Angle 2θ Research Articles

One-step synthesis, characterization and properties of novel hybrid electromagnetic nanomaterials based on polydiphenylamine and Co-Fe particles in the absence and presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

A one-step preparation method for hybrid electromagnetic nanomaterials based on polydiphenylamine (PDPA) and bimetallic Co–Fe particles in the absence and presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) was proposed. During IR heating of PDPA in the presence of Co(ii) and Fe(iii) salts in an inert atmosphere at T = 450–600 °C, the polycondensation of diphenylamine (DPA) oligomers and dehydrogenation of phenyleneamine units of the polymer with the formation of C Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019 ]]> N bonds and reduction of metals by evolved hydrogen with the formation of bimetallic Co–Fe particles dispersed in a polymer matrix occur simultaneously. When carbon nanotubes are introduced into the reaction system, a nanocomposite material is formed, in which bimetallic Co–Fe particles immobilized on SWCNT are distributed in the matrix of the polymer. According to XRD data, reflection peaks of bimetallic Co–Fe particles at diffraction scattering angles 2θ = 69.04° and 106.5° correspond to a solid solution based on the fcc-Co crystal lattice. According to SEM and TEM data, a mixture of particles with sizes of 8–30 nm and 400–800 nm (Co–Fe/PDPA) and 23–50 nm and 400–1100 nm (Co–Fe/SWCNT/PDPA) is formed in the nanocomposites. The obtained multifunctional Co–Fe/PDPA and Co–Fe/SWCNT/PDPA nanomaterials demonstrate good thermal, electrical and magnetic properties. The saturation magnetization of the nanomaterials is MS = 14.99–31.32 emu g−1 (Co–Fe/PDPA) and MS = 29.48–48.84 emu g−1 (Co–Fe/SWCNT/PDPA). The electrical conductivity of the nanomaterials reaches 3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 (Co–Fe/PDPA) and 1.3 S cm−1 (Co–Fe/SWCNT/PDPA). In an inert medium, at 1000 °C the residue is 71–77%.

Seed-Mediated Synthesis and Photoelectric Properties of Selenium Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods

Pristine ZnO and selenium doped ZnO (Se-ZnO) nanorods were successfully synthesized using seed-mediated hydrothermal method. The growth solution of both pure and Se-doped ZnO nanorods employed zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) as a precursor and surfactant, respectively. As a dopant source, selenium salt solution was obtained by reacting selenium powder with sodium borohydride at low temperature. The as-prepared pure ZnO and Se-doped ZnO nanorods were characterized using field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. FESEM images show that the geometric shape of Se-ZnO nanoparticles is nanorods with a hexagonal cross-section. The XRD pattern shows the diffraction peak of the sample at the angles of 2θ: 34.44°, 36.25° and 47.54° which represents the hkl plane of (002), (101) and (102), respectively. The crystalline size calculated from XRD data is found to be in the range of 35-42 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum shows that Se-ZnO nanorods strong absorption peaks appeared in the range of 300-380 nm for all samples. Se doping has slightly altered the band gap energy of pure ZnO nanorods around 0.01 eV. The peak of the photoluminescence spectra of the sample at 470 nm indicates the blue emission band.

GLAS FORMATION IN QUASI-TERNARY SYSTEMS AІ2S–ВIVS2–P2S5 (АI – Cu, Ag; ВIV – Ge, Sn)

