cooked with vegetable/gingili oil, with an average age [SD] of 84.47 [11.51] years; 1533 cooked with lard/other animal fat oils, with an average age [SD] of 85.90 [11.72] years. 3918 of those who cooked with vegetable/gingili oil had ASCVD, and 249 of those who cooked with lard/other animal fat oils had ASCVD. The prevalence of ASCVD in vegetable/gingili oil users (31.68%) was higher than that in lard/other animal fat oil users (17.46%). Compared with lard/other animal fat users, the multivariate-adjusted model indicated that vegetable oil/sesame oil users were significantly associated with a higher risk of ASCVD (OR = 2.19; 95%CI, 1.90-2.53). Our study found that cooking with lard/other animal fat oil is more beneficial to cardiovascular health in older Chinese. Dietary guidelines should seriously consider the health effects of substituting vegetable/gingili oil for lard/other animal fat oil for different populations.

Investigation of ternary blends of animal fat biodiesel-diethyl ether-diesel fuel on CMFIS-CI engine characteristics

The experimental study aims at investigation of the ternary blends of animal fat oil biodiesel, diesel and diethyl ether in-terms of performance, emission and combustion analysis in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The animal (mono) fat biodiesel was prepared through transesterification process by using alcohol (6:1) and potassium hydroxide (4:1) at 50 °C –55 °C and obtained 90 % of biodiesel. The prepared biodiesel was blended with neat diesel to get the tested blend, animal fat biodiesel (AFB20). To improve the performance parameters of AFB20, the prepared biodiesel blend AFB20 was again blend with diethyl ether (DEE) in various proportions by 10 % and 20 % to obtain the ternary blend AFB20DEE10 and AFB20DEE20. Addition of DEE to AFB20 enhances the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel blends. The first stage of this study was that the neat diesel was examined in the single cylinder four stroke diesel engine to obtain the reference readings. The second and third stage of this investigation was the prepared animal fat biodiesel blend AFB20 and AFB20DEE10 and AFB20DEE20 were examined in the diesel engine. The fourth stage of this investigation was that, the obtained results of neat diesel was compared with the other tested blends. The experimental outcome reveals that, AFB20DEE20 blend perform better than that of the other tested blends. 4.8 % higher fuel is consumed, and 7.1 % lowered brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature was found in the blend AFB20DEE20 compared to neat diesel. The blend AFB20DEE20 exhibits higher cylinder pressure by 70.43 bar and lower heat release rate by 35.23 J/deg., compared to neat diesel. 0.15 % lower CO emission and 37.8 % lower UBHC emission were found in AFB20DEE20 compared with ND. Reduction of NOx emission by 4.18 % and higher smoke emissions were found in the blend AFB20DEE20 compared to neat diesel.

Effect of Fuel Preheating on Engine Characteristics of Waste Animal Fat-Oil Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engine.

The present study aims at understanding the effects of fuel preheating on engine characteristics of waste animal fat-oil (WAF-O) biodiesel in a single-cylinder CI engine, with the preheating technique proposed as an effective means for enhancing the fuel properties. To understand the effects of the preheated fuel, the WAF-O biodiesel was preheated at 60, 80, 100 and 120 °C and tested along with neat diesel and unheated WAF-O biodiesel. For this purpose, biodiesel was produced from different animal wastes by means of KOH-assisted ethanol-based transesterification, reporting its maximum yield as 96.37 ± 1.8%, with significant distribution of unsaturated oleic acid, saturated palmitic acid and stearic acid. Upon evaluating its fuel characteristics as per ASTM D6751 standards, a rise in preheating temperature by 1 °C reduced the density and kinematic viscosity of WAF-O biodiesel by 0.383 kg/m3 and 0.025 mm2/s, respectively, and was explained by the weakening of intermolecular forces between its fatty acid ester molecules. Preheated samples reported superior combustion characteristics by exhibiting increased in-cylinder pressure (2.24%, on average) and heat release rates in addition to their shortened ignition delay (1–4 °CA). Furthermore, preheating of WAF-O biodiesel reduced its specific fuel consumption and increased its brake thermal efficiency by 7.86% (on average) and 9.23% (on average), respectively. However, higher preheating temperatures (>120 °C) resulted in increased fuel consumption owing to its varied flow characteristics. In addition to the changes in combustion characteristics, preheating WAF-O bio-diesel also resulted in reduced carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and hydrocarbon emission by 13.88%, 7.21% and 26.94%, respectively, and increased carbon dioxide emission by 7.58%. Summing up, the enhancements in overall engine characteristics of preheated samples were accounted for by their improvised fuel injection characteristics due to their reduced density and viscosity, which ensured for their effective combustion.

Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM

The main concern of this work is to examine the biodiesel production from Composite oil of pongamia pinnata, animal fat and waste cooking oil by using alkaline catalyst namely sodium methoxide and comparison of yield is done between the two different sample oil yields obtained by using methanol and catalyst as a reaction mixture. The experiments were designed with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to get maximum yield and to examine the optimum process conditions. Two samples of oils were taken, sample 01 contains 50% of pongamia, 25% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil, sample 2 contains 60% pongamia, 20% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil. For 100 ml quantity of sample 01 oil, 7.5 M ratio, 1 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 40 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 98.29%. For 100 ml quantity of sample 02 oil, 6 M ratio, 1.2 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 75 min, reaction temperature of 64 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 97.76%.All the fuel properties of Biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and fire point are meeting the requirements as per the ASTM and EN norms.

Isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria from Potwar oil fields: Effect of non-fossil fuel based carbon sources

AbstractBiosurfactants are surface-active metabolites produced by microorganisms. Biosurfactants tend to solubilize hydrocarbons in the surrounding environment, by reducing surface tension and increasing carbon uptake. In this study, isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria and effect of renewable, non-fossil fuel based carbon sources on production were assessed. Oil field produced water was collected from Potwar oil fields and thirteen strains were isolated. Strains were screened for biosurfactant production by hemolysis test, emulsification index test, emulsification assay, oil displacement test, drop collapse test, tilted glass slide test and oil coated agar emulsification test. Strains were further screened for maximum production on cost effective renewable carbon source e.g. glucose, waste glycerol and animal fat. Promising strains were identified as Bacillus subtilis (MH142143), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MH142144), Bacillus tequilensis (MH142145) and Bacillus safensis (MH142146) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among all isolates, highest biosurfactant production on glucose (37%), glycerol (48%) and animal fat oil (49%), after 24 h cultivation was by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosurfactant showed similarity to rhamnolipids by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Assessment of bioactive propertiaes of rhamnolipid showed strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus spp. Future investigations can be focused on application of these strains in environmental as well as industrial sectors.

Kinetic Study of Waste-derived Solid Hydroxy Sodalite Catalyst during Transesterification of Animal Fat Oil to Biodiesel in a Batch Reactor

Kinetic studies of heterogeneous catalytic reactions form a crucial step necessary for the understanding of catalytic behaviour of a catalyst towards designing, controlling and optimizing a reactor. This study reports kinetics of waste animal fat oil (AFO) transesterification to biodiesel using waste-derived heterogeneous catalyst, hydroxy sodalite (HSOD) in a batch reactor. The catalyst was synthesized from coal fly ash and waste industrial brine via hydrothermal treatment. At a temperature range of 49 - 62 °C and a time range of 30 -120 minutes, the transesterification of animal fat oil to biodiesel was conducted at a fixed methanol/oil mass proportion 9:1, percent mass weight of catalyst 3 (based on the AFO) and stirring intensity of 300-500 rpm. Experimental findings reveal that reaction rate, which is first-order, was anticipated to increase with increasing temperature, resulted in an activation energy and a pre-exponential factor of 58554.65 J mol-1 and 2.83 min-1, respectively. The value of the activation energy suggests that the reaction is endothermic and a minimum energy of 58.55 kJ is required to achieve an effective collision at a frequency of 2.83 min-1. The highest biodiesel yield was 90 % at 62 °C and this corresponds to a highest AFO conversion of 93 % at a reaction time of 120 minutes.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Different Bio Diesel Fuels

In this paper the emission characteristics and performance of various bio diesel fuels (Tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO), Micro algae oil and Pig animal fat oil) were experimented. A single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine was modified in to homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI) with adopted port fuel injection (PFI) technique. The effects of air fuel ratio, intake temperature, injection pressure and EGR rate exhaust emissions were explained in a broad manner. The analysis of the exhaust emissions are integrated to oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), unburned hydro carbons (UHC), smoke and soot. The performance analysis was also included on specific fuel consumption and break thermal efficiency. The basic requirements for HCCI engine is the homogeneous mixture preparation of air and fuel. This mixture formation was done by adopting port fuel injection technique and external devices were also used for bio diesel vaporization and mixture preparation. The combustion processes were measured with different EGR system. The experimental results of different bio diesel fuels with HCCI engine mode were recorded and evaluated. A small increase in CO and HC emissions were observed with increasing bio diesel content due to slow evaporation rate of bio diesel. A significant reduction in NOx emission was also observed with respect to difference in bio diesel blends. Micro algae oil was found more stable compared with other bio diesel fuels due to the property of fuel vaporization and low heat releasing.

Waste to energy: effect of reaction parameters on the transesterification of animal fat oil to biodiesel over a solid hydroxy sodalite catalyst

In this study, SOD crystals, synthesised via a hydrothermal synthesis method, were used as solid catalyst to convert beef tallow oil (BTO) into biodiesel. Transesterification reaction was conducted at methanol-to-oil ratio of 7.5 : 1 using 3 wt. % SOD catalyst. Reaction conditions were varied as: mixing intensity (700-1250 rpm); catalyst particle size (200-300 A); reaction time (6-24 h); and reaction temperature (40-60°C). The physicochemical characterisation of the SOD catalyst was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption at 77 K (for textural property) and thermogravimetric analysis (for thermal stability). The FFA content of the BTO was 4.53%. Physicochemical characterisation shows that SOD crystals were synthesised. The reaction products analysed with a pre-calibrated gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) confirmed the influence of reaction process parameters on the yield of biodiesel leading to a highest FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) yield of 78.3% at agitation speed of 1000 rpm and catalyst particle size of 200 A. The reaction temperature and reaction time at this condition were 60°C and 24 h, respectively.

