Animal Farm Research Articles

A Q study: exploring the purpose of transdisciplinary dairy advisory services in Denmark

BackgroundStructural changes in dairy farming increase farm complexity, thereby inducing a need to combine herd health management, technological solutions, legislation, and human relations among farmers, farm workers, and advisors. This complex situation may require ‘transdisciplinary advisory service’, i.e., a highly integrated network of both non-academic and different academic disciplines. While working in these networks, advisors need to offer specialized knowledge from their own field, interact in a dynamic relationship between different types of professions and facilitate complex processes. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify and describe different advisor and farmer styles based on their reasons to engage in transdisciplinary advisory services at farm-level, (2) to identify any possible conflicting perspectives between advisors and farmers’ demand, and (3) to discuss these styles and conflicts in the context and future of advisory services for dairy herd health and production management.ResultsUsing Q methodology, we explored the purpose of transdisciplinary advisory service on dairy farms. The results were derived from correlations between 40 statements for 25 advisors and 33 statements for nine farmers. We identified three similar styles among advisors and farmers, characterized as: (1) the teamwork and knowledge-focused style, (2) the production and economy-focused style, and (3) the economy and strategy-focused style. These styles included reflections on financial aspects, production, knowledge-exchange and the teamwork process itself. In addition, different emphasis on animal welfare, farm strategy and follow-up procedures between the styles became evident.ConclusionsThis Q-study suggests three comparable styles between advisors and farmers. The main differences between the styles related to the teamwork process and purpose, follow-up process, financial aspects, farm strategy, and operational production objectives. Therefore, styles and expectations should be explored and discussed to create a mutual understanding within a farmer-advisor(s)-team, and to clarify the farmer’s needs and demands, and how the advisors can best meet these expectations. This study illustrates the importance of exploring different advisor and farmer styles to get a mutual understanding of the purpose of the transdisciplinary collaboration.

Animal Farm as a Heuristic Tool for Classroom Teaching of Social Movements

Social movements are a part of the curriculum of Anthropology and Sociology in higher education institutions in India. Traditionally, these courses are taught via snippets of social movements accompanied by theoretical texts and there is little scope for individual teachers to change course content. While these texts are valuable, I found students struggled to make initial engagement with many of the prescribed texts and often became tense or anxious about the material. Students viewed social movements with antipathy and as a hindrance to stability, influenced by the political narratives and media representation of social movements as a disruption to solidarity. They often struggled to connect to the themes and issues of the Social Movement course, positioned within their own prisms of religion, caste, class, gender, and political sympathies. In this article, I vindicate the use of Animal Farm by George Orwell as a heuristic tool, taught alongside standard texts, to help students grasp the nature of social movements in theory and praxis. Teaching and learning social movements require a certain amount of empathy and openness to untangle students from their own biases. Turning to fiction can help because students can connect and become invested in the story, after which point parallels to the academic texts or real-life social movements can be drawn. Set in the animal world, Animal Farm is a parable that is equidistant to human orientations and consequently makes an excellent starting point to distance students from their preconceived ideas. This in turn helps students develop a reflexive understanding from which to engage with the core texts.

Identification of antimicrobial resistance genes and drug resistance analysis of Escherichia coli in the animal farm environment

BackgroundAntibiotics are widely used to prevent and control diseases and infection for reducing the morbidity and mortality of animals, because of the high-density stocking in modern food-source animal production. However, the overuse of antibiotics in animal farms results in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and causes public health issues through the food chain. Therefore, the AMR analysis of the farms and their surrounding environments is great significance to public health. MethodsTo investigate the distribution of AMR genes and analyze the antimicrobial drug resistance of Escherichia coli in feces and surrounding soil of animal farm in Zhanjiang, China. E. coli was isolated and identified through PCR, and the distribution of 21 common antimicrobial drug resistance genes were also detected by using PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolated E. coli strains against 22 drugs was detected using the broth double dilution method. ResultsThe results showed that the different AMR genes were detected in both feces and soil, and the detection rate of each AMR gene was higher than 50%. The detection rate of most AMR genes in feces was higher than those in soil. Besides, the isolated 88 strains of E. coli were resistant to 22 kinds of antimicrobial drugs. The highest drug resistance rate (100%) was observed for amoxicillin, colistin, doxycycline and oxytetracycline, and the drug resistance rate of cephalosporins was less than 10%. The drug resistance rate of the isolated strains of E. coli from feces was higher than those from soil, however, in both of feces and soil, most of the isolated strains of E. coli from (77.55% of isolates from feces, 79.49% of isolates from soil and total 78.41%) showed multi-drug resistance (resistant to 15−22 drugs). ConclusionOverall, the detection rate of AMR genes in feces and soil from hog farms was high, and the isolated strains of E. coli from both feces and soil showed multi-drug resistance. Also, the results showed that the AMR genes and drug resistance in the feces and soil from the hog farms are similar. These findings suggested that the AMR genes could be transmitted horizontally from the animal feces to surrounding environments of farms. Therefore, it is urgent need to strengthen the monitoring and guide the rational use of antimicrobial drugs in the hog industry of Zhanjiang, China.