The boundaries of the glass formation areas of quasiternary systems AІ2S–ВIVS2–P2S5 (АI – Cu, Ag; ВIV – Ge, Sn) have been established by the method of X-ray phase analysis. The compound GеS2 can exist in a glass state, so that germanium disulphide acts as a glass former in quasi-triple systems.The glass semiconductor alloys have been synthesized by the single-temperature method from the elementary substances of copper (99.99 wt.%), silver (99.99 wt.%), germanium (99.9999 wt.%), tin (99.999 wt.%), red phosphorus (99.998 wt.%) and sulfur (purity 99.997 wt.%). Maximum synthesis temperature was 1173 K, followed by quenching of the ampoules in a saturated solution of sodium chloride with crushed ice. Glasses with a high content of phosphorus are easily hydrolyzed under the influence of moisture of the air.Diffractograms have been recorded on a diffractometer DRON 4-13, CuKα-radiation, range of angles 2θ=10÷50°, stepped scan 0,05º, exposure time 2 seconds. Amorphousness of the obtained alloys has been controlled visually by the fracture characteristic of the glass and with the help of X-ray diffraction studies. «Gallo» has been observed on all diffractograms of glass samples, presence of which indicates the absence of long-range order in the alloy structure.There are continuous bands of glass formation on the sides GeS2–P2S5 in the studied germanium-containing systems АI2S–GеS2–P2S5. The obtained glasses have been transparent, yellow-red color with the fracture characteristic of the glass. The main factor is the tendency of GeS2 and P2S5 to the glass formation. There has been found that all samples have polycrystalline nature in the system Cu2S–GеS2. Only GeS2 and Ag2GeS3 have been obtained in the vitreous state from the cross section Ag2S–GeS2.The maximum content of Cu2S and Ag2S, which are a part of the glass in systems Сu(Ag)2S–GеS2–P2S5, is 10 and 70 mol.% accordingly.The areas of glass formation have been much smaller compared to similar germanium-containing in the state-containing systems of the glassformation area, which is associated with the strengthening of the metal component of the chemical bond by changing GeS2 to SnS2.We observe only two areas of glass formation in quasi-triple systems Сu(Ag)2S–SnS2–P2S5 which are on the side SnS2–P2S5: one in the area 5–15 mol.% P2S5, including approximately 5 mol.% Cu2S та Ag2S, the other – 35–65 mol.% P2S5, the maximum content of Cu2S and Ag2S is 13 and 4 mol.%.

FABRIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI ELEKTRODA KARBON DARI BIOMASSA SERABUT BUAH NIPAH DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI AKTIVATOR KOH

Today the need for electrical energy has increased due to the large number of electronic devices that require high electrical energy. To overcome this, a large storage of electrical energy is needed. One of the constituents of energy storage devices that is very important is the electrode. This study used nipah fibers as the basic material for electrodes, because the potential of nipah fruit has not been widely used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of KOH activator on the quality of activated carbon from nipah fruit fibers using variations of KOH activator concentrations 0.2 M, 0.3 M, and 0.4 M with sample codes SBN-02, SBN-03, and SBN-04. The manufacture of activated carbon electrodes is carried out through a process of pre-carbonization, chemical activation, carbonization, and physical activation. Characterization of TGA resulted in a resistant temperature of 296°C with a maximum speed of 0.166mg/min. XRD analysis produced a semicrystalline diffraction pattern consisting of two peaks around 24° and 44° at an angle of 2θ indicating the orientation of the hkl (002) and (001) planes.

DLSR: a solution to the parallax artefact in X-ray diffraction computed tomography data

A new tomographic reconstruction algorithm is presented, termed direct least-squares reconstruction (DLSR), which solves the well known parallax problem in X-ray-scattering-based experiments. The parallax artefact arises from relatively large samples where X-rays, scattered from a scattering angle 2θ, arrive at multiple detector elements. This phenomenon leads to loss of physico-chemical information associated with diffraction peak shape and position (i.e. altering the calculated crystallite size and lattice parameter values, respectively) and is currently the major barrier to investigating samples and devices at the centimetre level (scale-up problem). The accuracy of the DLSR algorithm has been tested against simulated and experimental X-ray diffraction computed tomography data using the TOPAS software.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Nano ZrO<sub>2</sub>-Pillared Bentonite with Nickel as Supporting Metal

Bentonite was modified through intercalation and calcination using a ZrOCl2 pillaring solution. To create nano Ni/ZrO2-bentonite catalyst, ZrO2 pillared bentonite was impregnated using Ni(NO3)2•6H2O precursor first, then followed by calcination and reduction. The physical-chemical properties of the catalyst was characterized by XRD (X-ray Diffractometer), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared), surface acidity with NH3 vapor adsorption method, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The results of characterization with XRD showed specific peaks for montmorillonite minerals with a monoclinic crystalline type and its chemical composition (Ca)(Al,Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6.nH2O and after pillarization showed a shift in basal spacing d001 to the left (angle 2θ <5°). The typical peak indicating basal spacing d001 shift towards a smaller angle of 2θ was not very apparent after impregnation with nickel metal. Qualitative determination of acidity after adsorption of ammonia showed characteristics at 1404-1635 cm-1 wavenumbers with increasingly sharp spectra indicating increased acidity of the catalyst (Brǿnsted and Lewis acids). Surface area showed a significant increase from 27.385 m2/g to 174.208 m2/g after pillarization and impregnation of nickel metal.