Waste to energy: effect of reaction parameters on the transesterification of animal fat oil to biodiesel over a solid hydroxy sodalite catalyst

Waste to energy: effect of reaction parameters on the transesterification of animal fat oil to biodiesel over a solid hydroxy sodalite catalyst

Extraction of Waste Animal Fat Oil via High Temperature and Frying Methods

축산 폐유지로부터 원료유의 추출 수율을 높이고, 동시에 수분을 제거하면서 원료유로부터 육분잔사를 용이하게 분리하고자 파일럿 규모(300L)에서 고온 용융추출과 볶음추출 및 동시 수분회수 방법을 수행한 결과 다음과 같다.BR (1) 고온 용융추출(100～140℃, 0.10Mpa, 2～3hr)과 볶음추출(70～100℃, -0.09MPa, 60 min) 및 동시 수분회수 결과, 추출탱크의 온도가 110～140℃에서 기름추출 수율이 65% 이상으로 높게 나타났고, 육분 잔사의 발생량은 추출탱크의 온도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 원료유의 추출 및 육분잔사를 활용하기 위하여 열처리단계에서 공급되는 에너지 소비를 고려할 경우 열처리 온도 120℃가 적합한 것을 확인 하였다.BR (2) 고온 용융추출 후 볶음추출 단계를 연속적으로 수행한 결과 육분잔사가 슬러리 형태에서 알갱이 형태로 변하여 기름분리가 매우 수월하였다.BR (3) 추출 탱크의 온도 변화는 기름 추출 수율과 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 못했으나 증가하는 값을 보였다. 기름 추출 수율은 육분잔사(r=-0.843)와의 유의적인 부의 상관관계를 보였다.BR (4) 동물성 기름의 주요 지방산은 Myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid의로 구성 되어 있었으며, 포화지방산인 palmitic acid는 최고 28.9%에서 최저 23.5%를 나타내어 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고, 불포화지방산 중 단일불포화지방산인 oleic acid은 최고 51.7%에서 최저 41.6%로 10% 이상의 차이를 보여 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다.BR (5) 동물성 기름의 지방산간의 상관분석을 통해 상관관계를 구명한 바 바이오디젤을 생산하여 계절변화에 따른 이용가치 증대를 위하여 주요 구성 지방산 중 특히 단일불포화지방산인 oleic acid를 증가시키고, 포화지방산을 적정함량 감소시키는 방향으로 연구를 집중한다면 바이오디젤 연료의 주요 품질기준인 산화안정적인 측면과 저온에서 굳어버리는 유동성의 단점을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.BR (6) 파일럿 규모에서 추출한 동물성 기름은 산가 1.7±0.22～2.9±0.75, 수분 0.2%, 산화안정성 0.5 hr로 분석되었다.

Responses of dietary ileal amino acid digestibility to consumption of different cultivars of potatoes and conventional fibers in grower pigs fed a high-fat basal diet1

Whereas dietary fibers are well recognized for nutritional management of human health issues, fiber is also known to be one of the dietary factors potentially affecting digestive use of dietary proteins. As a staple food, potato (Solanum tuberosum) may be a significant dietary fiber source. The objective of this study was to examine effects of dietary supplementation of six potato cultivar-genotype samples that differ in soluble fiber content and two conventional fiber components (i.e., cellulose and guar gum) on the apparent ileal AA digestibility in pigs fed a high-fat basal diet. The basal diet was formulated as a zero-fiber negative control (NC) to contain 41.5% poultry meal, 4% casein, 15% animal fat-oil blend, 2.8% sucrose, 31% corn (Zea mays) starch, 0.50% salt, and 0.40% trace mineral-vitamin supplement with fat contributing to 47% of the dietary GE. The two fiber diets were formulated by respectively diluting the basal diet with 10% guar gum and 10% cellulose at the expense of corn starch. Six other test diets were formulated by including 8.5% guar gum and further diluting the basal diet with 25.1% one of the six cultivar-genotype samples of dehydrated potato tuber powder to contain about 10% total dietary fiber at the expense of corn starch. Eighty-one 25-kg barrows were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed the diets according to a completely randomized block design with each block lasting 28 d. Compared with the NC, the ileal digestibility of Ala, Gly, and Pro were decreased (P < 0.05) by 10% guar gum whereas the digestibility of Gly was reduced (P < 0.05) by 10% cellulose. The ileal digestibility of several AA was decreased (P < 0.05) by the test potatoes plus 8.5% guar gum compared with the NC. Our results suggest that dietary inclusion of fiber at 10% from guar gum and cellulose and contributed by potatoes may adversely affect digestive use of dietary protein.

Comparative performance, combustion and emission evaluated di-diesel engine using methyl ester of Jatropha oil and animal fat oil (Pork fat oil)

Comparative performance, combustion and emission evaluated di-diesel engine using methyl ester of Jatropha oil and animal fat oil (Pork fat oil)