Using of Different Kinds of Aromatic Oils with Feeding on Some Productive Traits in Awassi Lambs

This study was conducted in the animal farm of the College of Veterinary Medicine/Tikrit University for the period from 01/10/2019 to 31/12/2019 to investigate the effect of using different kinds of aromatic oils on some productive traits in Awassi lambs. Twenty Awassi lambs aged between 5-6 month and divided according to weight into four group and hens in an individual cages, the study lasted for 90 day. concentrate diet provided to the lambs at 3% of their body weight. the treatment were as follows : T1 was a control group without drenching, T2 drenched with sage oil, T3 drenched with clove oil and T4 drenched with laurel oil. drenching process was done manually by using water-soluble capsules each one contain 500 mg of oil, each lambs was given one capsule/day. which is pushed by using a plastic tube in to the beginning of esophagus. to study the effect of these oils on weight characteristics, body dimensions and wool characteristics. The results showed that there was no significant effect of the treatments on body weight characteristics. As for the measurements of the body dimensions after a month of the experiment, laurel oil, clove oil and sage oil had a significant effect on the chest circumference, the width of the body at the front, the width of the body at the back and BCS, and also the parameters had a significant effect on the measurements of body dimensions At the end of the experiment, the characteristics of the height of the body at the front, the height of the body at the back, the circumference of the chest, and the length of the body. As for the characteristics of the wool, the oils used led to a decrease in the percentage of clean wool and an increase in the length of the fiber compared to the control.

Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Peternakan Hewan Qurban di Kota Sukabumi dan Kabupaten Bogor, Studi Kasus: Zona Hijau dan Merah

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic and Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the outbreak. This has a major impact on the social economic and the prosperous community, especially for sub sector livestock which contributes to the fulfillment of the nutritional value of animal protein and national food security. This study aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the livestock sector, especially to the sacrificial animal farm. Direct interviews using a questionnaire were conducted with 36 sacrifial animal farmers in the area of the Covid-19 spread map in the red zone (Bogor Regency) and the green zone (Sukabumi City) from September to November, 2020. The questionnaire was divided into three parts, first part about characteristics of farmers, second part about farming activities, and the last about market of sacrificial animals. The pandemic has caused changes in livestock procurement in terms of input prices and sales of sacrificial animals. The price of livestock for the production input during the pandemic in the green zone is low, while in the red zone is high. The decrease in sales occurred in the green zone, while in the red zone is increase, both for sheep and cattle farmers. Most of sacrificial animal farmers (88.89%) did not change their sales method from the previous year. Sacrificial animal farmers also strongly agree that Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on the economic conditions of farmers.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal farm owners/workers on antibiotic use and resistance in Amhara region, north western Ethiopia

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal and human plays a role in the emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics which threatens human health significantly. Although extensive use of these antibiotics could contribute to the development of drug resistance, information on the knowledge, attitude and practice of antimicrobial resistance and use among animal farm owners/workers in north western Ethiopia is rare. The objective of the present study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of animal farm owner/workers towards antibiotic resistance and use in Amhara regional state north western Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted in selected cities of Amhara regional state from January to February, 2020. Data was collected from 91 participants using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSSS version 23. The results showed that 96.7% of respondents gave antibiotics to treat their livestock from different sources. Most of the respondents bought their antibiotics from private pharmacies without prescription and the most frequently mentioned antibiotics used to treat animal diseases was tetracycline (76.9%), followed by ampicillin (72.5%). Although, 90.1% of the animal farm owners heard about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance from different sources, they did not know the factors contributing to the transmission of resistant bacteria to humans and the impact of antibiotic resistance on human and animals’ health. Using the mean score 4.44 ± 0.15 as the cut-off, half of the animal farm owners/workers had good knowledge about antimicrobial resistance and use. 52.5% of animal farm owners/workers had positive attitudes towards wise antibiotic use and resistance with a mean score of 28.4 ± 0.5. However, 52.75% participants had poor practice with the mean score of practice 4.95 ± 0.17. Better knowledge, positive attitudes and better practices on antibiotic use and resistance were associated with farm owners/workers who engaged in higher education. Although poor awareness on antimicrobial resistance was perceived by 76.9% of respondents as very important factors that contribute to increasing antibiotic resistance, increasing the use of complementary treatments was perceived by the majority of respondents as very important strategies that contribute to reduce antibiotic use and resistance. The current study disclosed that there is low level of awareness among animal farm owners about the correct use of antibiotics and resistance. It is necessary to raise awareness, develop and implement interventions to reduce antimicrobial use and antibiotic resistance in the study area.