Characterization of Fly Ash Catalyst Using XRD Method for Biofuel Production from Used Cooking Oil

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the fly ash catalyst and to test the catalyst in the production of biofuels from used cooking oil. Fly ash catalyst which has been activated using 1M NaoH was analyzed using XRD at an angle of 2θ = 15° - 80° with a wavelength (λ) of X-rays of 0.15406 nm. From the results of the analysis, the compound NaO26Si6Y9 was obtained with a hexagonal structure. Furthermore, the results of the XRD analysis that can be obtained in the form of wavelength, intensity, 2θ and FWHM values will be substituted into the Debye Scherrer Equation to calculate the crystal structure size of the Fly Ash catalyst. So that obtained Crystal Size (D) of 8.1942 nm. Crystal size is an important factor for the catalyst because it is related to the number of active catalyst sites and the surface area of the catalyst. In addition, the larger the crystal size, the greater the surface area of the catalyst so that the greater the surface energy it has. In testing the fly ash catalyst in the process of cracking used cooking oil into biofuel, the optimum condition of the catalyst was 10% and the volume of biofuel produced was 615 mL.

Analysis of Ferroelectric Thin Film BaZr0.6Ti0.4O3 with Annealing Temperature Increase Variations Using x-ray Diffraction

Ferroelectric is a dielectric material which has spontaneous polarization and has the ability to change its internal polarization using a suitable electric field. The aim of this research is to decrease the FWHM value and increase the crystal size so that the dielectric constant increases for capacitor applications. Thin film ferroelectric material of Barium Zirconium Titanate (BZT) with the composition BaZr0.6Ti0.4O3 was prepared using the sol-gel method. The substrate used was FTO glass which has been treated etching and coated with BZT and in annealing at 800° C with annealing temperature increase of 5°C and 10°C. Samples were characterized using XRD with an angle interval of 2θ between 20° to 60°. The results of XRD characterization show that there were peaks indicating that there was a crystal structure. The resulting crystal structure was in a plane 100 at an angle of 2θ = 22.55°, a plane 110 at an angle of 2θ = 32.00°, a plane 111 at an angle of 2θ = 38.54°, and a plane 200 at an angle of 2θ = 47.64°. The resulting structure in this study was tetragonal where a = b = 3.955 and c = 4.266. The rate at which temperature rose had an effect on the peak of X-Ray diffraction. The FWHM value for 5°C was less than 10°C. This implies a greater density when annealing at 5°C. The crystal size values obtained with an increase in temperature of 5°C and 10°C in the 100 plane were 3.22 and 2.954, respectively. The crystal size was inversely proportional to the FWHM value where the small speed of the annealing temperature increase caused the crystal size to enlarge.

Nickel Doping in ZnO Nanorod Synthesis: Effects of Nickel Concentration on Physical Properties of the Nanorod

ZnO nanorods have successfully been grown on the surface of FTO. The growth of ZnO nanorods was carried out using the seed-mediated growth method, whereas the Ni doping was carried at different concentrations. The effect of nickel doping on ZnO nanorods was observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X rays diffraction (XRD). ZnO nanorods having hexagonal shape were shown by FESEM images, and overlap of ZnOnanorods forming a nanoflowers with wider rod size. UV-Vis spectra showed that strong absorption occurred at a wavelength of 390-300 nm, the highest intensity of absorption was resulted by 15mM sample. The energy gap of the sample decreased as increasing its concentration. XRD pattern of the samples showed the diffraction peaks occurred at angles of 2θ = 31.72°, 34.45°, 36.20°, 47.50°, and 56.57° that represented the crystal plane orientation of (100), (002), (101), (102), and (110).

