Animal Farm Research Articles

Laz caregivers’ talk to their young children: The importance of context and utterance type in eliciting ancestral language use

This study examined play interactions of 15 to 48-month-old children ( n = 59) and their caregivers in Lazuri, a UNESCO-rated endangered South-Caucasian ancestral language, and Turkish, a dominant language supplanting Lazuri usage in the community. Child–caregiver dyads played with two toy sets (animal farm and tea set) that provided different contexts for interaction. Participants’ utterances were coded as instances of distinct functional utterance types (e.g. labels, commands, and questions). Our goal was to analyze the influence of play context on child and caregiver functional utterances in order to identify factors that prompted children to use the ancestral language. The animal farm encouraged dyads to engage in labeling objects, while the tea set encouraged use of social language (e.g. comments). The differing contextual affordances led children to produce many more Lazuri labels than expected when playing with the animal farm. Mixed-effects regression analysis indicated that caregivers’ use of Lazuri and their use of labels predicted children’s use of Lazuri, along with child age. Notably, older children were less likely to use the ancestral language than younger children. The children’s strong preference for speaking Turkish highlights the urgency of interventions to ensure language preservation in Laz communities. Interactions that promote labeling may serve as an effective first step in encouraging children’s use of the Lazuri vocabulary.

Low levels of Trichinella spp. antibodies detected in domestic pigs at selected slaughterhouses with farm-based exposure assessment in Bulacan, Philippines

Trichinella spp. is considered as one of the most widespread food-borne zoonotic parasites globally. The disease it causes impacts human public health, pig production, and food safety. Unfortunately in the Philippines, there is still insufficient research on the presence of Trichinella among livestock. This study aims to update its status and records in the country, by verifying the presence of Trichinella spp. IgG antibodies from the selected province, Bulacan, and link its potential presence to known animal husbandry and farm practices. This study was conducted in purposively selected slaughterhouses. Pigs were randomly selected for each slaughterhouse. Blood samples were collected and serum samples were harvested from each pig samples (n = 555). Sera were tested using ELISA for the detection of Trichinella spp. IgG antibodies. For serologically positive pigs, farm-based exposure assessment was conducted to evaluate potential routes of infection. For this study, a total of 555 blood sera, wherein three blood sera were detected to be serologically positive (low prevalence of 0.54 %, 95 % CI = 0.11–1.57). Potential infection routes point towards outdoor housing management, pigs with unknown origin, pig farms presence with rodents, and pigs fed with waste as important risks. In summary, the present paper confirms that Trichinella spp. antibodies were detected in very low prevalence in Bulacan, Philippines and demonstrated the potential utilization of antibody detection as an efficient and complementary early screening tool in Trichinella detection among pigs without immediately sacrificing livestock for the sake of testing. These results merit calls for a wider screening, testing, and isolation of Trichinella spp. in pigs from other Philippine provinces.

Efficiency of measures for sow husbandry: Integrating farm income, animal welfare and public attitudes

AbstractIn response to the public's concerns about animal welfare in swine husbandry, the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) sector introduced improved measures to focus on single rather than multiple dimensions of animal welfare concerns without accounting for their impact on public attitudes. These measures failed to improve attitudes to pig husbandry. The present study uses a more comprehensive approach by evaluating animal welfare measures in terms of their effect on animal welfare, farm income and public attitudes. Four measures were defined for each of the following societal aspects of sow husbandry: piglet mortality; tail biting and the indoor housing of gestating sows. A simulation model was developed to estimate the effects of the measures and Data Envelopment Analysis used to compare measures in terms of their effects on animal welfare, farm income and public attitudes. Only piglet mortality measures were found to have a positive effect on farm income but they showed a relatively low effect on animal welfare and public attitudes. The most efficient measure was that which included straw provision, daylight and increased group sizes for gestating sows. The level of improvement of a measure on animal welfare did not necessarily equate to the same level of improvement in public attitudes or decrease in farm income.