The Brazilian beef supply chain and food security: a productive inputs view

The alignment of food production systems with the trends and demands of the world population plays an important global role. This study aims to discuss the convergence of trends related to the Brazilian beef cattle supply chain from a food security perspective. Therefore, it includes important reports on the future of this supply chain and its input production, taking on a qualitative approach to consider trends in animal health, genetics, nutrition, forage, and farm machinery in terms of the development of Brazilian agriculture and the future of food and agribusiness. From a managerial point of view, it was possible to provide information capable of leading to a sustainable understanding. Thus, a content analysis of the documents was carried out, coding them through the Sustainable Development Goals and categorizing them by taking into account the 2030 Agenda’s five Ps (people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships). Along this line, the discussion highlights the themes of poverty and climate change, emphasizing them with regard to the categorization social aspects – the P of people). Future trends will require a workforce prepared to deal with the additional limitations that can arise with the use of new technologies as productivity increases.

The Art of Manipulating Masses and Failure of Leadership in Orwells Animal Farm and Pakistani Politics: A Comparative Study

Purpose: The purpose of this research study is to comparatively study George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Pakistani political scenario. The study attempts to find similarities between the two from various aspects such as economy, freedom of speech, leadership, etc., and their effect on the masses.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is mainly qualitative as the evidence is gathered from the novella Animal Farm and the public speeches, interviews, and from the social media handles of leading politicians. Critical Discourse Model (CDA), developed by Van Dijk (2001), is employed for the analysis and discussion. The selected texts were then contextualized for comparative analysis. 
 Findings: The textual evidence collected from the novella Animal Farm and the speeches, interviews, and social media posts from the political leaders reveal that there are certain common elements in both parties. The common elements include censorship on freedom of expression, lack of deliverance on the part of leadership, worsening economy, etc.
 Implications/Originality/Value: This research study is significant in the sense it is applicable on various levels such as leadership and its role in shaping the fate of society, the importance of freedom of speech as it paves the way for discussion for a better future of a nation. It also discusses the reason for the failure of economy. Furthermore, it is applicable to prevail justice and equality in society in all forms. This study aimed at discussing the common elements between Animal Farm and Pakistani politics. This is, to the best of my knowledge, perhaps, the first attempt in this regard. It is beneficial for readers in the sense that it provides them to relate the fictional world of Animal Farm to the real happenings in society and its impact on members of the society. Furthermore, it is suggestive in the sense that it provides a solution/alternative for the politicians and stakeholders of the state.

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota.

Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.

The Effect of Implicitation & Explicitation Strategies on the Acceptance of Two Different Farsi Translations of George Orwell’s Animal Farm

Explicitating and implicitating are among the significant facets of texts in Translation Studies. They vary across languages in terms of the way and process of transferring into another language. This research presents a study of explicitation and implicitation in translation. Explicitating and implicitating shifts were manually identified in a corpus of English and their translations in presian. Explicitating and implicitating Shifts were classified according to Vahedi Kia’s (2011) framework. The study tries to explore the percentage of the usage of explicitations and implicitating in two different translations of George Orwell’s Animal Farm. The main aim of the study was to specify the relation and the Effect of implicitation & explicitation strategies on the acceptance of two different farsi translations of George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Unlike most other studies of explicitation in translation, the present study did not depart from the assumption of a ‘translation-inherent’, universal process of explicitation (cf. Blum-Kulka’s Explicitation Hypothesis). Rather, the prediction underlying the study was that every instance of explicitation (and implicitation) can be explained as a result of lexicogrammatical and/or pragmatic factors. This analysis has made it possible to compile a list of factors that regularly lead translators to explicitate or implicitate. The factors explain why implicitations are often outnumbered by the corresponding explicitations.