Analysis of the Effect of Transmembrane Pressure on the Change in the Structural and Transport Properties of Active and Drainage Layers of Composite Films UPM-50 and UPM-100

Results are presented from investigating active and drainage layers of composite films (membranes) UPM-50 and UPM-100 before and after exposure to transmembrane pressure by means of IR spectra of reflection, X-ray scattering, and raster electron microscopy. It is found that changes in the IR spectrum of the working sample are caused by the destruction of weak bonds of C=O···H–N amide fragments of the polysulfonamide film. A drop in (C=O) vibration frequency ν by Δν = 20 cm−1 indicates redistribution of the electron density between C=O-groups and benzene rings as a result of the inductive effect of coupling, which results in the formation of charged functional groups CO−. The presence of CO– groups fragments a new supramolecular structure whose stability due to the dipole–dipole interaction of carbonyl anions. X-ray scattering of the initial and working samples in the 10°–35° range of angles 2θ is determined by three intense reflections at angles 2θ ~ 17.23°, 22.24°, 25.41° from crystallographic planes ((010), (100), and (110)) corresponding to the crystalline structure of lavsan (polyethylene terephthalate). A comparative analysis of the reduced intensities of reflections from crystallographic planes (010), (100) and the sizes of lamellas indicates that transmembrane pressure initiates conformational rearrangement of crystallites with crystallographic axis b oriented parallel to the film plane.

THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE THIN FILM DOPING SELENIUM

The selenium-doped ZnO nanomaterial has successfully grown the surface of FTO (Fluorine Tin Oxide) using a seed-mediated hydrothermal method at a temperature of 90°C for 5 hours. In this research, the doping selenium by variation the volume of selenium solution at 0 mL, 0.025 mL dan 0.2 mL. This is an impact on the optical properties and morphology of ZnO nanorods. The samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The UV-Vis spectra showed that strong absorption occurs in the wavelength range of 300-380 nm. The 0.025 mL Se doped ZnO was the highest absorption compared to other samples. The XRD pattern exhibited five peaks at an angle of 2θ: 31.70 °; 34.4 °; 36.2 °; and 47.5 °. representing the orientation of the crystal planes (100), (002), (101), and (102) of hexagonal lattice. The FESEM images showed that Se doped ZnO with hexagonal face shape. The 0.2 mL Se doped ZnO was the most uniform compared to other samples.

Preparation and properties of hierarchical Al–Mg layered double hydroxides as UV resistant hydrotalcite

Anti-ultraviolet Mg–Al hydrotalcite samples (MgAl–P-LDH) with 4-metoxybenzoic acid (PMOBA) ion intercalation were prepared by high temperature reduction method. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible absorption spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry. SEM images indicate that the UV-resistant MgAl–P-LDH had a layered structure. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the purity of MgAl–P-LDH sample was higher. Compared to MgAl-LDH, the characteristic peak for MgAl–P-LDH shifted towards small angle of 2θ, and it was found that the PMOBA ions have been inserted into the interlayer of MgAl hydrotalcite. The infrared spectra also showed that PMOBA ions were successfully intercalated within Mg–Al hydrotalcite layer. The ultraviolet absorption of MgAl–P-LDH was better than that of PMOBA and MgAl-LDH with the wavelength range of 225–325 nm, and the maximum absorption over 80% was observed.

Synthesis and Characterization of CdO Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulse Laser Deposition

Thin films of cadmium oxide CdO nanoparticles were prepared on glass substrates using pulse laser deposition technique (PLD). N:YAG laser is used with different laser energies (400,500,600,700)mJ, number of shots=100, when preparing all the thin films. The structure and optical characteristics were studied for these films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that all the prepared thin films were of a polycrystalline type and that the high and dominant crystalline levels were (111) at the angle (2θ =32.986). AFM results demonstrated a grain size of deposited films increase from (50.63-85)nm with laser energy from 400 to 700mJ. Also the absorbance spectrum increases from (0.53-1.45) with increasing laser energy, while the transmittance spectrum decreases with increasing laser energy of all prepared models so that transmittance is (26.53%) at the laser deposit energy (400mJ) until it becomes (1.70%) at the laser deposit energy (700mJ) and at the wavelength (550nm), as for the energy gap it decreases with increasing laser deposit energy and ranges from (2.3-2.5)eV.