Farmers/Herdsmen Crisis and Sustainable Food Production in Nigeria

In recent times, the most populous black nation in the world, Nigeria has been deeply engulfed by many skirmishes which undermine peace and tranquillity in the country. One such threat is the debilitating Farmers/Herdsmen imbroglio that has led to blood-bathe in several parts of the states with consequential maiming or death of many citizens and destruction of unquantifiable property in the process, especially in Benua State. The security concerns in the country presently have gotten to a point of crescendo that the nation can aptly be described as the satirical 'Animal Farm' as seen in the work of George Orwell. The study utilized secondary data and quantitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Furthermore, structural functionalism theory was applied to direct the research. Drought and desertification, which are indicators of climate change were observed as the major reasons the pastoralist invade farmlands in arable areas and this led the plethoral of the conflicts. The study recommends amongst others that the government should intensify efforts to deliver nomadic education to Fulani herdsmen and their entire households; that way, they will be enlightened on the values of peace and development; also, the government should demarcate the grazing routes for way from farm settlement to avoid frequent clashes between farmers and herders.

Listeria valentina sp. nov., isolated from a water trough and the faeces of healthy sheep.

In the context of a study on the occurrence of Listeria species in an animal farm environment in Valencia, Spain, six Listeria-like isolates could not be assigned to any known species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and on 231 Listeria core genes grouped these isolates in a monophyletic clade within the genus Listeria, with highest similarity to Listeria thailandensis. Whole-genome sequence analyses based on in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, the average nucleotide blast and the pairwise amino acid identities against all currently known Listeria species confirmed that these isolates constituted a new taxon within the genus Listeria. Phenotypically, these isolates differed from other Listeria species mainly by the production of acid from inositol, the absence of acidification in presence of methyl α-d-glucoside, and the absence of α-mannosidase and nitrate reductase activities. The name Listeria valentina sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species, and the type strain is CLIP 2019/00642T (=CIP 111799T=DSM 110544T).

Preserving Style in Translating Metaphors of a Literary Text from English into Arabic

This paper investigates the stylistics issues in translating metaphors of George Orwell's Animal Farm from English into two different Arabic translations and whether the metaphors’ style is maintained or not in the target texts. The research presents concepts related to metaphor translation such as text types and semantic/ communicative translation. This study is based on Newmark’s (1988) classifications of metaphors. The data are selected randomly from the novel, then the target texts equivalents are provided to investigate the maintaining of metaphors’ style in TT (1) and TT (2) as compared to the ST. The study concludes that the translators try their best to reproduce the same image in the TT (target text) as closely as possible. Although, it is important for a metaphor to be retained in the translation, however, the study reveals that some metaphors has been translated word-by-word in both target texts (TT1 and TT2). TT (2) follows the target readers’ culture (Arabic culture) in translating some of these metaphors to some-extent more than the TT (1). Metaphors are translated in both denotative and connotative associations. TT2 has deleted some metaphors from the translation (TT2) which may cause some loss in meaning. TT1 is to some-extent successfully conveyed all metaphors which may express the translator’s fluency as a well-known author. Omissions reveal that TT2 is conventional to the target culture. Finally, the study concludes that TT1 is more restricted to the ST style; whereas, TT2 is restricted more to the target language (Arabic).

THE SARMATIAN DISCOVERIES FROM RIPICENI – LA STÂNCĂ (BOTOȘANI COUNTY/RO): TWO GRAVES AND MANY QUESTIONS

The present paper aims to analyse two graves and other stray finds dated to the Roman period and discovered in 1979 and 1983 in the site of Ripiceni – La Stânca (Botoșani County/RO). Grave 1 belongs to an adult female (around 55-60 years old) with the skull intentionally deformed in the first years after her birth. The calvaria of the deceased no. 2 (a child around 2-3 years old) had also traces of artificial deformation. The morphology of both skeletons and the funerary inventory (beads, astragals, ceramics, etc.) can be associated with the Sarmatian culture. Based on analogies one can date the two graves from Ripiceni – La Sânca during the second half of the 2nd century – 3rd century AD. Probably this features are only a small part of a bigger cemetery destroyed by the animal farm complex constructed in the communist era.

Apparent prevalence and risk factors of coxiellosis (Q fever) among dairy herds in India.

Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious zoonotic pathogen infecting wide range of mammals, including humans. In the present study, a total of 711 blood samples from bovines [cattle (n = 543) and buffaloes (n = 168)] from eight farms at different geographical locations in India were screened for C. burnetii targeting the IS1111 and the com1 genes. The anti-C. burnetii antibodies in serum samples were detected using indirect-ELISA kits. Also, a total of 21 parameters pertaining to animal health and farm management were identified to assess their role as possible risk factors for coxiellosis among the targeted farms. The apparent prevalence (positive for PCR and/or ELISA) for coxiellosis was reported to be 24.5% in cattle and 8.9% in buffaloes. In cattle, the detection rate of C. burnetii employing the IS1111 gene (8.5%) was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to the com1 (6.5%) gene. The seropositivity by ELISA was higher among cattle (17.7%) than in buffaloes (8.3%). Further, on univariable analysis of risk factors, species (cattle) (OR:3.31; 95%CI:1.88–5.82), inadequate floor spacing (OR:1.64; 95%CI:1.10–2.43), mastitis (OR:2.35, 95%CI:1.45–3.81) and reproductive disorders (OR:2.54; 95%CI:1.67–3.85) were significantly (p<0.05) having high odds for coxiellosis. The multivariable logistic regression analysis of the animal level risk factors revealed that species and age were found to be significantly associated with coxiellosis. However, since the number of screened farms is limited; further research is needed with a higher number of animals to confirm the farm level odds ratio of risk factors. Quarantine and biosecurity measures including farm hygiene operations were observed to be inadequate and also the lack of awareness about coxiellosis among the farm workers. In absence of vaccination program for coxiellosis in India, robust surveillance, farm biosecurity measures and the awareness for the disease among risk groups can play an important role in the disease prevention and subsequent transmission of the pathogen.

Dispersion, availability, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles during application to drinking water of the poultry

The applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an antimicrobial agent in agriculture and animal farm products raise concerns about their fate and risk in the water environment. In this study, AgNPs dispersion in terms of aggregation and sedimentation, and antibacterial activity were analyzed in poultry farm water and compared with the similar mechanisms in de-ionized (DI) water. The analysis of farm water samples revealed that the concentrations of inorganic like chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate and total organic matter were higher than the permissible limits mainly because the water was from shallow well and untreated. The significant increased (p < 0.05) of aggregation and sedimentation of the AgNPs in the farm water was observed for different concentrations of water pollutants, as compared to DI water. The average aggregation of AgNPs in the farm water and DI water was observed 275 ± 10 and 49 nm, respectively. The mass sedimentation of AgNPs in the farm water and DI water was observed 90 ± 2 and 19 %, respectively. The optimum dose of 50 ppm AgNPs was determined through MIC test and checked for the disinfection test against total coliform bacteria in the farm water. The obtained AAS results reveal that only 10 % of 50 ppm AgNPs suspension in the farm water was efficiently utilized for complete disinfection. The conclusion points out that the high concentration of bacterial population can be dealt with the smaller dosage of AgNPs. The average size of the laboratory synthesized AgNPs was 8 nm and the synthesis route was cost effective for commercial development. Such a finding can be used to improve the delivery design for the application of disinfectants in the farm water.

Characterization of a Novel Chromosomal Class C β-Lactamase, YOC-1, and Comparative Genomics Analysis of a Multidrug Resistance Plasmid in Yokenella regensburgei W13.

Yokenella regensburgei, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, is usually isolated from environmental samples and generally resistant to early generations of cephalosporins. To characterize the resistance mechanism of Y. regensburgei strain W13 isolated from the sewage of an animal farm, whole genome sequencing, comparative genomics analysis and molecular cloning were performed. The results showed that a novel chromosomally encoded class C β-lactamase gene with the ability to confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, designated blaYOC–1, was identified in the genome of Y. regensburgei W13. Kinetic analysis revealed that the β-lactamase YOC-1 has a broad spectrum of substrates, including penicillins, cefazolin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. The two functionally characterized β-lactamases with the highest amino acid identities to YOC-1 were CDA-1 (71.69%) and CMY-2 (70.65%). The genetic context of the blaYOC–1-ampR-encoding region was unique compared with the sequences in the NCBI nucleotide database. The plasmid pRYW13-125 of Y. regensburgei W13 harbored 11 resistance genes (blaOXA–10, blaLAP–2, dfrA14, tetA, tetR, cmlA5, floR, sul2, ant(3″)-IIa, arr-2 and qnrS1) within an ∼34 kb multidrug resistance region; these genes were all related to mobile genetic elements. The multidrug resistance region of pYRW13-125 shared the highest identities with those of two plasmids from clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, indicating the possibility of horizontal transfer of these resistance genes between bacteria of various origins.

Eight years of sales surveillance of antimicrobials for veterinary use in Germany-What are the perceptions?