Selection for litter size and litter birthweight in Large White pigs: Maximum, mean and variability of reproduction traits

Gradually increasing trend of litter size poses a challenge to pig farmers in terms of managing larger litters. Therefore, it seems that a balanced approach that optimises litter size, litter birthweight, and uniformity of those traits is needed in order to address animal welfare and farm management concerns. This study aimed to investigate this issue by defining several traits for total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA) and litter birthweight (LW). First, the highest value from at least five records per sow was selected as maximum (max) value for each reproduction trait. Second, a mean (mean) for each reproduction trait was calculated per sow. Last, the variability of reproduction traits between parities of the sow was calculated as log-transformed variance of residuals of all observations per sow for each reproduction trait (LnVar). In total, 23 193 Large White sows from Topigs Norsvin with 152 282 litter records were used for analysis in ASReml 4.1. Also, a simulation of breeding schemes was performed with the use of SelAction 2.1 and estimates from genetic analysis. Maximum value of reproductive traits had a much higher heritability than repeated observations or mean of reproduction traits, e.g., 0.31 for maxTNB vs. 0.12 for TNB and 0.07 for meanTNB, which allows for a faster response under selection. The maximum value traits, however, were found to carry more risks, i.e. higher ratio of stillborn (not for maxNBA) and increased variability of traits. Thus, using them in breeding programme should be carefully considered. The genetic coefficient of variation on SD level estimated to indicate the genetic magnitude for variability phenotypes indicated a maximum change of 6–9% in genetic SD of TNB, NBA and LW. The genetic correlations between mean and corresponding variability traits varied from 0.66 to 0.74, whereas the correlation between other mean and variability traits ranged from 0.33 to 0.99. The simulation indicated that even with selection targeted against the variability of reproduction traits, a very limited change should be expected due to a complex genetic and phenotypic relationship between the traits. In the scenarios with selection against LnVarTNB and LnVarLW, this was a decrease of 0.1–0.6% per year, whereas in scenario with selection against LnVarNBA, the range was 0.6–1.1% per year. It is still possible to increase litter size and birthweight further, however, a balance between mean and variability of reproduction traits is required, which can be obtained only by a very well designed breeding programme.

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni diversity by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) from an animal farm

Background Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illness worldwide. Because of genetic diversity and sophisticated growth requirements of C. jejuni, several genotyping methods have been investigated to classify this bacterium during the outbreaks. One of such method is to use clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR).ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to explore the diversity of C. jejuni isolates with CRISPR from an animal farm.MethodsSeventy‐seven C. jejuni isolates from an animal farm were used in this study. The day‐old broilers were reared with other poultry and farm animals, including layer hens, guinea hens, dairy goats and sheep. A small swine herd was also present on an adjacent, but separate plot of land. Isolation and identification of C. jejuni were performed according to the standard procedures. The CRISPR type 1 was PCR amplified from genomic DNA, and the amplicons were sequenced by the Sanger dideoxy method. The direct repeats (DRs) and spacers of the CRISPR sequences were identified using the CRISPRFinder.ResultsThe CRISPR sequences were detected in all 77 isolates. One type of DRs was identified in these 77 isolates. The lengths of the CRISPR locus ranged from 100 to 560 nucleotides, whereas the number of spacers ranged from one to eight. The distributions of the numbers of CRISPR spacers from different sources seemed to be random. Overall, 17 out of 77 (22%) C. jejuni isolates had two and five spacers, whereas 14 out of 77 (18%) isolates had three spaces in their genomes. By further analysis of spacer sequences, a total of 266 spacer sequences were identified in 77 C. jejuni isolates. By comparison with known published spacer sequences, we observed that 49 sequences were unique in this study. The CRISPR sequence combination of Nos. 16, 19, 48 and 57 was found among a total of 15 C. jejuni isolates containing various multi‐locus sequence typing (MLST) types (ST‐50, ST‐607, ST‐2231 and ST‐5602). No. 57 spacer sequence was unique from this study, whereas the other three (Nos. 16, 19 and 48) sequences were found in previous reports. Combination of Nos. 5, 9, 15, 30 and 45 was associated with ST‐353. To compare the CRISPR genotyping with other methods, the MLST was selected due to its high discriminatory power to differentiate isolates. Based on calculation of the Simpson's index of diversity, a combination of both methods had higher Simpson's index value than those for CRISPR or MLST, respectively.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the MLST from C. jejuni isolates can be discriminated based on the CRISPR unique spacer sequences and the numbers of spacers. In the future, investigation on the CRISPR resolution for C. jejuni identification in outbreaks is needed. A database that integrates both MLST sequences and CRISPR sequences and is searchable is greatly in demand for tracking outbreaks and evolution of this bacterium.