Single crystal martensitic phase of structural properties-related magnetic behaviour of FeCrNi thin films: in-plane magnetic anisotropy under different substrate rotation speeds

Ternary FeCrNi thin films were sputtered on polyimide substrates from the source (austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel) under the substrate rotation speeds of 0, 15, 30 and 45 rpm, respectively. The films with 50 nm thickness were sputtered at 0.9 nm/s. To the elemental measurements, while the Fe content slightly varied, Ni increased and Cr content decreased as the rotation speed increased. And, all films have a single crystal of (110) peak at the angle of 2θ ≈ 44.7° which is body-centred tetragonal (bct) martensitic α′-phase. Also, the peak intensity of (110) slightly varied as a result of changes of FeCrNi martensitic alloy contents in the films. Moreover, increasing substrate rotation speed resulted in a decrease in grain size. The morphologic analysis by a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscopy displayed a more homogenous structure and the decrease of film roughness parameters with increasing of rotation speed, respectively. For magnetic measurements, the saturation magnetisation, Ms increased from 995 to 1172 emu/cm3 and the coercivity, Hc decreased from 88 to 52 Oe with the increase of rotation speed. In the films, the increases of the martensitic structure formations and the decrease of the grain size were observed to have probably caused the increase of the MS values and the decrease of the HC values, respectively. As observed from the XRD results, ferromagnetic behaviour of the films may be due to the martensitic phase since austenitic phase has a weak paramagnetic behaviour as a source material at room temperature. From the parallel and perpendicular hysteresis loops, the films can also be obtained to have uniaxial in-plane anisotropy with increasing rotation speed. It is seen that the film properties can be easily varied by changing rotation speed for potentially new device applications such as spintronics, magnetic hetero-structures, magnetic separators, etc. on flexible substrates.

Synthesis of Tricalcium Phosphate From Eggshells with Precipitation Method

Calcium phosphate compounds are one of the biomaterials that are widely used for bone reconstruction because they are biocompatible and have a chemical composition that is close to the inorganic components present in the bone. Two types of calcium phosphate that are widely applied to the bone reconstruction process are hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2) and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (Ca3 (PO4)2). This research develops the manufacture of β-Tricalcium Phosphate by reacting calcium compounds derived from chicken eggshells and phosphate sources derived from dinatrium phosphate (Na2HPO4) using precipitation method which is carried out with variations in sintering temperature 600 to 1000 °C and sintering time of 1 to 5 h. The results of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed that the Ca / P ratio obtained was 1.74, at the sintering temperature of 1000 °C and the sintering time for 5 h. These results have approached a standard where the ratio of Ca / P on Tricalcium Phosphate is 1.5. While based on the results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis that in the sample formed two types of Calcium Phosphate namely β-Tricalcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite so that it can be said that the product produced is Biphase Calcium Phosphate. The high percentage of β-Tricalcium Phosphate is 81.9% with the 3 highest peaks, namely at the angle 2θ of 27.83; 31.03; 34.42 is obtained at the sintering temperature of 1000 °C and at the sintering time is 5 h.

Ultrasound Assisted the Degradation of Methylene Blue Using WO3-Deoiled Spent Bleaching Earth as a catalyst

Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) that has been impregnated with WO3 can degrade methylene blue through sonocatalytic. The stages of this research are SBE preparation, activation, WO3-SBE modification through wet impregnation process and sonocatalytic test. WO3-SBE is characterized using SEM and XRD. In the SEM results, there are cavities in the surface morphology of SBE after activation and after impregnation, the cavities are covered. WO3-SBE XRD diffraction pattern shows the presence of WO3 at an angle of 2θ = 28.855°; 34,813°. The percentage of degradation of methylene blue was 99.12%, using 0.15 grams catalyst, 100 ppm concentration and 15 minutes contact time.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Membrane as a Matrix in Drug Delivery of Curcumin