A surveillance system for sales volumes of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use was established in Germany in 2011. Since then, pharmaceutical companies and wholesalers have been legally obliged to report annual volumes of veterinary antimicrobial products sold to veterinary practices or clinics located in Germany. The evaluation of sales volumes for eight consecutive years resulted in a considerable total decrease by 58% from 1706 tons to 722 tons. During the investigation period, two legally binding measures to control the risk of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the veterinary use of antimicrobials were introduced, a) the German treatment frequencies benchmarking in 2014 and b) the obligation to conduct susceptibility testing for the use of cephalosporins of the 3rd and 4th generation and of fluoroquinolones in 2018. Both had a marked impact on sales volumes. Nonetheless, the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization kept accounting for the highest share on sales volumes in Germany in 2018 with 403 tons, despite an overall reduction by 53%. Sales surveillance is considered essential for data retrieval on a global scale and inter-country comparison. However, the usability of a surveillance system based on sales data for risk management of antimicrobial resistance has limitations. The German system does not include off-label use of antimicrobial products authorized for human medicine and does not allow for identification of areas of high risk according to animal species, farm and production types and indications for treatment. For further reduction and enhanced promotion of a prudent use of antimicrobials, targeted measures would be required that could only be deducted from use data collected at farm or veterinary practice level. A surveillance system based on use data is currently lacking in Germany but will be established according to Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products.

New Perspectives on Retranslation: The Case of Iran

This paper examines the social aspects of retranslation in contemporary Iran. Foreign classics and award-winning literary books have attracted multiple translations into Persian within a short period of time. For instance, George Orwell’s novella, Animal Farm, has received more than one hundred retranslations in the last 40 years. The aim of this paper is to investigate possible reasons for such an unusually high number of retranslations. By analysing sixteen interviews with Iranian translators and publishers and performing paratextual analysis of four retranslations of George Orwell’s Animal Farm, this paper sheds light on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of retranslation. It does so by drawing on the trust-based approach to the study of translation proposed by Rizzi, Lang, and Pym, and by offering sociological insight into retranslation in contemporary Iran. Four groups of translators are identified: amateur, early career, mid-career, and senior translators. Retranslation for the former two groups is viewed as profitable trade in literary translation market. For the latter two, retranslation is the process of reinforcing trustworthiness at the institutional level that means trust in professionalism of certain Iranian translators and publishers.

Detection of international high-risk clones of food-borne pathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the Russian Federation

The use of whole genome sequencing, standard analyze methods and international databases allows to detect international high-risk clones of food-borne pathogens, to assess their evolution and geographical distribution due to international trade of animal food products and farm animals. In Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Kentucky and Escherichia coli O26:H11 of well-known international high-risk clones were first identified from patients with diarrhea. Two S. Kentucky strains isolated in 2015 and 2019 were identical to the international clone ST198 widely distributed in European countries: had multidrug resistance, high-level fluoroquinolone resistance (MIC of ciprofloxacin 32,0 mg/l) due to three single-nucleotide substitutions in the gyrA (Ser83Phe and Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile). In 2008, a multidrug resistant S. Newport strain resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins due to AmpC-cephalosporinase CMY-2 was isolated, belonging to the international clone of S. Newport MDR-AmpC/CMY-2 which caused sporadic cases and outbreaks in the USA and Europe in the 2000s. The plasmid containing the blaCMY-2 had a PstI-restriction profile, one of the most prevalent in the international clone. E. coli O26:H11 strains, isolated in Saint-Petersburg, produced the shiga-like toxin STX1 (stx1a), had additional virulence genes: ehxA (enterohemolysin), katP (catalase peroxidase), espP (serine protease), as well as cba (colicin B), gad (glutamate decarboxylase), cif (type III secreted effector), iss (increased serum survival), belonged to the phylogenetic group B1 and the international high-risk clone E. coli O26:H11 ST21 widely distributed in Europe and the USA. 25% of the strains had multidrug resistance and produced CTX-M extended spectrum beta-lactamases. In the Russian Federation E. coli O26 is consider as the pathogen of diarrheal diseases and registered as Enteropathogenic E. coli in routine bacteriological laboratories without detecting of H-antigen and shiga-like toxins.

The Internet of Things enhancing animal welfare and farm operational efficiency.