The impact of lamb and ewe mortality associated with dystocia on Australian and New Zealand sheep farms: A systematic review, meta-analysis and bio-economic model

Dystocia contributes to lamb and ewe mortality in the periparturient period but impacts for extensive sheep production systems remain poorly understood. Here we show that lamb and ewe mortality associated with dystocia has important impacts on sheep production in Australia and New Zealand, and quantify financial impacts for the Australian sheep industry. A systematic review of the literature identified 11 publications published since 1990 that reported sheep mortality due to dystocia in Australia or New Zealand. Assumptions for ewe breeding flock structure and reproductive performance were based on Australian sheep industry data. The proportion of lamb mortality attributable to dystocia (including stillbirths and perinatal deaths with evidence of hypoxic injury) pooled across all studies (pooled proportional mortality ratio) was 47 % (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 38, 55). Pooled proportional mortality ratio for Australian studies was 53 % (95 %CI: 47, 60), and for New Zealand studies was 35 % (95 %CI: 19, 51). Pooled proportional mortality ratio was similar for lambs born to Merino and non-Merino ewes, although more data are needed to determine effects of ewe breed independent of other factors. Pooled proportional mortality ratio was higher for single lambs (59 %; 95 % CI: 55, 63) than twin (47 %; 41, 54) or triplet (49 %; 46, 52) lambs. However, the number of dystocia-associated mortalities is higher for twin-born lambs than for singles because total mortality is higher for twin-born lambs. It is estimated that approximately 7.7 million lamb deaths and 297,500 ewe deaths per year are attributable to dystocia in Australia for the national flock of 38 million breeding ewes. The whole-farm bio-economic Model of an Integrated Dryland Agricultural System (MIDAS) was used to determine the impacts of dystocia-associated ewe and lamb mortality on Australian farm profit. Dystocia is estimated to reduce Australian national farm profit by AU$780 million or $23.00 per ewe mated based on an assumed lamb sale price of AU$6.50 per kg carcass weight. These estimates do not include the costs of reduced productivity for surviving ewes and lambs, intervention, post-farmgate impacts, delayed genetic progress, or impacts on animal welfare and access into sheep meat and wool markets. Reducing dystocia through improved genetics and sheep management will improve animal welfare and farm profit.

Non-Equivalence at Idiomatic and Expressional Level and the Strategies to Deal With: English Translation into Persian in Animal Farm by George Orwell

This paper makes an effort to investigate the obstacles in nonequivalence at the idiomatic and expressional level and then presents some certain factors to face such difficulties in Animal Farm novel (1945) by George Orwell and its translation by Amir Amirshahi (1969). The researchers in the current study try by analyzing six certain strategies as using an idiomatic expression of similar meaning and form, similar meaning but dissimilar form, borrowing the source language, translation by paraphrase, translation by the omission of a play on idiomatic expression and translation by the omission of entire idiomatic expression (Baker, 2011). Moreover, the present research is a descriptive, non-judgmental, comparative and corpus-based analysis of EnglishPersian parallel study. The findings demonstrate the fact that the practical ways in the translation of idiomatic expressions presented by Baker (2011) are applicable, and the most useable strategy is using an idiomatic expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form at 35.96%.

Identification and Characterization of a Novel Aminoglycoside 3''-Nucleotidyltransferase, ANT(3'')-IId, From Acinetobacter lwoffii.