This study aims to find out how to synthesize the chitosan membrane contained curcumin and its characteristics. The characterization of chitosan membrane was determined use FTIR for functional group analysis, XRD for crystallinity and SEM to show the surface of morphology and cross-section on the chitosan membrane. Curcumin encapsulated into the chitosan membrane was performed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at λ 426 nm. The results of this study indicate that the chitosan membrane synthesized was obtained homogeneous clear yellow membrane sheets. The characterization of FTIR instrument obtained that chitosan membrane have peaks at wavenumber of 3425.58 cm−1 that show OH groups and 1627.92 cm−1 which show the presence of amine groups. While XRD characterization show chitosan membrane was semi-crystalline which was shown by a high peak intensity with angles 2θ 4.1604 and 2θ 3.8711. According to the SEM photo shows a smooth and even surface morphology. The optimum time for encapsulation of curcumin into the chitosan membrane is 60 minutes with % EE of 14%.

Characterization of Electrode with Various of Pt-Ru/C Catalyst Loading and the Performance Test of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) in Passive Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) is the most important component in fuel cell devices. Electrodes composing MEA greatly determine the performance and durability of its application in passive Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). Fabrication and characterization of electrodes with various loading Pt-Ru/C catalysts and their application to DMFC have been carried out. The XRD characterization results indicate the presence of C atoms which are indicated by the appearance of peaks at angles 2θ = 25°-30°. In areas, 44.4° and 45.1° indicate the presence of Ru even with low intensity and platinum in the area of 54.67°, 39.86°, 54.736°, 39.88°, and 68.3°. The highest ECSA value and electrical conductivity and low resistance showed the best catalytic activity possessed by electrodes with the loading of Pt-Ru/C catalyst 10 mg/cm2. MEA with a catalyst loading of 8 mg/cm2 is known to have a fairly large initial voltage before the load is given based on the results of Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) measurements. The MEA performance was observed based on I-V and I-P performance tests using the SMART2 WonAtech Fuel Cell Test Station on passive DMFC stacks with 3 M methanol as fuel. The best MEA shown in MEA with catalyst loading is 10 mg/cm2 because it can maintain and achieve a voltage and power density that is quite higher than other MEAs in each load increase in the form of current density.

Test method for residual stress analysis of the inner surface of small caliber Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing by X-ray diffraction

The residual stresses of Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing have effects on both fatigue performance and stress corrosion resistance. The inner surface, which directly contacts the hydraulic fluid of the aircraft, is the working surface of Ti-3Al-2.5V aerospace hydraulic tubing and fatigue cracks probably initiate on the inner surface. However, measuring residual stresses on the inner surface of small caliber tubing is difficult using X-ray diffraction at diffraction angles (2θ) of higher than 120° because the X-rays would be shaded by the outer surface. In this work, the as-received Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing was transversely cut using an electric discharge machine to obtain a sample having a length that was suitable for subsequent measurements and as long as possible to avoid stress relief. Then a diffractometer with Cu Kα radiations was used to scan the lattice planes {103} at the 2θ of 70.631° for the inner surface stresses of the sample. In particular, to avoid shading effects, we let the incident X-rays enter from one end of the sample and let the diffracted radiations exit from the other end. This work is of theoretical significance and application value for optimizing stress relief annealing process and for X-ray stress analysis of titanium and other metallic tubing.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRODE MEMBRANE PVA-ENZIME COATING PVC-PLASTICIZER KTpClPB FOR UREA BIOSENSOR

This study aims to determine the effect of the composition comparison of the PVA-Enzyme urease coating PVC-Plastisizer KTpClPB membrane with memmbran characterization using FTIR and analyze membrane electrodes with XRD. The method used is the potentiometric method using the Electrode Selective Ion (ISE), where the polymer used is PVA and PVC as a coating with a composition ratio of PVA: PVC is 1: 1. The same PVA and PVC were used, namely 0.0350 g, with 2 mg of enzyme and 0.0500 g and 0.0120 g of KTpClPB plasticizer. The best composition result is the PVA-Enzyme PVC-Plastisizer coating enzyme KTpClPB 0.0500 g membrane electrode characterization using XRD shows the highest intensity value is at an angle of 2θ = 44.020 which is 1,626 count second (cts) and membrane characterization using FTIR shows that there is a functional group OH, CH, C≡C, NH, CO and CH. The addition of PVA-Enzyme coating will reduce or even eliminate the amount of Wolframm and can reduce the amorphous properties of the membrane electrodes.