The growth in wirelessly enabled sensor network technologies has enabled the low cost deployment of sensor platforms with applications in a range of sectors and communities. In the agricultural domain such sensors have been the foundation for the creation of decision support tools that enhance farm operational efficiency. This Research Reflection illustrates how these advances are assisting dairy farmers to optimise performance and illustrates where emerging sensor technology can offer additional benefits. One of the early applications for sensor technology at an individual animal level was the accurate identification of cattle entering into heat (oestrus) to increase the rate of successful pregnancies and thus optimise milk yield per animal. This was achieved through the use of activity monitoring collars and leg tags. Additional information relating to the behaviour of the cattle, namely the time spent eating and ruminating, was subsequently derived from collars giving further insights of economic value into the wellbeing of the animal, thus an enhanced range of welfare related services have been provisioned. The integration of the information from neck-mounted collars with the compositional analysis data of milk measured at a robotic milking station facilitates the early diagnosis of specific illnesses such as mastitis. The combination of different data streams also serves to eliminate the generation of false alarms, improving the decision making capability. The principle of integrating more data streams from deployed on-farm systems, for example, with feed composition data measured at the point of delivery using instrumented feeding wagons, supports the optimisation of feeding strategies and identification of the most productive animals. Optimised feeding strategies reduce operational costs and minimise waste whilst ensuring high welfare standards. These IoT-inspired solutions, made possible through Internet-enabled cloud data exchange, have the potential to make a major impact within farming practices. This paper gives illustrative examples and considers where new sensor technology from the automotive industry may also have a role.

Residential proximity to agriculture and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors in the Danish national birth cohort

BackgroundLiving in an agricultural area or on farms has been associated with increased risk of childhood cancer but few studies have evaluated specific agricultural exposures. We prospectively examined residential proximity to crops and animals during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Denmark. MethodsThe Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) consists of 91,769 pregnant women (96,841 live-born children) enrolled in 1996–2003. For 61 childhood leukemias and 59 CNS tumors <15 years of age that were diagnosed through 2014 and a ~10% random sample of the live births (N = 9394) with geocoded addresses, we linked pregnancy addresses to crop fields and animal farm locations and estimated the crop area (hectares [ha]) and number of animals (standardized by their nitrogen emissions) by type within 250 meters (m), 500 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m of the home. We also estimated pesticide applications (grams, active ingredient) based on annual sales data for nine herbicides and one fungicide that were estimated to have been applied to >30% of the area of one or more crop. We used Cox proportional hazard models (weighted to the full cohort) to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of childhood leukemia and CNS tumors with crop area, animals, and pesticide applications adjusted for gender and maternal age. ResultsSixty-three percent of mothers had crops within 500 m of their homes during pregnancy; winter and spring cereals were the major crop types. Compared to mothers with no crops <500 m, we found increasing risk of childhood leukemia among offspring of mothers with increasing crop area near their home (highest tertile >24 ha HR: 2.0, CI:1.02–3.8), which was stronger after adjustment for animals (within 1000 m) (HR: 2.6, CI:1.02–6.8). We also observed increased risk for grass/clover (highest tertile >1.1 ha HR: 3.1, CI:1.2–7.7), peas (>0 HR: 2.4, CI: 1.02–5.4), and maize (>0 HR: 2.8, CI: 1.1–6.9) in animal-adjusted models. We found no association between number of animals near homes and leukemia risk. Crops, total number of animals, and hogs within 500 m of the home were not associated with CNS tumors but we observed an increased risk with >median cattle compared with no animals in crop-adjusted models (HR = 2.2, CI: 1.02–4.9). In models adjusted for total animals, the highest tertiles of use of three herbicides and one fungicide were associated with elevated risk of leukemia but no associations were statistically significant; there were no associations with CNS tumors. ConclusionsRisk of childhood leukemia was associated with higher crop area near mothers’ homes during pregnancy; CNS tumors were associated with higher cattle density. Quantitative estimates of crop pesticides and other agricultural exposures are needed to clarify possible reasons for these increased risks.

Hybrid Constructed Wetland to Improve Organic Matter and Nutrient Removal

Constructed wetlands are one of the best technologies for wastewater treatment in small towns, small businesses or farms and/or livestock breeding. In this work, a wastewater depuration ecological system implemented in a hybrid constructed wetland to remove nutrients and organic matter from small urban agglomerations is studied. It comprises two processing stages: a primary treatment carried out in two hydrolytic up-flow sludge bed digesters working in parallel and a secondary one made up of two vertical flow constructed wetlands, which are alternatively used, followed by a horizontal flow constructed wetland. An internal recirculation system connects the output of the vertical flow constructed wetlands to the input of the hydrolytic up-flow sludge bed digesters with the aim of promoting the nitrification-denitrification process. High nutrients and organic matter removal efficiencies were observed when treating highly polluted wastewater from an animal farm. Therefore, this ecological depuration system, designed with an internal recirculation to enhance nitrogen reduction, may be considered an efficient alternative to treat wastewater from small urban agglomerations and diffuse contamination from agricultural industries and livestock farms polluting surface waters with nitrates, which may cause serious environmental problems, such as eutrophication.

АДАПТИВНЫЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ СВЯЗОЧНОГО АППАРАТА КОЛЕННОГО СУСТАВА У ЛИСИЦ В УСЛОВИЯХ ИЗМЕНЕННОЙ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

The aim of the research is identification of complex structural changes of the fox’s knee joint ligaments to ensure its high biomechanical potencies. A promising approach for the study of adaptive and compensatory changes of the joint as a multicomponent biomechanical system is to evaluate the structural transformations of its ligaments under conditions of a new functional load. The research was carried out on the basis of the Department of Animal Anato-my and Histology named after Professor A. F. Klimov «Moscow state Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotech-nology – MBA named after K. I. Scryabin» and on the basis of JSC «Breeding animal farm «Saltykovsky». The arti-cle presents information about morphological transformations of the lateral and median ligaments of the knee joint that determine its reliable stability. Numerous structural changes of the fox ligaments during cage housing is re-flected, which decrease in the thickness of bundles of collagen fibers and their compositional density compared to the standard structure (in wild individuals). Morphological transformations that can significantly reduce the strength and elasticity resistance of the ligaments and the biomechanical potential of the joint are shown. 23 fox individuals, including 15 individuals of the cage housing and 8 representatives of the natural habitat were studied. The re-search used a comprehensive methodological approach, including anatomical preparation, light microscopy of histological sections, scanning electron microscopy, micromorphometry and statistical analysis of the obtained digi-tal data. According to the results of the study, it was found that fox individuals from natural biocenosis, have colla-gen structures of the lateral ligaments different in waving and packing density from ones of cage housing, which can contribute to ensuring their biomechanical domination.

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four: A Dystopian Novel

The famous British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, was born in motihari (East Champaran, Bihar), then under Bengal Presidency in British India on June 25, 1903. However, he left Motihari when he was only one year old, went with his mother to England for his schooling and for higher studies, wrote many novels, but became famous for the two, Animal Farm, a modern beast fable attacking Russian revolution and Stalinism, and 1984, a dystopian novel setting forth his fear of totalitarian government and Increasingly bureaucratic state of the future, Nineteen Eighty four often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949. Set in Oceania, one of the three Intercontinental super states that divided the world among themselves after a global atomic war, the story unfolds in London, the chief city of Airstrip one, governed by the Party, dictated by political system euphemistically named Engsocialism or Ingsoc in the government Invented language called newspeak, under the privileged elite of the Inner Party, that persecutes individualism and independent thinking headed by the big brother which is a tyrannical figure “Posters screaming” BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. Big brother, is just the name, someone who is unseen and all the people are scared of Big brother. He keeps an eye on everything. He has CCTV, telescreens to control the society. Every street corner, every lamp post, and every wall has life- size picture of Big Brother's face, his eyes following wary citizens as they walk, cast it."

Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Tramadol and Codeine on Aggressive Behaviour among Female Albino Rats

The relationship between drug use and aggressive behaviour and its consequences on social and financial burden on society is a source of recent concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of acute exposure to Codeine and Tramadol on aggressive behaviour. Twenty-Eight (28) participants (Female Albino Rats) weighing between 120-150g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 5 experimental groups of Codeine, Tramadol, combined Codeine and Tramadol, Control and intruder groups with 6 rats in each group except the intruder group with 4 rats. They were exposed to, 8mg/kg of codeine for the codeine group, 20mg/kg of tramadol for the tramadol group, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol for the combined group, normal saline for the control group and no treatment for the intruder group for 28 days. The rats were observed daily after treatment for, biting, dominant posture and scratching as attributes of aggressive behaviour. Randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of Codeine and Tramadol on aggressive behaviour among female albino rats, F (3,2010) = 53.53, p &lt; 0.001, η2= .07. Female albino rats in the tramadol treatment group significantly exhibited more aggression (x ̅= 14.08) than control group (x ̅=11.53) codeine group (x ̅=11.41) and combined group (x ̅=7.36). The mean differences were significant (p&lt;.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol has implications for aggressive tendencies and combined exposure to tramadol and codeine may be injurious to health.

The Criticism of Abuse of Religion in the Novel of Animal Farm by George Orwell

The Criticism of Abuse of Religion in the Novel of Animal Farm by George Orwell