A novel plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside 3''-nucleotidyltransferase ANT(3")-IId, was discovered in Acinetobacter lwoffi strain H7 isolated from a chick on an animal farm in Wenzhou, China. The whole-genome of A. lwoffii H7 consisted of one chromosome and five plasmids (pH7-250, pH7-108, pH7-68, pH7-48, and pH7-11). ant(3")-IId was identified as being encoded on pH7-250, sharing the highest amino acid identity of 50.64% with a function-known resistance gene, ant(3")-IIb (KB849358.1). Susceptibility testing and enzyme kinetic parameter analysis were conducted to determine the function of the aminoglycoside 3"-nucleotidyltransferase. The ant(3")-IId gene conferred resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin [the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of both increased 16-fold compared with the control strain]. Consistent with the MIC data, kinetic analysis revealed a narrow substrate profile including spectinomycin and streptomycin, with Kcat/Km ratios of 4.99 and 4.45×103M−1 S−1, respectively. Sequencing analysis revealed that the ant(3")-IId gene was associated with insertion sequences (IS) element [ΔISAba14-ΔISAba14-hp-orf-orf-orf1-ant(3")-IId], and ant(3")-IId were identified in plasmids from various Acinetobacter species. This study of the novel aminoglycoside 3"-nucleotidyltranferase ANT(3")-IId helps us further understand the functional and sequence characteristics of aminoglycoside 3"-nucleotidyltranferases, highlights the risk of resistance gene transfer among Acinetobacter species and suggests that attention should be given to the emergence of new aminoglycoside 3"-nucleotidyltranferase genes.

Are some more equal than others? Animated and animatronic adaptations of Animal Farm

ABSTRACT This article focuses on two film adaptations of George Orwell’s 1945 novel Animal Farm, exploring what they tell us about the Cultural Cold War and the post-Cold War period, as well as about the interplay between adaptation and political purpose. The article situates the 1945 animated version in the context of the Cultural Cold War, touching on the now well-established CIA involvement of this version, and investigating how that film’s ending especially reflects specific propaganda agendas. The less-considered 1999 animatronics version is read in terms of its substantial refocusing of narrative and point-of-view to foreground the situation of refugees and dissidents in the post-Cold War world in which it first appeared. The article argues that this adaptation ignores Orwell’s powerful and ambiguous ending in ways that are different from the 1945 version but equally problematic. While accepting that no adaptation is required to observe fidelity to an originary text, the article suggests that both these cinematic takes reconfigure the novel for political ends fundamentally at odds with those in Orwell’s Animal Farm.

THE DEPICTION OF HEGEMONY CREATED AND DEVELOPED BY THE GROUP OF THE PIGS IN ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM

<p>Power is one of the most wanted things in this world. Many people compete with each other for power. Sometimes, some of them use their cunning to accomplish their desire for power. When they succeed to get it, they will do everything to maintain their positions. This research explores those kinds of issues portrayed in George Orwell’s novel entitled <em>Animal Farm</em> (1945). Furthermore, the research focuses on the process of how hegemony takes place in Animal Farm. Antonio Gramsci’s theory about hegemony is used to analyze the data. The research finds out that from the beginning to the end of the story, Orwell’s <em>Animal Farm</em> shows the system of hegemony created and developed by the pigs’ group. Old Major’s speech made the animals realized their real condition and triggered the animals to rebel against their master, Mr. Jones. Even though their rebellion succeeded to expel Mr. Jones and his men from the farm, it emerged the new supremacy of the pigs. Snowball only used consent to rule the animals. On the other hand, Napoleon used the combination of consent and coercion to rule the animals.</p>

Conjunction Shifts and their Impact on Translation Quality of Orwell’s Animal Farm

This study aims at identifying conjunction shifts and their impact on the translation quality of Orwell’s Animal Farm in accuracy and acceptability aspects. This descriptive qualitative research is an embedded-cased study and oriented to translation products. The data were collected by document analysis and focus group discussion and then analyzed by Spradley’s data analysis method. The results show that 207 data of conjunction shifts in terms of form, expression, function, major classification meaning, categorical meaning, and sub-categorical meaning affect translation quality. The assessment of translation quality of conjunctions that shifted in the translation of the novel Animal Farm results in an average accuracy score of 2.09 and an average acceptability score of 2.84. Even though they are less accurate, the translation results of conjunctions that shifted in the translation of the novel are quite acceptable. This implies that translators should master on form, expression, function, and meaning of conjunctions so as to produce a good quality translation result.

An Analysis of Identification Theory in Political Fable—A Case Study of Animal Farm

Under the guidance of Burke’s identification theory, this paper analyzes the speech of the old Major in the first chapter of Animal Farm from a rhetorical perspective and finds that the old Major persuades his audience, i.e., the other animals, to gain the identification from two aspects: identification by content and identification by form, thus causing the successful uprising of the animals that follows in the storyline. This study explores the embodiment of rhetoric in political fables and analyzes the rationale embedded in the fable from a new perspective, that of rhetoric.

How Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge inspired George Orwell to write Animal Farm

How Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge inspired George Orwell to write Animal Farm